tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28841183331572291382024-03-18T23:43:09.062-04:00StevenWarRan BackstageStevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.comBlogger867125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-91181713742056320632019-02-27T02:11:00.000-05:002019-02-27T02:11:48.678-05:00Off-Topic AnthraxJuly 10, 1975, Press Conference, <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/FamilyStatement1975.html">Family Statement by the Wife and Children of Frank R. Olson</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Xx4Ax">Archived</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2014/11/august-8-2002-press-conference.html">Blog</a>]<br />
<br />
Fall 1990, Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy: Vol. II No. 2. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn1">Anatomy of a Public Interest Case Against the CIA.</a>, by Joseph Rauh and James Turner, <a href="https://archive.today/oY538">Archived</a>, [<a href="http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-tofc.html">Original Link Dead</a>] <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2014/11/fall-1990-hamline-journal-of-public-law.html">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
March 5, 1998, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/05/world/cia-officers-with-israel-s-knowledge-teach-palestinians-the-tricks-of-the-trade.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar">C.I.A. Officers, With Israel's Knowledge, Teach Palestinians the Tricks of the Trade</a>, by Tim Weiner, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/3wgp">diigo</a>,<br />
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August 23, 1998, Night and Day Magazine, Sunday Supplement to The London Mail, <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/LondonMail.html">The Olson File - A Secret That Could Destroy The CIA.</a>, by Kevin Dowling and Phillip Knightley, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2014/11/the-olson-file-secret-that-could.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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April 16, 2000, CNN's Cold War Series, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/">Episode 18, Backyard: 1954-1990</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2014/11/april-16-2000-cnns-cold-war-series.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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September 13, 2001 [<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020115000000*/http://www.house.gov/reform/subpoena_items.htm">1st web capture</a>] Committee on Government Reform, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010913024014/http://www.house.gov/reform/subpoena_items.htm">Items Under Subpoena and Their Significance</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/IbBgm">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/w7kp">diigo</a>,<br />
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October 18, 2001, Wall Street Journal, <a href="http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/Military-Germs-US-Cities.htm#1">Aftermath of Terror Anthrax's Deadly Persistence Can Be Seen In Bomb Experiment From World War II</a>, by Guatam Naik, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/mx89">diigo</a>,<br />
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August 8, 2002, Press Conference, Frederick, Maryland, <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/FamilyStatement2002.html">Family Statement on the Murder of Frank Olson</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2014/11/august-8-2002-press-conference.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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August 3, 2012, The 4th Media, <a href="http://www.4thmedia.org/2012/08/the-us-record-on-human-rights-more-cia-mind-control-projects/">The US Record on Human Rights: More CIA Mind-Control Projects</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/ach2">diigo</a>,<br />
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August 7, 2013, CNN News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808050218/http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/07/us/ohio-castro-house-demolished">'Hope for everyone,' ex-captive says before Castro house demolished</a>, by Martin Savidge, Jason Hanna and Ed Payne, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/btsu">diigo</a>,<br />
__________________________________________________________________________<br />
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History House, <a href="http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/lsd/">LSD and the CIA; Government operated LSD whorehouses? Believe it!</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/ea93">diigo</a>,<br />
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<a href="http://www.thelivingmoon.com/forum1/index.php?topic=45.msg557#msg557">Pegasus Research Consortium</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.thelivingmoon.com/forum1/index.php?topic=45.msg557#msg557">Operation Big City - Biological Weapons Testing On U.S Citizens</a>,<br />
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The History Channel, YouTube, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciR6BWXjmrA">Operation Big City & Biological Weapons Testing On U.S Citizens</a>,<br />
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(Operation Big City under another name - Operation Open Air.)<br />
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<a href="http://www.lermanet.com/scientologynews/washingtonpost/cia-120479.htm">http://www.lermanet.com/scientologynews/washingtonpost/cia-120479.htm</a>,<br />
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/14504840/Bush-Nazi-Connection">Bush Nazi Connection, Document Collection at Scribd</a>,<br />
<br />
Complete Story of Frank Olsen<br />
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<a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/">http://www.frankolsonproject.org/</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.serendipity.li/cia/olsen1.htm">http://www.serendipity.li/cia/olsen1.htm</a>,<br />
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<a href="http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=7560">http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=7560</a>,<br />
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<a href="http://www.lermanet.com/scientologynews/washingtonpost/cia-120479.htm">http://www.lermanet.com/scientologynews/washingtonpost/cia-120479.htm</a>,<br />
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<a href="http://www.livescience.com/history/090429-military-experiment-1.html">http://www.livescience.com/history/090429-military-experiment-1.html</a>,<br />
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<a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOperation_Midnight_Climax&h=lAQHcSMhZ&s=1">Operation Midnight Climax - Wikipedia</a>,<br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program">United States Biological Weapons Program - Wikipedia</a>,<br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Hatfill">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Hatfill</a>,<br />
<br />
_______________________________________________________________________________<br />
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<a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/News/News1.html">Terror and assassination</a>, (Sept. 11, 2001)<br />
<br />
<a href="http://search.npr.org/cf/cmn/cmnpd01fm.cfm?PrgDate=9%2F17%2F2001&PrgID=2">Assassinations</a>,<br />
<br />
NPR Senior News Analyst Daniel Schorr questions the validity of President Ford's 1976 executive order barring U.S. involvement in the assassination of foreign leaders.(3:00)<br />
<br />
(Click on the link above and then scroll down to the program segment “Assassinations.”)<br />
<br />
CIA - Limitations<br />
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NPR's Brian Naylor reports on new calls for easing restrictions placed on CIA field agents, and renewed debate over the U.S. government's ban on participation in assassinations. (4:00)<br />
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Other elements to include:<br />
NY Times story on loosening CIA restrictions.<br />
Ignatieff article on human rights issues.<br />
To the point: Chalmers Johnson on "Blowback" (Sept 18, 2001)<br />
<br />
[<a href="https://archive.today/GmMk5">2001 web captures</a>] Frank Olson Project, <br />
[<a href="https://archive.today/8rGMn">2007 web captures</a>] Frank Olson Project, <br />
February 2, 2007, Frank Olson 'News' page is altered with untimely news from September 11th, 2001,<br />
Terror and assassination.(Sept. 11, 2001)<br />
[<a href="https://archive.today/AmlWW">2014 web captures</a>] Frank Olson Project, <br />
<br />
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September 17, 2001, NPR, <a href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1129824">CIA - Limitations</a>, NPR's Brian Naylor reports on new calls for easing restrictions placed on CIA field agents, and renewed debate over the U.S. government's ban on participation in assassinations. <a href="https://archive.today/Iqbwh">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
September 17, 2001, NPR, <a href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1129825">Assassinations</a>, NPR Senior News Analyst Daniel Schorr questions the validity of President Ford's 1976 executive order barring U.S. involvement in the assassination of foreign leaders. <a href="https://archive.today/jZLol">Archived</a>, <br />
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March 9, 2007, CBS News, 60 Minutes, <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tables-turned-in-anthrax-probe/">Tables Turned In Anthrax Case; 'Person Of Interest' Files Lawsuit Against FBI</a>, reported by Lesley Stahl, <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tables-turned-in-anthrax-probe/">http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tables-turned-in-anthrax-probe/</a><br />
<a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/person-of-interest-sues-fbi">http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/person-of-interest-sues-fbi</a><br />
<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-8001654497367958022019-02-26T22:09:00.000-05:002019-02-26T22:09:00.535-05:00Rabbi Silverman, Temple Emanu-El, NYT 1892-1930<br />
March 27, 1901, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9401EEDD103DEE32A25754C2A9659C946097D6CF">Brotherhood, With the Golden Rule As Guide; Men of All Creeds Gather to Indorse Its Efficacy; The Plea of Wu Ting-Fabg; A Movement to Form a Universal Union, as Part of the Great De Hirsch Philanthropies</a>, ....church and did not even leave standing room. Gen. Thomas L. James presided at the meeting. His first announcement was that Dr. Mac-Arthur, the pastor of the church, desired him to say that as the meeting was not strictly religious<br />
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May 19, 1901, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C06E7DB1F38E733A2575AC1A9639C946097D6CF">GRAND JURORS AT BELLEVUE HOSPITAL; Commissioner Keller Explains His Plans for Reform. Such Cases as That of Hilliard, He Declares, Can Never Occur Again -- The Juror's Questions</a>, ... said: " There doesn't seem to be anything lacking here. Everything is, in. my judgment, exactly as it should be." Dr. George Taylor Stewart, who accompanied the party, said that as the ward was then it always was. The<br />
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May 18, 1902, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9905E1DF113DEE32A2575BC1A9639C946397D6CF">A GENERAL SILK STRIKE ON.; Owners of the Ten Dye Houses Who Signed the Scale Charged with Bad Faith.</a> were making when they were arrested. JEWISH SABBATH OBSERVANCE. DP. Silverman"Tells What Took Place at Conference of- Rabbis. The Rev. Dr. Joseph Silverman, pastor<br />
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September 29, 1902, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05E5D71E3BE733A2575AC2A96F9C946397D6CF">No Ghetto In America; Dr. Silverman's Remark in a Dedicatory Sermon. Service In New Synagogue of the Congregation Shaarai Berocho -- Mr. Sulzberger Referred to Incoming Jews</a>, ... in white and gold. The Rev. Gabriel Hirsch, who has been the rabbi of the congregation for twenty-eight years, officiated, and the Rev. Dr. Joseph Silverman of<br />
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October 3, 1902, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A04E3D61E3BEE33A25750C0A9669D946397D6CF">JEWISH RITES HELD ON BROOKLYN BRIDGE(2); Throngs Take Part There in the New Year Ceremonies. Services in the Synagogues -- Dr. Harris Preaches Against the Continuance of Racial Concentration.</a> Throngs Take Part There in the New Year Ceremonies. Services in the Synagogues -- Dr. Harris Preaches Against the Continuance of Racial Concentration. Its triple name conveys its<br />
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December 19, 1902, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9406E2DD163AE733A2575AC1A9649D946397D6CF">Live;y Zionist Meeting; Hearers Criticise Secretary de Haas at Temple Emanu-El. Protests Against Advocacy of the Plan for the Acquisition of Palestine -- Joint Debate Not Held</a>, ....the Temple Emanu-El was in a fair way to be carried away by listeners who took exception to the speech of Jacob De Haas, Secretary of the Federation of American Zionists<br />
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January 18, 1903, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9507E3D91030E733A2575BC1A9679C946297D6CF">RABBI SILVERMAN REPLIES TO DR. ADLER; Right of Secession in Religion Wrong Doctrine to Preach. Judaism, He Declares, Has Always Granted the Right of Individual Judgment and Is Not an Absolute Religion</a>, ...the Temple Emanu-El, 521 Fifth Avenue, the Rev. Dr. Joseph Silverman replied to a recent address of Dr. Felix<br />
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March 23, 1903, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E02E4DE1339E333A25750C2A9659C946297D6CF">DR. PARKHURST ON LYING; Rebukes Americans for Condoning Funston's "Damnable Perfidy." Says His Method of Capturing Aguinaldo Violated the Laws of War, of Hospitality, and of God</a>, The Rev. Dr. Charles H. Parkburst at the Madison Square Presbyterian Church yesterday morning preached a sermon on lying in the course of which he rebuked the American people for condoning the ruse practiced by<br />
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April 13, 1903, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F06E6D61E30E733A25750C1A9629C946297D6CF">TWO LIVES LOST IN A FIRE.; Five Other Persons Injured at Indianapolis -- One of the Victims Nathan Morris, a Lawyer</a>, Morris, one of the best-known attorneys of Indiana, and Frank Haas, the twelve-year old son of Dr. Joseph Haas, were burned to death this morning. Mrs. Joseph Haas, Miss Belle Haas, Miss Rose Haas,<br />
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April 20, 1903, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03E3DF1F30E733A25753C2A9629C946297D6CF">LAST RITES FOR RABBI GOTTHEIL; Dr. Silverman and Dr. Robert Collyer Pay Tributes. TEMPLE EMANU-EL THRONGED Silent Crowd Also Filled Adjacent Streets -- The Eulogy at the Grave Delivered by Rabbi Harrison of St. Louis</a>, With simple and impressive ceremonies, funeral services over the body of the Rev. Dr. Gustav Gottheil, rabbi emeritus of the Temple Emanu-El were held in the<br />
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January 15, 1904, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A02E7DD103DE633A25756C1A9679C946597D6CF">Mourn For Leon. Levi; Messages of Sympathy from All Parts of the Country. Programme for the Funeral Services at Temple Emanu-El -- List of the Pall Bearers</a>, Messages of Sympathy from All Parts of the Country. Programme for the Funeral Services at Temple Emanu-El -- List of the Pall Bearers. The body of Leo Napoleon Levi, publicist...<br />
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December 26, 1904, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E05E0DF1E3DE633A25755C2A9649D946597D6CF">THIS CHRISTMAS WAS OF GOOD OLD STYLE; Churches Crowded, Despite the Snow -- Special Festival Services. CHEER EVEN IN THE PRISONS Meanwhile a Little Foundling, at Asylum Fire, Finds a New Kind of Santa Claus</a>, ..another in the afternoon. In the absence of the pastor, the Rex-. Morgan Dix. who was too ill to officiate, the vicar, the Rev. James N. Steele, conducted both services. At the morning service he spoke of the "Incarnation."<br />
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November 16, 1905, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C03EFDD143DE733A25755C1A9679D946497D6CF">Says Send the Money To Help Jews Fight; Address of Joseph Barondess at Temple Emanu-El Meeting. Silverman Denounces Press; Hands Out Sympathy, but Tries to Excuse Russia at the Same Time, He Declares</a>,<br />
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November 30, 1905, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E2DD113AE733A25753C3A9679D946497D6CF">How Relief Fund Is Managed In Russia; Baron Gunzberg's Organization for Aiding Sufferers; First News of the Work; Fear That an Epidemic Will Follow Great Slaughter -- Plans for Day of Mourning.</a><br />
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December 5, 1905, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04E7DF1E3BE631A25756C0A9649D946497D6CF">SOLEMN CEREMONIES IN TEMPLE EMANU-EL; Dr. Silverman Invokes Christian Protest Against Cruelties. LOUIS MARSHALL'S ADDRESS Throng Weeps at References to the Dead Victims and the Sufferings of Those Left Behind.</a>,with the spirit of the occasion, as that gathered last night in Temple Emanu-El, at a service in memory of the victims of Russian massacres<br />
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December 11, 1905, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0CE0DA1F3DE633A25752C1A9649D946497D6CF">NEW JEWISH SETTLEMENT HOUSE IS DEDICATED; Emanu-El Brotherhood Launches Enterprise in East Fifth Street. LEWISOHN'S $10,000 GIFT Keys of the New House Turned Over to the Rev. Dr. Silverman at Dedicatory Exercises</a>, The directors of the Emanu-El Brotherhood launched a new kind of settlement work for the east side yesterday in the dedication and opening of a three-story and basement building at 316 East Fifth Street. The<br />
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January 7, 1906, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802E0DE103EE733A25754C0A9679C946797D6CF">Rev. Dr. Wise SUR EMANU-EL Trustees; Speaks of a Call Which They Flatly Deny. NO ACTION, OFFICERS SAY Portland Rabbi Tells His Congregation That He Stipulated for Perfect Freedom in the Pulpit</a>, The Rev. Dr. S.S. Wise, rabbi of Temple Beth Israel, Portland, Ore., read to his congregation last night an open letter addressed to Temple<br />
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March 18, 1907, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A04E5DB123EE033A2575BC1A9659C946697D6CF">GEN. L.E. PARSONS DEAD.; Had Charge of Transportation of Troops In the Civil War</a>, Services In Temple Emanu-El. I The funeral of Isaac ,. head of] the cotton goods firm of H. Wallach's Sons and for eleven years president of the Mount Sinai Hospital, took place at 9:30 o clock<br />
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September 09, 1907, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9404EFDD103EE033A2575AC0A96F9C946697D6CF">THOUSANDS THRONG THE SYNAGOGUES; Special Services Held to Celebrate the Advent of the Jewish New Year. EAST SIDE STREETS EMPTY Immigrants Detained at Ellis Island Have Services and a Special Dinner</a>, ...fathers, to renew for us a good and sweet year." The services in TemPle Emanu-El at Fifth Avenue and Forty-third Street-were conducted by the Rev. Dr<br />
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March 9, 1908, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9401E6DF1331E233A2575AC0A9659C946997D6CF">BLAMES LANDLORDS FOR TENEMENT EVILS; They Are at Fault and Not Immigration, Rabbi Silverman Tells His Congregation. SAYS NEW LAWS ARE NEEDED Height of Buildings and the Number of Persons They May House Should Be Restricted, He Declares</a>, The Rev. Dr. Joseph Silverman, rabbi of Temple Emanu-El, addressed his congregation yesterday morning on "The Congestion of Our<br />
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March 1, 1909, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9801E4DE1E3AE733A25752C0A9659C946897D6CF">JEWISH COMMUNITY OF NEW YORK FORMED; Convention, After a Lively Debate, Declares All Delegates Must Be Citizens. ALL PARTISANSHIP BARRED Chairman Magnes Breaks His Gavel During the Warm Discussion Over National Committee's Power</a>, After a warm argument lasting more than four hours, in the course of which the Rev. Dr. J.L. Magnes of Temple Emanu-El, the presiding Chairman, broke his ivory<br />
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November 12, 1909, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F0DE4D6123EE733A25751C1A9679D946897D6CF">RABBIS CUT SHORT MARRIAGE DEBATE; Delegates to Central Conference Feared Trouble from an Open Discussion. RACE NOT AN OBJECTION Jewish Opposition to Intermarriage Needed to Save the Purity of the Faith, Speakers Declare</a>, ...historically and religiously, was opposed on religious grounds at the session of the Central Conference of American Rabbis at Temple Emanu-El, Forty-third Street and Fifth Avenue, yesterday<br />
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May 15, 1910, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A02E7DA1530E233A25756C1A9639C946196D6CF">UP-TO-DATE JUDAISM -- The Religion of the Reformed Jews; REFORMED JUDAISM</a>, by Joseph Silverman, D.D. Sermon Delivered at Temple Emanu El, Feb. 10, 1910.<br />
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May 24, 1910, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E05E6DB173BE430A75757C2A9639C946196D6CF">RABBI MAGNES OUT OF TEMPLE EMANU-EL; Congregation Decides Not to Re- elect Him Because ofDiffer- ences Over Ritual. HIS TERM EXPIRES OCT. 1 Dr. Magnes Reaffirms the Views Ex- pressed in His Passover Sermon, and Says He Cannot Change Them</a>, The Rev. Dr. Judah Leon Magnes, associate rabbi at Temple Emanu-El, will cease to be rabbi in that pulpit at the expiration of his term on Oct. 1<br />
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May 6, 1913, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A04E7D91F3AE633A25755C0A9639C946296D6CF">WANTS YOUTH TOLD OF THE SOCIAL EVIL; Many Members of Rabbis' Council Take Issue with the Views ofthe Rev. Mr. Coffee</a>, ...topic discussed yesterday at the afternoon session of the semi-annual assembly of the Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis at Temple Emanu-El. Rabbi Rudolph I. Corfee of the Tree of Life Synagogue,<br />
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February 27, 1914, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9901E6DE163AE633A25754C2A9649C946596D6CF">TAFT TELLS OF FIGHT TO GET ARBITRATION; Ex-President Praises Treaties Passed by the Senate in an Address at Aeolian Hall</a>, ...that he is, delivering under the of the New York Peace So{ciety. The hall was crowded., Dr. Nichidles Murray Butler, President of' Coi University, presented. Mr. Taft. Dr. Butler referred to Mr. Taft as "an<br />
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December 07, 1914, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F01E2DF1438E633A25754C0A9649D946596D6CF">THE JEW'S BRAVERY ESTABLISHED IN WAR; Many Recognized for Their Valor by Countries of Their Adoption. THE JUDEANS GET REPORTS Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis Hear Speakers and Will Begin Its Sessions Today</a>, ,,,Hotel Majestic. They had as their guests the delegates to the sixth semi-annual council of the Eastern Council of Reform Rabbis. Dr. Henry M. Leipziger presided at the meeting and announced that the general topic would be "The Jew<br />
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December 14, 1914, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F0CE2DE153AE633A25757C1A9649D946596D6CF">WOODS ASKS Y.M.C.A. TO HELP THE POLICE; Suggests Patrolmen Report the Names of Wayward Boys to "Big Brother" Workers. PRAISES THE MAN ON POST " Take Him at His Best," Commissioner Says ;- Examples of Bravery and Uprightness</a>, Rabbi Silverman Preached and "Taps" Were Sounded, The Jewish members of the Police Department yesterday attended an annual service in Temple Emanu-El,<br />
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March 28, 1915, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9905EFDE153BE233A2575BC2A9659C946496D6CF">$1,000,000 MEMORIAL TO DR. ISAAC M. WISE; The Rev. Dr. Silverman Asks Emanu-El to Lead Movement to Double Centenary Fund TO ENDOW HEBREW COLLEGE Rabbi Tells of the Early Struggles of the Recognized Founder of American Judaism</a>, ...the birth of the Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise, founder of the Hebrew Union College and of Reform Judaism in America, which is to be celebrated by American Jews tomorrow, was treated by the Rev.<br />
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September 10, 1915, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802EED61539E333A25753C1A96F9C946496D6CF">WAR-WOES OF JEWS INSPIRE SERMONS; Rabbis, in Their New Year's Discourses, Turn to Religion as a Remedy for Evil. PRAISE FOR THE PRESIDENT European Civilization Denounced as a Failure, but Hope Held Out for Future World Peace</a>, ...in the city. In most of the addresses the relation of the Jew to the world war was touched upon. The Rev. Dr. Maurice N. Harris, preaching at Temple Israel, Harlem, took for his subject "The<br />
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September 18, 1915, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B00E3D91138E633A2575BC1A96F9C946496D6CF">YOM KIPPUR FILLS SYNAGOGUES HERE; New York Jews Offer Special Prayers for Brethren Fallen in the War. SILVERMAN LAUDS WILSON Calls the President and Ex-Governor Slaton Examples of the Perfect Man</a>,<br />
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September 19, 1915, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E06EFD61731E733A0575AC1A96F9C946496D6CF">Yom Kippur Inspires Eloquent Swemona; Rabbi Harris Urges Social Service and Dr. Frisch Excoriates Russia. Race Prejudice Deplored; Dr. Silverman Upholds the Pride of the Jew; Services Held in Other Synagogues</a>,<br />
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November 9, 1915, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F05E3D91239E333A2575AC0A9679D946496D6CF">RABBIS IN DEBATE OVER BOY SCOUTS; Critics of the Organization as Militaristic Opposed in Eastern Council. SECTARIAN LINES DEPLORED Assembly Entertained at Luncheon at Democratic Club ;- Gary System Discussed</a>, important educational and religious subjects were considered, was held in Temple Emanu-El, Fifth Avenue and Forty-third Street A paper entitled "Tile Boy Scout,{ and th6 Synagogue," by the Rev. Max<br />
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March 3, 1916, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E6D8103FE233A25750C0A9659C946796D6CF">MISS MACKAY WED TO DEAN BEEKMAN; Two Bishops Assist in Ceremony. of Daughter of Late Dr. Barnard Mackay. IN HEAVENLY REST CHURCH ' Bridegroom Is Head of the Cathedral of South Bethlehem, Penn. Reception Held at Sherry's</a>, Bishops Assist in Ceremony. of Daughter of Late Dr. Barnard Mackay. IN HEAVENLY REST CHURCH ' Bridegroom Is Head of the Cathedral of South Bethlehem, Penn. Reception Held at Sherry's. The marriage of the Very Rev.<br />
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August 24, 1916, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E03E6D71E3FE233A25757C2A96E9C946796D6CF">HUNDREDS MOURN JAMES SELIGMAN; Temple Emanu-El Thronged at Funeral of the Banker-Philanthropist. EULOGY BY DR. SILVERMAN Many Floral Offerings Bank the Chancel; Temple Trustees Honorary Pallbearers</a><br />
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December 18, 1916, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E06E0D61230E733A0575BC1A9649D946796D6CF">PASTORS EXPRESS HOPES FOR PEACE; Dr. Schulman Warns Americans Not to Make Themselves "the Echo of Hates.</a>, peace was Rabbi Samuel Schulman of Temple Beth-El, Fifth Avenue and Seventy-sixth Street,<br />
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December 17, 1917, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05E0DF1E3BE03ABC4F52DFB467838C609EDE">PREDICTS NEW LIGHT ON CHRIST'S LIFE; Dr. Endly Expects Important Finds to Follow Excavations in Jerusalem, FORBIDDEN BY THE TURKS, Sixty Feet of Debris Covers Those Parts of the Sacred City Known to the Saviour. Predicts Republic of Palestine. Great Parade of Catholics</a>, The Rev. Dr. W.C. Badly of Cleveland, an authority on archaeology, who has visited the Holy Land in connection with Biblical research, told the congregation of the Madison Avenue.<br />
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November 09, 1918, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D05E7DD1239E13ABC4153DFB7678383609EDE">CITY STARTS GIVING IN WAR FUND DRIVE; $2,000,000 Day's Receipts in Advance of Opening Told of at Waldorf Dinner. STANDARD OIL A MILLION Unnamed Giver Also "Doubles" and Asks Others to Do the Same --West Increases Quota. Chairman Rockefeller Tells Need. Messages from Sims and Poincare. Indorsed by Secretary Baker. Million Letters to Schools. Hughes and McAdoo to Speak</a>, these men will be far greater than any with which they have been confronted during the past months and years," he concluded. Dr. Marguerite Crockett, a Y. RT. C. A. , told of her experiences with .,soldiers during the last year in F<br />
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December 18, 1918, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E5DC1339E13ABC4052DFB4678383609EDE">CREEDS UNITE IN SERVICE.; Give Thanks for Deliverance of Jerusalem from the Turk</a>, ...Morgenthau, ez-United States Ambassador to Turkey, was the Chairman. Rev. Dr. H. Pereira h;;endes, rabbi of the oldest Hebrew congregation in New York, read from the Jewish Scriptures; I, Rev.<br />
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March 16, 1919, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D05E3D91E39E13ABC4E52DFB5668382609EDE">MANY SERVICES IN DR. WISE'S MEMORY; Leaders ofJudaism Honor the Noted Rabbi and His Work at Centenary Celebration. TO CARRY ON HIS IDEALS Nation-Wide Campaign Launched for $300,000 for Jewish Institutions He Founded. Oppose Jewish Nationality. Says Gifts to Cause Are Less. Calls Religious Law-Abiding. Emphasizes Practical Work. Made Prayers Understandable</a>.<br />
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March 17, 1919, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902E0DE1331E433A25754C1A9659C946896D6CF">EXTOL DR. I.M. WISE AS A TRUE AMERICAN; Speakers at Centenary Meeting Review the Career of the Jewish Leader. OPEN CAMPAIGN FOR FUND About $19,000 Subscribed at Temple Emanuel-El Toward Payment of $100,000 to Aid Institutions. Reviews Dr. Wise's Career. Outlines the Campaign. Praised as Leader and Organizer. Speech by Mr. Elkus. Subscriptions at the Meeting</a>. Americanism of Dr. Isaac M. Wise, founder of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations and the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, were paid last night by prominent Jews who spoke at the Isaac M. Wise centenary meeting held at<br />
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August 05, 1919, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07E0DD1738E13ABC4D53DFBE668382609EDE">EULOGIZES LIFE OF O. HAMMERSTEIN; "May His Memory Be an Emulation for the Ideal in Art,"Says Rev. Dr. Silverman.TEMPLE EMANU-EL FILLED Leaders of Opera and Stage and General Public at Simple Services--John McCormack Sings</a>, The funeral of Oscar Hammerstein was held in the Temple Emanu-El at 11 o'clock yesterday morning. The temple was filled to capacity, and the congregation comprised men and women of<br />
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April 18, 1920, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9501E1DB133FE432A2575BC1A9629C946195D6CF">EMANU-EL HONORS ITS SERVICE MEN; Congregation, Unveils Tablet Bearing Names of Seven Who Perished in theWar. TEMPLE IS 75 YEARS OLD Members at Diamond Jubilee Exercises Tell of Its History--229 Served in World War</a>, bronze tablet was unveiled last night at Temple Emanu-El, at Fifth Avenue and Forty-third Sweet, in honor of the 229 sons of the synagogue who served the colors and in memory of seven who perished<br />
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November 15, 1920, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A02E7DB1F3DE533A25756C1A9679D946195D6CF">LEAGUE PLEAS MARK ARMISTICE SUNDAY; America Has Not Done Its Part to Reap Fruits of Victory, Rabbi SilvermanSays. CHAPLAIN KNOX'S APPEAL Would Lift "Hope of World Cooperation Out of the Mire of Personal Pettiness."</a><br />
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February 02, 1921, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9800EEDD1631EF33A25751C0A9649C946095D6CF">COLLEAGUES HONOR RABBI SILVERMAN; Temple Emanu-El Head Is the Luncheon Guest of Reformed Rabbis' Association. TO RETIRE AT $12,000 A YEAR Will Be Rabbi Emeritus After July 1 and Do Literary and Communal Work</a>, Rabbi Joseph Silverman, who resigned recently after thirty-two years' service at Temple Emanu-El, Fifth Avenue and Forty-third Street, was the guest of honor...<br />
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January 27, 1922, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E5D91239E133A25754C2A9679C946395D6CF">WILSON FOUNDATION APPROVED BY RABBIS; Dr. Wise and Dr. Silverman Join in Praise of Plan to Honor Ex-President by Awards. 15 CENTS A WOMAN'S MITE Many Contributipns Continue to Come In, the Smallest From Connecticut Admirer</a>, from Rabbi Stephen S. Wise of the Free Synagogue and Rabbi Joseph Silverman of Temple Emanu-el, endorsing the plan to honor former President Wilson through annual<br />
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August 11, 1923, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9806E5D91030E233A25752C1A96E9C946295D6CF">THOUSANDS MOURN IN THE SYNAGOGUES; Hebrew Prayer for the Dead Recited by Congregation of Temple Emanu-El</a>, Thousands bowed yesterday in the synagogues of New York in tribute to the memory of President Harding. In Temple Emanu-El, Fifth Avenue and Forty-third Street, 3,000 men and women recited kaddish,n <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9806E5D91030E233A25752C1A96E9C946295D6CF">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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October 14, 1923, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F05E7DD1530E333A25757C1A9669D946295D6CF">FAREWELL HONORS FOR DR. SILVERMAN; Rabbi Is Quest at Reception on the Eve of His Departure for Palestine. TO STUDY CONDITIONS Accompanied by His Wife, He Will Travel Abroad Five Months</a>, The Rev. Dr. Joseph Silverman, rabbi emeritus of Temple Emanu-El, Fifth Avenue and Forty-third Street, will sail on Tuesday for.. <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9F05E7DD1530E333A25757C1A9669D946295D6CF">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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December 06, 1924, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C00E3DE113BE233A25755C0A9649D946595D6CF">ASSAIL CONDITIONS IN 2 CITY HOSPITALS; Dr. Silverman and Bishop Lloyd Report on Bellevue and Willard Parker. BLAME THE ADMINISTRATION Charge the Sick Poor Are in Peril of Fire and Disease While Officials Play Politics</a>, Willard Parker Hospital, the Rev. Dr. Joseph Silverman, Rabbi Emeritus of Temple Emanu-El, placed the entire blame for the state... <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9C00E3DE113BE233A25755C0A9649D946595D6CF">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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January 11, 1926, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05E1D61539E633A25752C1A9679C946795D6CF">BENCH AND BAR MOURN LEVENTRITT; Tributes Paid Late Justice by Hughes, Elihu Root Jr., O'Gorman and Elkus. FUNERAL TO BE HELD TODAY Services In Temple Emanu-El -- Ex-Judge Seabury to Be One of the Pallbearers</a>, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9C05E1D61539E633A25752C1A9679C946795D6CF">View original in TimesMachine</a>,<br />
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January 12, 1926, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9803EED61539E633A25751C1A9679C946795D6CF">JUDGE LEVEHTRITT HAS SIMPLE BURIAL; Leading Members of the Bar and Public Men at Temple Emanu-EI Services; CALLED A GREAT AMERICAN Jurist Embodied Best of Judaism and Noblest of Americanism Dr. Krass Says</a>, ten prominent in the legal profession and in public life <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9803EED61539E633A25751C1A9679C946795D6CF">View original in TimesMachine</a>,<br />
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April 26, 1927, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9406E1D9163CEE32A25755C2A9629C946695D6CF">EMANU-EL AGREES ON BETH-EL UNION; Votes 611 to 12 for Merger of the Two Fifth Avenue Congregations. BETH-ELVOTES TOMORROW Louis Marshall Receives Praise ofFriends After Showing Benefit of Consolidation</a>, the members of Emanu-El Congregation of the City of New York voted last night to approve the proposed consolidation with Temple Beth-El. The meeting was held at <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9406E1D9163CEE32A25755C2A9629C946695D6CF">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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June 25, 1927, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F01E1DD1F30E132A25756C2A9609C946695D6CF">TOPICS OF INTEREST TO THE CHURCHGOER; 600 College Students to Teach in 200 Daily Vacation Bible Schools Here. 2 FRESH AIR HOMES OPEN Bethlehem Lutheran Orphan Home Holds Summer Festival in Staten Island Tomorrow</a>, Festival in Staten Island Tomorrow. The work of excavating for the new edifice of the Park Avenue Baptist Church, of which the Rev. Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick is pastor, is nearly complete. The church will be i at <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9F01E1DD1F30E132A25756C2A9609C946695D6CF">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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January 22, 1928, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980DE0DD1438E23ABC4A51DFB7668383639EDE">SILVERMAN AGAINST PLAY.; Can't Join In Movement to Continue Run of "The Prisoner."</a>, A difference of opinion over the. social value--of the pacifist glay, "The Prisoner," has arisen' between. Dr. <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=980DE0DD1438E23ABC4A51DFB7668383639EDE">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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February 25, 1928, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CE2DA1331EF33A25756C2A9649C946995D6CF">TOPICS OF INTEREST TO THE CHURCHGOER; Unity Conference to Be Held Next Week in Lancaster, Pa. --Reception to Dr. Silverman. TO EXPAND ACTORS' CHAPEL St. Malachy's Will Also Enlarge Its Main Auditorium--Physician to Do Religious Work</a>, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9A0CE2DA1331EF33A25756C2A9649C946995D6CF">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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January 19, 1929, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E5DE173EE33ABC4152DFB7668382639EDE">TOPICS OF INTEREST TO CHURCHGOERS; Cardinal Hayes Will Be Guest at Luncheon of Alumnae of Catholic Summer School. SOCIETIES TO MEET MONDAY Cerrettl Will Preside Tonight at Service of the Nocturnal Adoration Society</a>, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9B06E5DE173EE33ABC4152DFB7668382639EDE">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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September 14, 1929, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A01E3D91F30E33ABC4C52DFBF668382639EDE">MARSHALL'S BODY AWAITED IN PARIS; Large Group of Friends Seek to Pay Last Tribute to the Eminent Leader. RABBI SILVERMAN IS THERE He Eulogizes Lawyer's Ideals and Says New Temple Emanu-El Will Be Monument to Him. Rites in Zurich. Son to Arrange Funeral</a>, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9A01E3D91F30E33ABC4C52DFBF668382639EDE">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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November 16, 1929, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A01EED8163BE23ABC4E52DFB7678382639EDE">TOPICS OF INTEREST TO THE CHURCHGOER; The Rev. Mr. Bell of Denver Will Open an Eight-Day Mission Tomorrow. PALESTINE RALLY PLANNED Temple Emanu-ElResumes Its Regular Service--Bishop Will Lay Church Cornerstone. Teachers' Luncheon Today. Club to Honor Bishop</a>, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9A01EED8163BE23ABC4E52DFB7678382639EDE">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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January 3, 1931, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05E7DA163BE433A25750C0A9679C946094D6CF">TOPICS OF INTEREST TO THE CHURCHGOER; Mew Calvary Baptist Church in Apartment Hotel to Be Dedicated Tomorrow. CARDINAL TO BLESS HOME Memorial Service Announced, for Rabbi Sliverman--Dr. Trexler to Start Tour of Synod.</a> <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9B05E7DA163BE433A25750C0A9679C946094D6CF">View original in TimesMachine</a>,StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-26851656416910991672019-02-26T22:06:00.000-05:002019-02-26T22:06:28.044-05:00My blog: ¨Faked Debris Images on September 11th, 2001,¨Ttaken down by Google, Jan. 2017, <br />
Faked Debris Images on September 11th, 2001,<br />
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Blog originally posted to the web November 9, 2010, consisting solely of news photographs, with copyright attribution where known.<br />
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Taken down by Google, January 121, 2017, <br />
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUyha5XRut2gECGy2RrGZS1WzbRML7uNYY68kohD47nG77KXehBjx_-9VCutym1Aqpqyie-hdvI6PLCG6Blo-UEm-UNn7AY__gCeUbbCa81ZX9YfeuIbymH9XaX1u1aY6Xlh3bz8NFbL4/s1600/DMAC+takedown+notice+Google+blog.png" /><br />
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DMAC takedown notice Google blog.<br />
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Yoni Brook for the Washington Post<br />
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Beth A. Keiser, AP Photo<br />
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David Lloyd, AP Photo<br />
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Virgil Case, September 12, 2001,<br />
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Matt Moyers, September 11, 2001<br />
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Alex Fuchs<br />
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FEMA #3887<br />
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Andrea Booher, #3930<br />
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Andrea Booher #3925<br />
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Andrea Booher #3925<br />
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Bill Biggert #1833<br />
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Bill Biggert<br />
Photo c 2001 Bill Biggart<br />
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Carolina Salguero, Photo c Carolina Salguero w2001 / SIPA Press<br />
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Christophe Agou<br />
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Graham Morrison<br />
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James Nachtwey, Photo c 2001 James Nachtway / VI<br />
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Jim MacMillan<br />
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Peter Morgan<br />
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Peter Turnley, Photo c 2001 Peter Turnley<br />
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Ruth Fremson<br />
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Steve McCurry: "I had come back from Tibet on September 10th..."<br />
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Steve Spak<br />
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Todd Maisel, Photo by odd Maisel-New Yotk Daily News<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDaeMHpnWOVcyPwC5QxwkjEpUbV1pxZNFq22j0BgVAW2__SVMYmyQRG12UuLnVxwwDewLviC6t8NJridheT63zjbbjIql0MOuCnJwH8HMaPlj-kvLHwbAwKKA7IcAgdTtkxKeVAK_uKnw/s1600/Yoni+Brook+-+for+The+Washington+Post.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDaeMHpnWOVcyPwC5QxwkjEpUbV1pxZNFq22j0BgVAW2__SVMYmyQRG12UuLnVxwwDewLviC6t8NJridheT63zjbbjIql0MOuCnJwH8HMaPlj-kvLHwbAwKKA7IcAgdTtkxKeVAK_uKnw/s640/Yoni+Brook+-+for+The+Washington+Post.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Yoni Brook for the Washington Post</div>
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Beth A. Keiser, AP Photo</div>
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Virgil Case, September 12, 2001,</div>
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Matt Moyers, September 11, 2001</div>
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Alex Fuchs</div>
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FEMA #3887</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSE2CQugonJFbbQQewNyT13YJucfjakRq0iGToka2f_AYX3UAKr1Ktw1RebhJ0QgIIVWv_ZvsK-tLniP9juePreIVEwaRTswuzgci8xlOG7pkISN2EWYsUY1SZzf9rXuclEzsgf4Ve8KE/s1600/3930+September+15,+2001+--++Photo+by+Andrea+Booher.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSE2CQugonJFbbQQewNyT13YJucfjakRq0iGToka2f_AYX3UAKr1Ktw1RebhJ0QgIIVWv_ZvsK-tLniP9juePreIVEwaRTswuzgci8xlOG7pkISN2EWYsUY1SZzf9rXuclEzsgf4Ve8KE/s1600/3930+September+15,+2001+--++Photo+by+Andrea+Booher.jpg" /></a></div>
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Andrea Booher, #3930</div>
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Andrea Booher #3925</div>
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Bill Biggert #1833</div>
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Bill Biggert</div>
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Carolina Salguero</div>
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Carolina Salguero</div>
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Christophe Agou</div>
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Graham Morrison</div>
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James Nachtwey</div>
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James Nachtwey</div>
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Jim MacMillan</div>
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Peter Morgan</div>
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Peter Turnley</div>
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Ruth Fremson</div>
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Steve McCurry</div>
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Steve McCurry: "I had come back from Tibet on September 10th..."<br />
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Steve McCurry</div>
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Steve Spak</div>
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Steve Spak</div>
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<b>Todd Maisel</b></div>
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StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-20352756821811382512019-02-26T22:05:00.002-05:002019-02-26T22:05:41.485-05:00Nazi Medical Atrocities<br />
July 14, 2014, Daily Mail [UK] <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2691631/Museum-displays-skull-pro-Nazi-officer-executed-gun-WW2-atrocities-macabre-exhibition-Holocaust-relics-including-gold-teeth-Auschwitz-victims.html#ixzz4RFWiEZOw">Museum displays skull of pro-Nazi officer who was executed with his own gun after WW2 atrocities as part of macabre exhibition of Holocaust relics including gold teeth of Auschwitz victims</a>, by Amanda Williams, <a href="https://archive.is/Ln3y4">Archived</a>,<br />
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Display is at Littledean Crime Through Time Museum in Gloucestershire <br />
Children's toys, and clogs worn by concentration camp victims on display <br />
Also features syringes used in brutal medical tests on Jewish prisoners <br />
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A crime museum is displaying the bullet-ridden skull of a pro-Nazi officer who was executed with his own gun as part of a macabre exhibition of Holocaust relics.<br />
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The display also features gold teeth extracted from Jews as they entered Auschwitz, muzzles used to German Shepherd dogs who patrolled the camps and attacked prisoners, and a series of syringes used in brutal medical tests on prisoners.<br />
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An SS officer's boot - with foot bones still inside - clogs used by Jews at a Nazi death camp, and toys taken from Jewish children also make up the collection at Littledean Crime Through Time Museum in Gloucestershire.<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjrXKmBVzD5qz6_fuyt9o-JSjcVbgnhCZTilfyAQ8bPqDri0vh9f_U9mzObMTMxKYiYEU_AQAjpSznRoLw_bdPzCuooSP9JbBVAIB0HvUfs85U8aXEDtU3mgUJybhjQ8hx_1spmcw96jneqJppE5QkeR5u-Rz-gAMuDTPOOD_xmGBJ1OZkGleSxHZOPWvDa9Edt2LLqTteCv3Ky=" /><br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjrXKmBVzD5qz6_fuyt9o-JSjcVbgnhCZTilfyAQ8bPqDri0vh9f_U9mzObMTMxKYiYEU_AQAjpSznRoLw_bdPzCuooSP9JbBVAIB0HvUfs85U8aXEDtU3mgUJybhjQ8hx_1spmcw96jneqJppE5QkeR5u-Rz-gAMuDTPOOD_xmGBJ1OZkGleSxHZOPWvDa9Edt2LLqTteCv3Ky=" /><br />
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A crime museum in Gloucestershire is displaying the bullet-ridden skull of a pro-Nazi officer who was executed with his own gun as part of a macabre exhibition of Holocaust relics<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEh8Msl3CBw6O2KXDaKAMLF5gD9C1sjdjQWFdutwibqd6vjkD6F9jteW2yDzuSKuqi6nUNSIlWHJMjmpB_EQ9uQTuaMzN33uOf6biAA1ZwQZm8ZTM0hMTAQnu9Yrj_iEhbSRc33t_kBoKbDm5KhyphenhyphenScDia-qHBMGjstKTfN-YT7f33-6UTsIyO542I1OedUX0-2iL2iDgF33pognV=" /><br />
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Medical Syringes recovered from Auschwitz at the time of liberation. It is believed they were used to carry out gruesome medical tests on camp prisoners<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiyhGi56ZtCMN4ViAeij8ZY5bdlhl8oPMEQc5JqHCpEsksp2hbI9vNvN3EPSy3s9vYmYo-kh9Zn6cHe6d3DlHREzY9xYHPV-_RINB9fc_PD6FY3O7tSczmV9R1FPbZGFzyBtNXUoIGu8n35a1yCLfYsyhhdK-cLFaK7h1l0mysEYJmJgCw4ul4L5tFJL5Y7oyc2d_rgSR3C8-4s=" /><br />
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Gold dental caps that were removed by the Nazis from Jewish inmates on their arrival to Auschwitz during the holocaust years<br />
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Museum curator, Andy Jones, 52, said: 'The new exhibit features a collection of artefacts recovered at the end of the holocaust.<br />
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'The muzzle worn by a German Shephard dog in Auschwitz is the only one on display in the world.<br />
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'The prison guards would remove the muzzles and unleash the poison fanged hounds onto the prisoners - including pregnant Jewish women.<br />
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'Artefacts like the Jew's gold teeth reveal the brutal side of the holocaust.<br />
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'The Nazis would remove the prisoners crowns and gold teeth as they came into the camp.<br />
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'The guards would wrench them out with pliers and melt them down to create gold bars.'<br />
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The skull belongs to a Utase Black Legion Officer. <br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEht6jk9iYH-9WOKUGG18CLAPULmeYYPKicYf2BlfVbsg-lgFAZlOz9tBAS8EI6qNmmB6tSP4sQGOm00MNRHlo0BBQB3HeDA0ktMfKZ9H_YO91Rej77lkEaqOWi7KVD3lHitTIxF8z9kf5m91Ys9bWqa2P4zTHtbyfoBdcpm4f4rI0hyphenhyphenN-OBUE3PkvUsb00f4hyKRP48cpdatr-e=" /><br />
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Toys taken from Jewish children as they entered Auschwitz also make up the collection at Littledean Crime Through Time Museum in Gloucestershire<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEj0zXYqlnKa-YDInLshz55n97KmlI_E11Ff0KB83k3SGrNxi4_GY8StE20QOiX1Cn2WsY9wDbF0zH6_sWx5z44-wQqe4pEjTGKLIwMsy0OgS_qsNohr7U5C1wQS38H9bwydH1I4wk9sTnfDY0-k8r2eCNjIoYSpNtds5poY1Nn9xb28QbW51PPaOrgVWriOywybXR6eqSUz-wU=" /><br />
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A boot still containing the bones of the foot from a Nazi SS soldier<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhxTxUXKwnzUuXLupq8ahOTl8Hl8WwJ9rDm5vgrzGTih7CeRvmBj8dGaoQrtnpvz9RMgat7aYF_58I0xEHPPCZ8_qNtAeZrbOqPeyUV9fgyjyGwzwWdicCKDbM1p2q388mfAjDH6DA_t8bZrbFeWsxLlibUEXBuavJhGfFz_MU0MwDIUu3DVbzUlDyGtJCHm4A6kfmJBqNAJfW0=" /><br />
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Well-worn homemade clogs used by inmates at a Nazi death camp<br />
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It shows that his nose brutally smashed as he was pistol-whipped then executed with his own gun.<br />
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The Black Legion were a pro-Nazi group who massacred Chetniks, Partisans and Serb civilians during the holocaust.<br />
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It is believed that the officer's fatal injuries were inflicted when the prisoners were liberated - and then turned on their captors.<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgY8fcKlWiA-SfRADi57BjEc0nm2p-4YvIssWkwhumB9h2lAF_0By0YRPNfXFlh8q3Hw620lGCqTUWS12iTlM7vsUgPXv2lrCuoTtu7ZJAQMaS5rcEsIcQTjvucWqdFa3aAKbKDo7-kwMX9UVPSyXnHO4yYoNF7VhXYAzkYuOrX_ZlyR6hsGYtkx0CRtTnbI6x8k1uHUw6Bsy7h=" /><br />
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The collection also features Nazi SS insignia rings believed to have once belonged to officers<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjJ-dl1OhFj1CmQzp6gSowVWMf32tWvmo3jHrCkDDL5E-tbCViP3iUEyPv0WXw_UiPxRl5pcL955GMcm2CxxXR_MSRzeldDvfMX8WJsHA1y39mq0VsnbJthHU5jyb6dscLe3w3uSgWowCrYcjwjsCRuNbg4iHla9an4vRrlI_feWNuHhB_viqDZBeW3XPiEgvixA_3bgUx9A-Kd=" /><br />
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<br />
The uniform striped hat belonging to a concentration camp inmate<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgRD14g98Wsnmhk7QqlpiNeNltL8LBZ-j6JbJrxd4gS-HS4b2jzhE7ymycChVGmbtmowRp2kpI7CPqFL6pIK4Leg4hRGB_vmVI0huLdMrn2KyLO2cCTRc_0Ww53vP_ZDctIAAJCxzdNDluFVmEoUMsHWwXqS6AyrERn7yQ5k7A9AvCvACyEJevX11eZR2Vb__wsZ3CP15y-kUeH=" /><br />
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<br />
The hat is in stark contrast to this original Nazi SS NCO peak cap which will also be displayed<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiY6IzG7aT7fsICkgaPRuH-v81eJpRsZTMeo3nxbqmIx6Wk8m6CtkQ0rzmi4ShGE5O5Q6jcoJvgDBb2all0HTPJUYjUBjJ-rVTV_XdksEBsfS4iOKRIyaax4018SXOY-TgnpvZAzbqSuUadeqp5bGKStRlokNPaigU9lebDupUq453JXpx6EWgwAp8q0HBrL1PRZUfO6_emxrBa=" /><br />
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<br />
A pair of spectacles removed from a Jewish inmate at Auschwitz<br />
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The collection also shows medical syringes recovered from Auschwitz - the implements were used in the brutal medical tests performed at the camp by the Nazis on the helpless prisoners.<br />
<br />
Uniforms worn by inmates of the death camps and wrist restraints used by the Gestapo are a reminder of the atrocities committed during the war, and caps and honour rings worn by SS officers stand in sharp contrast to the tiny dolls confiscated from Jewish children as they entered the death camps.<br />
<br />
<br />
Dr. Andrew C. Ivy,<br />
Nazi medical atrocities,<br />
war crimes commission,
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<br />
November 20, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779597302.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=RON+JAVERS&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=An+eyewitness%27s+account%3A+Ambushed+in+an+evil+place">An eyewitness's account: Ambushed in an evil place</a>, by Ron Javers, 1,492 words<br />
November 20, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779597272.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=300+found+dead+in+Guyana+camp">300 found dead in Guyana camp</a>, 1,153 words<br />
November 20, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779597322.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Temple+has+had+bizarre+past">Temple has had bizarre past</a>, 560 words<br />
November 20, 1978, Bangor Daily News - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Tr88AAAAIBAJ&sjid=7C0MAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=1798%2C1431720">Congressman probing religious sect slain</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-bangor-daily-news-ap-upi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Bangor Daily News - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Tr88AAAAIBAJ&sjid=7C0MAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=1807%2C1435411">Congressman slain during probe of sect</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-bangor-daily-news-ap-upi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Bangor Daily News - AP, page 3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Tr88AAAAIBAJ&sjid=7C0MAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=1277%2C1449740">Ryan as lawmaker often went to root of problems</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-bangor-daily-news-ap-upi.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 20, 1978, Bangor Daily News - UPI, page 3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Tr88AAAAIBAJ&sjid=7C0MAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=3169%2C1448276">Sect controversial since birth in ‘50s</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-bangor-daily-news-ap-upi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, A10, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994248352.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=%27I+was+helpless%27">'I was helpless'</a>, by Charles Krause, 1,487 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994248292.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&desc=300-400+found+dead+in+camp+of+cult+that+killed+lawmaker&pqatl=google">300-400 found dead in camp of cult that killed lawmaker</a>, 246 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 20, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994248362.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=Charles+Krause&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Rep.+Ryan+among+5+fatally+shot">Rep. Ryan among 5 fatally shot</a>, by Charles Krause, 1,018 words [cont. page A11, Guyana hunts for killers of 5] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Boston Globe, page A8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994248652.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=Fred+Mann&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=8&desc=Temple+as+a+force+in+California+politics">Temple as a force in California politics</a>, by Fred Mann, 642 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Boston Globe, page A9, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994248672.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=Michael+Kenney&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=9&desc=Ryan%3A+He+intended+%27to+find+out%27">Ryan: He intended ‘to find out’</a>, by Michael Kenny, Globe Staff, 503 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Boston Globe - AP, page A11, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994248712.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=11&desc=Slain+newsmen+won+many+awards">Slain newsmen won many awards</a>, 313 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Bryan Times, page 1, UPI, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cAwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RlIDAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=6186%2C4569558">Mass suicide follows ambush</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Bryan Times, page 1, Friendship Brings Investigation,<br />
November 20, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620467172.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=300+die+in+Guyvana+camp">300 die in Guyana camp</a>, 1,128 words The information minister of this small South American nation said Monday that between 300 and 400 bodies have been found in the jungle camp of a California sect whose members had killed 5 Americans,<br />
November 20, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620467202.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Witness+tells+how+5+were+killed">Witness tells how 5 were killed</a>, Zealots 'just opened fire' in ambush, 1,264 words The religious zealots struck silently from ambush as darkness fell on the jungle airstrip. <br />
November 20, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 18, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620467672.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=John+Maclean&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=18&desc=U.+S.+didn+%27t+warn+Ryan%2C+aide+charges">U. S. didn 't warn Ryan, aide charges</a>, by John Maclean, 317 words A top assistant to U. S. Rep. Leo Ryan [D., Cal.] expressed bitterness Sunday night that the State Department failed to warn Ryan and his party of<br />
November 20, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 22, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620467752.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=22&desc=Other+5+--+No+Title">Other 5 -- No Title</a>, 371 words<br />
November 20, 1978, The Day - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IZdGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=avgMAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1954%2C3580821">Hundreds Of Cultists In Mass Suicide</a>, [Cont. page 28: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IZdGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=avgMAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2643%2C3722394">Congressman, four others slain</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Deseret News, page A1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fg8vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T1sEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5199,1154027&dq=mark-lane+charles-garry&hl=en">400 Suicides Add To Grisly Massacre</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/08/mark-lane.html">Lane</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Deseret News - UPI, page A1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fg8vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T1sEAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=5926%2C1147492">Guyana toll rises; 400 die of poison; 600 missing; sect massacres solon, 4 others</a>, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fg8vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T1sEAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=5199%2C1154027">400 suicides add to grisly massacre</a>, Continued from A-1] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-deseret-news-upi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Deseret News – UPI, AP, page A1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fg8vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T1sEAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=3836%2C1149026">Brutal discipline cracked the image</a>, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fg8vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T1sEAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=3520%2C1153105">Jones</a>, Continued from A1] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-deseret-news-upi.html">Blog</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/08/mark-lane.html">Lane</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Deseret News - UPI, page A2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fg8vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T1sEAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=6828%2C1155738">Ryan wanted to see it himself</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-deseret-news-upi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Deseret News - UPI, page A2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fg8vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T1sEAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=3430%2C1154726">Lawyer says members used a 'tub of poison'</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-deseret-news-upi.html">Blog</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/08/mark-lane.html">Lane</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ellensburg Daily Record, Religious Fanatics Commit Suicide, <br />
November 20, 1978, Evening Times, page 5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aO1AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aacMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4418,4441690&dq=mark-lane+charles-garry&hl=en">Over 300 Bodies Are Found In Sect Horror</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/mark-lane.html">Lane</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Frederick Post – AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20108.pdf">Americans escorted from Guyana camp</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/more-mark-less-lane.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Gettysburg Time – AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mJgyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z-cFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6196%2C1610277">Congressman Among Five Killed In Guyana, 400 Committed Suicide</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/10/nov-20-1978-gettysburg-time-ap.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Idaho Statesman, page 1-B, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Garden City man's children belong to Guyana Cult</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Idaho Statesman, page 1-B, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Attorney in Guyana attack worked in Idaho</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Knoxville News-Sentinel, page 1,<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20036.pdf"> Mass Suicide, Murder Sweep Sect</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/november-20-1978-knoxville-news-sentinel.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Knoxville News-Sentinel, page 1,<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20036.pdf"> Eyewitness Tells of Massacre, Nightmarish Wait for Rescue</a>, by Ron Javers, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/november-20-1978-knoxville-news-sentinel.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Knoxville News-Sentinel, page 1,<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20036.pdf"> Lane Warned Rep. Ryan of 'Persecution'</a>, by Clark Reid, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/november-20-1978-knoxville-news-sentinel.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Kokomo Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=86357#17431351">Mass suicide reported at Guyana sect camp</a>, [<a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=86357#17431572">cont. page 13</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/thursday-july-28-2011-more-crimson-than.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Lakeland Ledger - San Francisco Chronicle, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0WVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6775%2C5961969">Jonestown: 'Every Evil Thing Everybody Thought',</a> by Ron Javers, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0WVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3641%2C5964456">Continued 7-A]</a> <br />
November 20, 1978, Lakeland Ledger, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0WVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4119,5988533&dq=mark-lane+charles-garry&hl=en">Jonestown</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-lakeland-ledger.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Lakeland Ledger - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0WVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5254%2C5962035">Mass Suicide After Ryan's Death</a>, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0WVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6954%2C5964376">Continued 7-A</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-lakeland-ledger.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Lakeland Ledger, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0WVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=6673%2C5985554">‘Jonestown Is Every Evil Thing That Everybody Thought’</a>, by Ron Javers, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-lakeland-ledger.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Lewiston Evening Journal, AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=feApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t2UFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1939%2C2662833">Hundreds of bodies are found at Guyana camp of Calif. sect where Cong. Ryan met death; Reportedly lined up for doses of poison</a>, by Martin Merzer, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=feApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t2UFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1278%2C2717849">continued on page 12</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Lewiston Evening Journal - S. F. Chronicle, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=feApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t2UFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3840%2C2662944">Reporter Ron Javers gives eyewitness account of killings in Guyana,</a> [continued <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=feApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t2UFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2914%2C2717097">page 12</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Lewiston Evening Journal - AP, page 12, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=feApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t2UFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5668%2C2720336">Where Guyana is, by The Associated Press</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Lewiston Daily Sun – AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1QwgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lWUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2720%2C4638060">Jonestown Survivors Can’t Be Found in Dense Jungle</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Lexington, Dispatch - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=C3ofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jlEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4127%2C1916370">Hundreds of Bodies Found in Guyana</a>, by Martin Merzer, <br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner - AP, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/monday-november-20-1978.html">300-400 Suicides Reported</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/monday-november-20-1978.html">Cult Leader Included in Mass Death</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A2, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Congressman Played Role In Watts, Jail</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/witness-accounts.html">Congressman Ryan in Guyana</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Two Dead NBC Men Were Survivors of Asian Battles</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">NBC Executive Calls Newsmen's Deaths a Tragedy for Profession</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Reports Conflict on Lawyer Lane's Fate</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/witness-accounts.html">Rep. Ryan, 4 Others Reported Shot, Killed</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978 Los Angeles Times, page I-2, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">Survivor--NBC soundman Stephen Sung</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978 Los Angeles Times, page I-17, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">5 Who Survived Ambush in Guyana in Stable Condition</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978 Los Angeles Times, page I3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Need to 'See for Himself' Led Ryan to His Death</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Reports Conflict on Lawyer Lane's Fate</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650861872.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Cult+Leader+Kills+Self">Cult Leader Kills Self</a>, His Wife and Son Among 383 Suicides at Campsite; Mark Lane Describes Death Pact, 609 words "We are all going to die now," attorney Mark Lane said a religious cultist told him. <br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650861952.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Sect+Lined+Up+to+Get+Poison">Sect Lined Up to Get Poison</a>, 1,069 words<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650862062.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=DAVID+JOHNSTON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A3&desc=FBI+Reports+Plot+by+Jones+Followers">FBI Reports Plot by Jones Followers</a>, by David Johnston, 374 words<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650862662.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=DAVID+JOHNSTON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=Pleas+for+News+of+Sect%27s+Settlers+Go+Unanswered+at+S.+F.+Temple">Pleas for News of Sect's Settlers Go Unanswered at S. F. Temple</a>, by David Johnston, 639 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">FBI Vol.3</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A5, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650862202.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=CHARLES+KRAUSE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A5&desc=REPORTER+DESCRIBES+AMBUSH">Reporter Describes Ambush</a>, Ryan Sensed Cultists Would Attack, by Charles Krause, 1,520 words<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650862542.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=ELLEN+HUME%3BROBERT+L+JACKSON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Ambush+Survivors+Flown+to+Safety%3B+U.+S.+Opens+Probe">Ambush Survivors Flown to Safety; U. S. Opens Probe</a>, by Ellen Hume and Robert L. Jackson, 1,257 words<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650862572.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=DAVID+JOHNSTON%3BWILLIAM+ENDICOTT&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=JONES%2C+PEOPLES+TEMPLE">Jones, Peoples Temple</a>, by David Johnston and William Endicott, 1,677 words<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650862582.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=CHARLES+KRAUSE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=REPORTER+DESCRIBES+AMBUSH">Reporter Describes Ambush</a>, by Charles Krause, 1,641 words <br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650862492.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=300+TO+400+CULTISTS+REPORTED+DEAD">300 To 400 Cultists Reported Dead</a>, Mass Suicide After Ryan's Murder Seen, 841 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/monday-november-20-1978.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650862712.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=ROBERT+J+GORE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=Writer+Who+Probed+Sect+Cites+Threats">Writer Who Probed Sect Cites Threats</a>, Mysterious Visitors, Assaults, Fires Haunt Free-Lancer, by Robert J. Gore, 637 words<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650862702.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=WILLIAM+ENDICOTT&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=%27KNEW+THERE+WAS+DANGER%27">'Knew There Was Danger</a>, Need to 'See for Himself' Led Ryan to His Death, by William Endicott, 926 words<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B24, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650863182.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B24&desc=CONSPIRACY+THEORIST+ACCOMPANIED+RYAN">Conspiracy Theorist Accompanied Ryan</a>, Reports Conflict on Lawyer Lane's Fate, 356 words Attorney Mark Lane has pursued conspiracy theories throughout his career, whether defending Martin Luther King's assassin,<br />
November 20, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B25, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650863212.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B25&desc=GUYANA+PLEDGES+SEARCH+FOR+SLAYERS">Guyana Pledges Search For Slayers</a>, 289 words<br />
November 20, 1978, Memphis Press-Scimitar, page 1, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20123.pdf">Memphian Mark Lane Recounts Mass Suicide Scene in Guyana</a>, 400 Cultists Drink From Poison Tub, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/08/mark-lane.html">Lane</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Memphis Press-Scimitar, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20123.pdf">Rep. Ryan Situation</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Memphis Press-Scimitar, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20123.pdf">400 Cultists Drink From Poison Tub</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Memphis Press-Scimitar, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20123.pdf">Text of Mark Lane’s Letter to Rep Ryan</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/08/mark-lane.html">Lane</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Memphis Press-Scimitar, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20123.pdf">Letter From Mark Lane Warned of Embarrassing Situation,</a> by Orville Hancock and Clark Reid, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/08/mark-lane.html">Lane</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Memphis Press-Scimitar, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20154.pdf">Lane Threat Reported by Ryan Aide</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/08/mark-lane.html">Lane</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal - AP, UPI, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FmMaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MyoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4022%2C7414813">Controversy Trailed Sect</a>, [Continued page 10: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FmMaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MyoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5376%2C7453954">Group left U.S.</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal - AP, UPI, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FmMaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MyoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6377%2C7412809">Hundreds in Religious Sect Found Dead in Suicide Pact</a>, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FmMaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MyoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6719%2C7444544">Continued page 8</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal, page 8, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FmMaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MyoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6694%2C7446899">Congressman was part of new breed</a>, <br />
November 20, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal - San Francisco Chronicle, page 9, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FmMaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MyoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6754%2C7449466">Gruesome Fears Turned Into Reality</a>, by Ron Javers,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal - AP Photo, page 10, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FmMaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MyoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5376%2C7453954">Sect Leader, The Rev. Jim Jones</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Milwaukee Sentinel, page 1,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eXVQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-REEAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=6248%2C4049192"> 350 Believed Dead at Temple</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-milwaukee-sentinel.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Milwaukee Sentinel, page 1,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eXVQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-REEAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=5398%2C4050738"> Survivor recalls horror</a>, by Ron Javers, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-milwaukee-sentinel.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Milwaukee Sentinel - UPI, page 14,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eXVQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-REEAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=3913%2C4108309"> Guyana Sect Has Had a Stormy History</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-milwaukee-sentinel.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Monterey Peninsula Herald, <a href="http://www.maebrussell.com/Jonestown/Beating%2C%20threats%20reported%20by%20reporter.html">Beatings, Threats Reported by Woman Who</a> <a href="http://www.maebrussell.com/Jonestown/Beating%2C%20threats%20reported%20by%20reporter.html">Attempted to Interview the Rev. Jim Jones</a>, page 1, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mae-brussell.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Montreal Gazette, page 7, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WQMuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XaEFAAAAIBAJ&dq=peoples%20temple&pg=4576%2C4708816">They get you with love-bombing says ex-Moonie</a>, by Joan Beck, <br />
November 20, 1978, Montreal Gazette, page 8, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WQMuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XaEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7243,4702336&dq=peoples+temple&hl=en">People's Temple: 25 Years Of Controversy</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Mount Airy News - UPI, page 2A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nY0_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=WFUMAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=5383%2C5022095">Killed in ambush; Leo Ryan new kind of congressman</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-mount-airy-news-upi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Mount Airy News - UPI, page 9A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nY0_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=WFUMAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=6596%2C5058039">Following ambush killings; Over 400 suicides reported</a>, by Nigel Cumberbatch, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-mount-airy-news-upi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, New York Times, page A17, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E0D61138E732A25753C2A9679D946990D6CF">Ryan Was a Friend of Disadvantaged; Congressman's Investigations of Trouble Spots Were Marked by Personal Involvement</a>, by Joseph Treaster, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, New York Times, Spooks: The Haunting of America, by Morton Halperin, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-30-1978-new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10E11F73A5C12728DDDA90A94D9415B888BF1D3">Deaths in Guyana Threaten Sect’s California Organization</a>, by Wallace Turner, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-copy.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50B10F73A5C12728DDDA90A94D9415B888BF1D3">Guyana Official Reports 300 Dead At Religious Sect's Jungle Temple</a>, Troops Find Bodies--Mass Suicide Is Indicated, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/guyana-official-reports-300-dead-at.html">text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/guyana-official-reports-300-dead-at.html">6 Are Wounded Critically</a>, by Pranay Gupte, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/guyana-official-reports-300-dead-at.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05E0D61138E732A25753C2A9679D946990D6CF&ref=guyana">Travelers Report That Violence Pervades Guyana Capital Streets</a>, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/travelers-report-that-violence-pervades.html">[Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ocala Star-Banner, 300-400 Take Poison in Guyana, Mass Suicides Follow Murders Of 5 Americans, by Martin Merzer, AP Writer,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">S.F. Temple has no answers for relatives at Jonestown</a>, by Louie Gonzalez and Elizabeth Mehren, Staff Writers,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Oakland Tribune - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/witness-accounts.html">400 sect members commit suicide at Guyana camp</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, page 4, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Friends of Congressman mourne his tragic death</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Slain newsmen praised</a>, [Greg Robinson]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Pharos-Tribune [Logansport, IN] UPI, page 6, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#14669653">Peoples Temple Cult Had Roots In Indiana</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/thursday-july-28-2011-more-crimson-than.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g39IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PW0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6208%2C3575552">Sect Suicides Follow Guyana Raid; Nearly 400 Reportedly Took Poison</a>, [Continued <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g39IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PW0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7128%2C3588652">on page 4</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-pittsburgh-post-gazette-ap.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g39IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PW0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7128,3588652&dq=mark-lane+charles-garry&hl=en">400 Reported Dead In Sect Mass Suicide After Guyana Raid I</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-pittsburgh-post-gazette-ap.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g39IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PW0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2407%2C3576212">Guyana Deaths Latest Intrigue For U.S. Sect</a>, [Continued <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g39IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PW0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4451%2C3587252">page 4</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-pittsburgh-post-gazette-ap.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Prescott Courier, In Guyana, 300 Members Of Sect Commit Mass Suicide, by Martin Merzer, AP Writer, [Continued page 17: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oLhjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=blQEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6986%2C20283921">Massacre</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Prescott Courier, page 17, <a href="http://jonestown/">At The Compound</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Antonio Express, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/monday-november-20-1978.html">Bodies of 300-400 found at sect camp</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Antonio Express, page 3A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/monday-november-20-1978.html">400 Cultists Dead in Mass Murder-Suicide; Leader Believed Poisoned</a>, by Nigel Cumberbatch,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Antonio Express, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Newsmen had earned many awards</a>, <br />
November 20, 1978, The San Antonio News - AP, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Hundreds found dead in apparent mass suicide</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Antonio Light - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Ryan Part of 'New Breed'</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/monday-november-20-1978.html">Jonestown 'Mass Suicide', '400 Dead In Guyana', Guyana Says 400 Bodies in Jonestown</a>, by Keith Power,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/reporters-exclusive-story-i-was-in.html">Reporter's Exclusive Story: I Was in the Airport Ambush; How Rep. Ryan, 4 Other Died</a>, by Ron Javers, [The Daily Register, page 1, <a href="http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1970-1979/1978/1978.11.20.pdf">Eyewitness tells of Guyana killings</a>, by Ron Javers]<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Jim Jones Is Report Dead</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 2, Changing Image of Temple's Founder, by Marshall Kilduff,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, What Politicians Say Now About Jones, by Larry Liebert,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">Relatives' Fearful S.F. Vigil</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 5, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Family, Staff Warned Ryan About Trip</a>, by John Fogarty,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 6, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Leo Ryan's Life of Action</a>, by Jerry Burns,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 6, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Carter's Statement on Ryans Death</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 8, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Stand alone photo, Ryan's Children</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Jonestown: the last minutes</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Suicide-murders: 383 die,</a> by Jim Willse,<br />
November 20, 1992, San Francisco Chronicle - Reuters, <a href="http://www.maebrussell.com/Mind%20Control/Brainwashing%20Compensation%20By%20Canada%20.html">Brainwashing Compensation By Canada</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Peoples Temple lawyer had warned Ryan of 'consequences'</a>, by John Hall,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Loyal Attorney For Rev. Jones</a>, by Ralph Craib,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 7, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">Ambush Survivor; NBC soundman Steven Sung</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 8, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/cpay">Stand-Alone Photo, Ryan's Children, Christopher and Erin Ryan</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/sharon-amos-charles-e-beikman-maria.html">Mystery Death of People's Temple Aide</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Airport Shootings: The 3 Newsmen Who Died in Guyana</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Americans Holed Up In Georgetown Hotel; ‘We’re All Numb’</a>, by Stephen Hall,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 2, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/imb2">Curiosity was a byword with Ryan</a>, <br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/4-weapons-found-at-jonestown.html">Were guns smuggled to Guyana from S.F.?</a>, by James A. Finefrock,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">The victims who were there to cover the story</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">A pledge: We will not stop</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Greg Robinson: From the first it was 'magic'</a>, by Carol Pogash,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page B1, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Exclusive: eyewitness account of massacre</a>, by Tim Reiterman,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Works of a photographer</a>, [Greg Robinson]<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/sharon-amos-charles-e-beikman-maria.html">Price of her faith: 4 lives; Mother kills 3 kids, self</a>, by Paul Shinoff,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/tim-reiterman.html">What Jones said to Reiterman: 'I curse the day I was born</a>', by Tim Reiterman,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/tim-reiterman.html">Exclusive: eyewitness account of massacre</a>, by Tim Reiterman,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">A fearful Ryan aide wrote her will before trip to Guyana</a>, by Tom Eastham,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page C, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">At the temple in S.F.: anger and hatred</a>, by Peter H. King and Lon Daniels,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, S.F's Leaders Recall Jones the Politician, by John Jacobs,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Juan Star - NYT News Service, pages 1 & 14, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Guyana troops fly to site of Ryan, 4 other killings</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Juan Star, pages 1, 14, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/witness-accounts.html">NBC newsman relates horror of hungle massacre by cultists</a>, by Manny Suarez, of the Star Staff,<br />
November 20, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, page 20, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Rep. Ryan called one of 'new breed' of congressman</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Spokane Daily Chronicle, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FbMSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EvkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6925,930012&dq=mark-lane+charles-garry&hl=en">Reporter Describes Killings In Guyana</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Star-Phoenix [Saskatchewan] <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g4RkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xn8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1209,1363685&dq=mark-lane+charles-garry&hl=en">Every Evil Thing Thought And Worse</a>, by Ron Javers, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-star-phoenix.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Star-Phoenix [Saskatchewan] page 1,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g4RkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xn8NAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=2405%2C1212407"> Five killed, 400 commit suicide</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-star-phoenix.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Star-Phoenix [Saskatchewan] AP, page 24,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g4RkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xn8NAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=3546%2C1361135"> Church history laced with intrigue</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-star-phoenix.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Toledo Blade - Times-Post News Service, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4216%2C1198638">Survivors Endure 13 Fearful Hours, Witness Recalls Attack, Then Night at Jungle Airstrip</a>, by Charles Krause, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7284%2C1241558">cont. page 10</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Toledo Blade, - Times-Post News Service, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2980%2C1197410">Guyana Religious Cult Started in Indianapolis</a>, by Larry Kramer, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6365%2C1240734">cont. page 10</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6293%2C1197977">Guyanan Troops Find 300-400 Bodies of Members of Sect;; Ambush Killed 5, Wounded 10</a>, Mass Poisoning Believed Cause of Cult Deaths, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7255%2C1239656">Continued page 10</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 8, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7150%2C1230147">Ryan Nor Afraid to Face Danger for His Constituents</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 8, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7150%2C1230147">Newsmen Honored for Work; 3 Victims Held Photography, Reporting Prizes</a>, <br />
November 20, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 8, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7150%2C1230147">Guyana is Kansas-Sized Former British Colony</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 10, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5101%2C1240715">Jones Told Reporter of Violence in Colony</a>,<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102379">Jones, wife identified as suicides</a>, by Kathy Hunter, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102379">Massacre came as no surprise to former Temple members here</a>, by Eric Krueger and Mitchell Landsberg, Journal Staff Writers, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102379">Ukiah woman dies in ambush, youth is critically wounded</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102379">Lane: Gunfire, poison marked mass suicide rite</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102406">Photo: The Pool Inside the Redwood Valley Temple</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102406">Stoen: Custody battle brought break with Jones</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102406">Survivor describes Guyana massacre</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 3, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102438">Controversy surrounded Temple and its leader</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 3, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102438">'Jones struck us as a madman'—survivor</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 3, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102438">Jones' last interview: 'There are no guns at all' in jungle commune</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 3, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102438">Letter warned Ryan not to probe Temple</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 5, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102511">Temple sprang from Indiana activism</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 12, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20102694">Jones' ministry: A warning of race war</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-20-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/142303652.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xbfea810)&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=By+Larry+Kramer+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Rev.+Jones+Became+West+Coast+Power">Rev. Jones Became West Coast Power</a>, by Larry Kramer, Staff Writer, 1,157 words [<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=361&u=1&seq=380&view=image&size=150&id=mdp.39015036047713">hathitrust</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/142303702.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xbfea810)&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=By+Charles+A.+Krause+Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Mass+Deaths+Follow+Attack+on+U.S.+Group">Mass Deaths Follow Attack on U.S. Group</a>, 300-400 Bodies Found at Cult's Guyana Camp, by Charles A. Krause, 2,316 words<br />
November 20, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/142303662.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xbfea810)&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=%27I+Lay+There+.+.+.+Hoping+They%27d+Think+I+Was+Dead%27">'I Lay There . . . Hoping They'd Think I Was Dead'</a>, 1,469 words<br />
November 20, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/0c92">Believed Premonitions of Dissidents; Reporter Describes the Ambush</a>, by Charles Krause, <br />
November 20, 1978, The Washington Post, page A15, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/142304122.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=By+Art+Harris+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A15&desc=Jim+Jones">Jim Jones</a>, by Art Harris, 551 words<br />
November 20, 1978, The Washington Post, page A16, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/142304152.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A16&desc=Greg+Robinson">Greg Robinson</a>, 143 words<br />
November 20, 1978, The Washington Post, page A16, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/142304142.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A16&desc=Rep.+Leo+J.+Ryan">Rep. Leo J. Ryan</a>, 419 words <br />
November 20, 1978, The Washington Post, page A17, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/142304192.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+20%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A17&desc=Lawmakers%2C+President+Laud+Ryan">Lawmakers, President Laud Ryan</a>, 449 words<br />
November 20, 1978, Washington Star, page A-1, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20183.pdf">Bodies of 400 Cultists Are Found, Mass Suicide by Poison Reported After Congressman’s Slaying, Some Members Shot</a>, by Robert Pear and Jeremiah O’Leary, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mixed-bag.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, Williamson Daily News - AP, Suicides Follow Ambush Death Of Congressman, 400 Bodies Found In Jungle Camp, by Martin Merzer,<br />
November 20, 1978, The Windsor Star - AP, page 1, Mass suicide follows murders in Guyana; 300-400 bodies found,[<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/08/mark-lane.html">Lane</a>]<br />
November 20, 1978, The Windsor Star - Reuters, page 34, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=60U_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=JFIMAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=4510%2C1818119">A hate-free society?</a>, <br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
November 21, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779599322.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Suicide+carnage+follows+Jones%27s+tribute+to+death">Suicide carnage follows Jones's tribute to death</a>, 1,716 words [Text]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779599302.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=HENRY+L+TREWHITT&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Survivors+of+cult+deaths+begin+to+leave+jungle">Survivors of cult deaths begin to leave jungle</a>, by Henry L. Trewhitt, 1,316 words<br />
November 21, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779599332.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Controversy+is+not+new+to+2+lawyers">Controversy is not new to 2 lawyers</a>, 511 words<br />
November 21, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779599342.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=%27Eden%27+or+%27slave+ship%3F%27">'Eden' or 'slave ship?'</a>, 294 words<br />
November 21, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A14, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779600012.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Slaughter+in+Utopia">Slaughter in Utopia</a>, 457 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Beaver Country Times - UPI, page A1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dRwvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jdsFAAAAIBAJ&dq=stephen%20jones%20cult&pg=2737%2C4938971">Cult founder leads mass suicide ritual</a>, [Continued page A3: Cult Founder]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, Banner Headline: <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251222.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=Don+Bohning&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=They+lined+up+to+take+poison">They lined up to take poison</a>, 923 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe – Knight Ridder, page A-1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251222.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=Don+Bohning&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=They+lined+up+to+take+poison">Mark Lane sensed ‘something wrong’</a>, by Don Bohning, 923 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251272.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=Charles+Krause&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Cyanide+mixed+in+soft+drink">Cyanide mixed in soft drink</a>, by Charles Krause, 813 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251222.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=Don+Bohning&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=They+lined+up+to+take+poison">They lined up to take poison</a>, by Don Bohning, 923 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251392.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Carters+shocked+by+deaths+in+Guyana">Carters shocked by deaths in Guyana</a>, 136 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe - AP, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251382.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Prominent+Americans+gave+Jones+references">Prominent Americans gave Jones references</a>, 217 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251372.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=Karen+DeYoung&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=They+were+not+strangers%2C+nor+friends">They were not strangers, nor friends</a>, by Karen DeYoung, 718 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251502.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=Larry+Kramer&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=6&desc=Cut+often+rehearsed+for+a+mass+suicide">Cult often rehearsed for a mass suicide</a>, by Larry Kramer, 485 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A7,<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251522.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=7&desc=FBI+told+cult+had+kidnap+plot"> FBI told cult had kidnap plot</a>, 256 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251562.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=8&desc=Cult+felt+persecuted+by+US">Cult felt persecuted by US</a>, 327 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251222.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=Don+Bohning&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=They+lined+up+to+take+poison">409 cult members found dead in camp</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe - AP, page A8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251572.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=8&desc=Jones+was+seriously+ill+and+possibly+had+cancer">Jones was seriously ill and possibly had cancer</a>, 132 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A9, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251592.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=9&desc=Ryan+was+aware+of+perils%2C+US+says">Ryan was aware of perils, US says</a>, 415 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A9, ‘<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251362.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=Bruce+Drake%3BJerome+Cahill&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=%22They+just+kept+shooting%27">They just kept shooting'</a>, by Bruce Drake and Jerome Cahill, 1,009 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, page A9, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251602.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=9&desc=Followers+in+US+react+%27stoically%27+to+Jones%27+death">Followers in US react 'stoically' to Jones' death</a>, 161 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Boston Globe, Editorial, page A18, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994251912.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=18&desc=Fanaticism+and+death+in+Guyana">Fanaticism and death in Guyana</a>, 633 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-19-21-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620470912.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=A+final+ritual%3A+cyanide">A final ritual: cyanide</a>, 728 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620470992.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Hundreds+missing+in+jungle">Hundreds missing in jungle</a>, 870 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620470922.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=Timothy+McNulty&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Hunt+survivors+in+Guyana">Hunt survivors in Guyana</a>, by Timothy McNulty, 375 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620471022.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=John+Maclean&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Wrote+to+congressman">Wrote to congressman</a>, by John Maclean, 480 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620471002.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Sect+leader+denied%2C+then+admitted+guns">Sect leader denied, then admitted guns</a>, 540 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page B2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620472032.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=B2&desc=The+shocking+news+from+Guyana">The shocking news from Guyana</a>, 517 words<br />
November 21, 1978, The Christian Science Monitor, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/185338592.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0x9bbf338)&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Christian+Science+Monitor+(1908-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Jones+and+the+Peoples+Temple%3A+How+did+they+gain+influence%3F">Jones and the Peoples Temple: How did they gain influence?</a>, by Brad Knickerbocker, Staff correspondent, 882 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Daily Princetonian, Volume 102, Number 123, page 1,<a href="http://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/cgi-bin/princetonperiodicals?a=d&d=Princetonian19781121-01.1.1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN-rusher----#"> World News</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/9mq7">diigo,</a><br />
November 21, 1978, Daily Sitka Sentinel - AP,<a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#14856140"> Troops Begin Identification of Dead Cult Members</a>, by Lew Wheaton,<br />
November 21, 1978, Daily Sitka Sentinel - AP,<a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#14856140"> Guyana Survivors Tell Story of Suicides</a>, by Martin Merzer, <br />
November 21, 1978, The Frederick Post, page 1, <a href="http://newspaperarchive.com/frederick-news-post/1978-11-21">Death toll in Guyana hits 383</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20158.pdf">Guyana press victims were noted in field</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, Garden City Telegram - AP, page 3,<a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#559009"> Drilled for Mass Suicide</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Garden City Telegram - AP, page 3,<a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#559009"> Pastor’s ‘Son’ Believed Dead</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Garden City Telegram - AP, page 1,<a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#558968"> Families Wait With Fear, Anger … and a Question</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Garden City Telegram - AP, page 1,<a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#558968"> The Deadly Drink; Cyanide, Kool-Aid</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Garden City Telegram - AP, page 1,<a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#558968"> U.S. Soldiers to Begin Macabre Shuttle</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Idaho Statesman, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Idahoan told sons are alive, daughter's fate unknown</a>, by Rod Gramer,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Hour [Norwalk, CT] page 2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QOogAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SW4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2852%2C4964248">Norwalker’s Brother-in-law Victim in Guyana Massacre</a>, by James R. Hanley, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/t5rc">diigo</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Kentucky New Era, Babies Given Deadly Brew, by Martin Merzer, AP Writer,<br />
November 21, 1978, Kentucky New Era, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YhYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=X20FAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1615%2C2651801">US Soldiers Sort Out Bodies Of Jones</a>... <br />
November 21, 1978, Kentucky New Era, page 2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YhYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=X20FAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2807%2C2655651">U.S. Soldiers,</a><br />
November 21, 1978, Kentucky New Era, page 3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=0N-VGjzr574C&dat=19781117&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">Cult Puzzle: Why Did They Die?</a> by Jane See White<br />
November 21, 1978, Kentucky New Era, page 3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YhYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=X20FAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2524%2C2660465">Cult deaths End Child Battle</a><br />
November 21, 1978, Kentucky New Era, page 3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YhYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=X20FAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3918%2C2660950">Member of Cult From Lexington</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Kentucky New Era, page 5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YhYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=X20FAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1082%2C2660865">Jones Clan Relatives Await Identification</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, The Knoxville Journal - San Francisco Chronicle, page 13, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20131.pdf">'I think we're in for some trouble." Emotional tug-of-war erupts into mass violence,</a> by Tim Reiterman, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Knoxville Journal - AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20131.pdf">Lawyer flees camp as 409 smiling, end lives as followers</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, Lakeland Ledger - NYT, page 7-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0mVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5850%2C6173354">Mondale, Humphrey, Rosalynn Wrote Letters Backing Cult Leader</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, Lakeland Ledger - AP, page 1-A <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0mVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6703%2C6145741">Cult's Survivors Sought In Jungle</a>, [Continued <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0mVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7402%2C6176324">page 7-A</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Lakeland Ledger - AP, page 1-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0mVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4327%2C6169401">Experts Not Surprised By Shocking Bizarre Mass Suicide</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Lakeland Ledger - New York Times News Service, page 7-A <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19781121&id=0mVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7266,6148678">References Backed Cult Jones' Community</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mixed-bag.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, Lewiston Evening Journal - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fuApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t2UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3961%2C2855819">Mass Suicide is shocking, but not a surprise,</a> by Jane See White, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fuApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t2UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1276%2C2901334">Continued page 10</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Lewiston Evening Journal - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fuApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t2UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2728%2C2855065">U.S. troops hope to begin bringing bodies home,</a> by Lew Wheaton, [Continued page 10, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fuApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t2UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1264%2C2902825">Grisly Work to Begin,</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Lewiston Evening Journal - AP, page 9, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fuApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t2UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3187%2C2896557">Former cultist remembers the mass suicide drills</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Lewiston Evening Journal - AP, page 15, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fuApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t2UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2855%2C2929167">Guyana: The questions remain</a>, by George Gedda,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/tuesday-november-21-1978.html">Cult Leader Included in Mass Death</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, The Political Pull of Jim Jones,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Reporter Talked NBC Into Fatal Assignment</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/tuesday-november-21-1978.html">Bodies of Jim Jones, 382 Cultists Found; Police Discover 138 Men, 163 Women, 82 Children Dead by Murder or Suicide</a>, by Leonard Greenwood,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869482.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=LEONARD+GREENWOOD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A8&desc=Jones%2C+409+Cultists+Found+Dead">Jones, 409 Cultists Found Dead</a>, Police Discover Mass Suicide, Murder Victims; Hundreds Still Missing in Jungle, by Leonard Greenwood, 1,973 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/tuesday-november-21-1978.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/tuesday-november-21-1978.html">Bodies of Jim Jones, 409 Cultists Found</a>, by Leonard Greenwood, 2,063 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869432.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=LARRY+STAMMER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A3&desc=Ryan%27s+Body+Brought+Home+in+Military+Jet">Ryan's Body Brought Home in Military Jet</a>, Services Scheduled in S.F.; Two Newsmen's Remains Flown to L.A., by Larry Stammer, 469 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times - UPI, page I-23, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/4-weapons-found-at-jonestown.html">No Guns in Settlement, Jones Had Told Reporter</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">NBC Announces Services For 2 Slain Newsmen</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Bodies of 3 Cult Victims Return Home; Rep. Ryan, 2 Newsmen Carried on Flight to San Francisco, L.A.</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">"A Celebrity Around Here'; Georgia Town Stunned by News of Harris Death</a>, by Jeff Prugh,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">Ambush Survivors Flown to Safety; U.S. Opens Probe</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978 Los Angeles Times - UPI, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Ryan's Successor to be Elected</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B19, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650870332.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B19&desc=No+Armed+Squad+at+Sect%27s+Farm%2C+Garry+Quoted">No Armed Squad at Sect's Farm, Garry Quoted</a>, 201 words [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/charles-garry.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, Mrs. Carter Reveals Jim Jones Letters,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650870272.html?dids=650870272:650870272&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1886-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B17&desc=MONDALE%2C+CALIFANO+ALSO+LISTED">First Lady Among Cult's References; Mondale, Califano also listed</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, Jones 'Concern For The Despaired' Cited,<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869162.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=SON+TELLS+OF+PARANOIA">Son Tells of Paranoia</a>, Cult Leader on Drugs; Rev. Jones Called Sick, Obsessed, 549 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869362.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A2&desc=Bodies+May+Have+to+Be+Buried+in+Jungle">Bodies May Have to Be Buried in Jungle</a>, 501 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A4, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650871552.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=SD_A4&desc=The+Horror+in+Guyana">The Horror in Guyana</a>, 347 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869512.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=CHARLES+A+KRAUSE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A8&desc=Victims+Ordered+to+Drink+Cyanide+With+Kool-Aid">Victims Ordered to Drink Cyanide With Kool-Aid</a>, by Charles A. Krause, 1,438 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869482.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=LEONARD+GREENWOOD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A8&desc=Jones%2C+409+Cultists+Found+Dead">Jones, 409 Cultists Found Dead</a>, by Leonard Greenwood, 1,973 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A9, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869542.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=ROBERT+BARKDOLL&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A9&desc=Ryan+Aide+Raps+Probe+of+Cult">Ryan Aide Raps Probe of Cult</a>, by Robert Barkdoll, 1,142 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869722.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=CHARLES+A+KRAUSE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=%27STARTED+WITH+BABIES%27">'Started with Babies'</a>, by Charles A. Krause, 1,406 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869712.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=ROBERT+BARKDOLL&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Probe+of+Cult+Lacked+Depth%2C+Ryan+Aide+Says">Probe of Cult Lacked Depth, Ryan Aide Says</a>, by Robert Barkdoll, 1,162 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869672.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=LEONARD+GEEENWOOD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Bodies+of+Jim+Jones%2C+409+Cultists+Found">Bodies of Jim Jones, 409 Cultists Found</a>, by Leonard Greenwood, 2,063 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-3-general.html">Temple Flourished for Time in L.A., It Was Beautiful Thing,' Ex-Member Says, Until Dream Went Sour</a>, by Doyle McManus, <br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869882.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=DAVID+JOHNSTON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=Sect+Plot+to+Kidnap+U.S.+Leaders+Told">Sect Plot to Kidnap U.S. Leaders Told</a>, FBI Reports Scheme to Hold Hostages if Jones Were Arrested, by David Johnston, 384 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869812.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=KENNETH+REICH&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=S.F.+Temple+Active+in+Politics">S.F. Temple Active in Politics</a>, Large Numbers of Volunteers Helped in Campaigns, by Kenneth Reich, 1,146 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869832.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=DAVID+JOHNSTON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=CULT+REFUGEES+FIND+A+SHELTER">Cult Refugees Find a Shelter</a>, by David Johnston, 578 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869872.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=Cult-Watcher+Says+He+Gave+U.S.+Warning">Cult-Watcher Says He Gave U.S. Warning</a>, 195 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650869862.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=DOYLE+McMANUS&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=Temple+Flourished+for+Time+in+L.A.">Temple Flourished for Time in L.A.</a>, It Was Beautiful Thing,' Ex-Member Says, Until Dream Went Sour, by Doyle McManus, 666 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B17, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650870282.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B17&desc=Survivors+Recover+in+Puerto+Rico+Hospital">Survivors Recover in Puerto Rico Hospital</a>, 362 words [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B17, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650870272.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B17&desc=MONDALE%2C+CALIFANO+ALSO+LISTED">Mondale, Califano Also Listed</a>, 412 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B20, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650870352.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=KAREN+DeYOUNG&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B20&desc=Cult+Neither+Friend%2C+Stranger+in+Guyana">Cult Neither Friend, Stranger in Guyana</a>, by Karen DeYoung, 707 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B23, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650870422.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B23&desc=DAY+BEFORE+AMBUSH">Day Before Ambush</a>, 488 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B26, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650870512.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B26&desc=Jones%27+%27Concern+for+the+Despaired%27+Cited">Jones' 'Concern for the Despaired' Cited</a>, 253 words<br />
November 21, 1978, Madison Courier - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cCJmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xWcNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2786,1425683&dq=guyana+martin+merzer&hl=en">Jones' followers killed selves with mix of cyanide, Kool-Aide: survivor</a>, by Martin Merzer, AP Writer,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Miami News - Combined News Services, page 1,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5250%2C490971"> Troops beat jungle for mass-suicide survivors,</a><br />
November 21, 1978, The Miami News - Combined Miami News Services, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3778%2C503444">continued from 1A Guyana</a><br />
November 21, 1978, The Miami News - N.Y.T. News Service, page 4A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1847%2C502943">Jones was praised in letters by many politicians in U.S</a>.<br />
November 21, 1978, The Miami News - AP, page 4A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=827%2C504393">Fearful families awaiting names of dead in Jonesville,</a><br />
November 21, 1978, The Miami News - AP, page 4A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3778%2C503444">Bodies of ambush victims returned to U.S.</a><br />
November 21, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal - AP, UPI, WaPo, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JE4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6442%2C7516">Troops Begin Search for Sect's Survivors</a>, [Continued page 8: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JE4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6809%2C37116">Guyana: Gold, Arms found in camp</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/nov-21-1978-milwaukee-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal - AP, UPI, WaPo, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JE4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5275%2C7058">Babies Died First in Jones' Death Ritual</a>, [Continued: page 8, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JE4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6809%2C37116">Settlement's Members Lined Up for Poison</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/nov-21-1978-milwaukee-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal, AP Photos, page 8, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JE4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6489%2C49333">Mass Deaths in Guyana</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/nov-21-1978-milwaukee-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal - AP, page 9, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JE4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3820%2C48944">Settlement Was Paradise to Some, "Slave Ship' to Others</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/nov-21-1978-milwaukee-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal – AP, NYT, UPI, page 9, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JE4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3820%2C48944">Sect Leader Had High Support</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/nov-21-1978-milwaukee-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal, page 10, Editorial, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JE4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6489%2C49333">The Horrors of a 'Holy Man'</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/nov-21-1978-milwaukee-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, New York Daily News, page A5, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Ryans body lands in Frisco; 2 others go to L.A.</a>, by Theo Wilson,<br />
November 21, 1978, New York Times, page A-1, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D12FB3B5413718DDDA80A94D9415B888BF1D3">Defectors From Sect Depict Its Rehearsals for Suicide</a>, by Robert Lindsey, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-copy.html">Text</a>] [cont.: <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D12FB3B5413718DDDA80A94D9415B888BF1D3">Defectors Say Jones Told Them: 'You Will Be Dying for Socialism'</a>] <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/41wo">diigo</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, New York Times, page A-1, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60D12FB3B5413718DDDA80A94D9415B888BF1D3">Leader of Sect Dies; Parents Reported to Give Children Poison Before Dying Beside Them</a>, by Jon Nordheimer, [Cont. A-17, Guyanese Report Finding 405 Bodies in Commune] [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/leader-of-sect-dies-parents-reported-to.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, New York Times, page A-16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F13FB3B5413718DDDA80A94D9415B888BF1D3">Wounded Aide to Ryan Worried And Wrote Her Will Before Trip</a>, by Steven V. Roberts, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, New York Times, page A-16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F13FB3B5413718DDDA80A94D9415B888BF1D3">Little Attention Paid to Warnings by Sect's Leader; Speaking for Those in Jonestown Stoens Badly Treated</a>, by Wallace Turner, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, New York Times, page A-16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E13FB3B5413718DDDA80A94D9415B888BF1D3">Leading Americans Backed Jones Sect; Guyana Cites Letters by Mondale, Mrs. Carter and Califano Vouching for the Group</a>, by Robert D. McFadden, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05E2DA1030E631A25752C2A9679D946990D6CF">Anguished Mother Tells How Fear Controlled Cult; She Lives a 'Waking Nightmare'</a>, by Les Ledbetter, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, New York Times, page A17, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E0D61138E732A25753C2A9679D946990D6CF">Ryan Was a Friend of Disadvantaged; Congressman's Investigations of Trouble Spots Were Marked by Personal Involvement</a>, by Joseph Treaster, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, New York Times, page A-17, Former members of the cult said Jim Jones had operated it as a personal police state, enforcing discipline by beatings and death threats and conducting mass-suicide drills.<br />
November 21, 1978, New York Times, Editorial, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E2DA1030E631A25752C2A9679D946990D6CF">Thin Line in the Jungle</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04E2DA1030E631A25752C2A9679D946990D6CF&ref=guyana">The Three U.S. Newsmen Slain in Guyana Ambush</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-30-1978-new-york-times.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13FB3B5413718DDDA80A94D9415B888BF1D3">News Summary; International</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Oakland Tribune - AP, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Report from the scene of death; 'Poison spoon-fed to babies'</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Family awaits word of sister's fate</a>, by Kathy O'Toole, Staff Writer,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Lane says Jones injecting drugs for weeks</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, page 13, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">Eight Jonestown survivors return</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, Politicians Defend Associations With Jones, by Elizabeth Mehren,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Five who might seek Rep. Ryan's seat</a>, by Virgil Meibert, <br />
November 21, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, page 13, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">S.F. People's Temple members depressed</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Observer Reporter - AP, page A-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KfRdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=el8NAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1693%2C3311617">Over 400 Sect Members In Mass Suicide</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Observer Reporter - AP, page D-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KfRdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=el8NAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1356%2C3402123">Cult Leader Jones Said To Had Terminal Illness</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Observer Reporter - AP, page D-1,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KfRdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=el8NAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2686%2C3404112"> All Quiet in San Francisco; Police Search People's Temple</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Observer Reporter - AP, page D-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KfRdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=el8NAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4846%2C3401819">Many Prominent Americans Had Recommended Jones</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, <a href="http://www.ocregister.com/articles/archives-218862-county-orange.html">Orange County Register</a> - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/08/cyanide-fed-to-babies-cultists-sip.html">Cyanide Fed To Babies; Cultists Sip 'Death Toast'</a>, [<a href="http://vault.fbi.gov/jonestown/part-10-11-of-254/at_download/file">FBI Vol. 9</a>, page 147]<br />
November 21, 1978, <a href="http://www.ocregister.com/articles/archives-218862-county-orange.html">Orange County Register</a>, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/08/cyanide-fed-to-babies-cultists-sip.html">Countians Await Word of Relatives In Sect</a>, by Rosa Kwong and Patrick Mott, [<a href="http://vault.fbi.gov/jonestown/part-10-11-of-254/at_download/file">FBI Vol. 9</a>, page 147]<br />
November 21, 1978, Ottawa Citizen - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Tu4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ie4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=peoples%20temple&pg=3882%2C4952">409 bodies, fortune in gold found in Guyanese jungle suicide camp</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Ottawa Citizen - AP, page 53, Cult leader told by MD to get help,<br />
November 21, 1978, Ottawa Citizen - UPI, page 53, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Tu4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ie4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=peoples%20temple&pg=1788%2C320579">'Satanic situation' exploded</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, The Palm Beach Post - AP, page A-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=did-feeling-of-doom-prevail&pg=4834%2C4241">Did Feeling of Doom Prevail?</a>, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5430%2C95323">Jones, Continued page A15</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Palm Beach Post - AP, page A-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1612%2C3628">409 Die in Suicide-Murder Ritual</a>, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2471%2C95447">Cultists, Continued page A15</a>] Christopher Nascimento, the minister of state in the office of the prime minister in New York, said he did not know whether the 46-year-old "Bishop" Jones died<br />
November 21, 1978, The Palm Beach Post, Editorial, page A-14, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1639%2C83338">Zealotry in Guyana</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Palm Beach Post - UPI, page A-15, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=996%2C96254">Jonestown: A City of the Dead</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Paris News, page 1, Troops seeking cultusts,<a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#14856140"> American bodies to be returned</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, The Paris News, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#14856140">Survivor tells of scene at mass suicide</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, PBS, <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/jonestown-nov-18-1978/">WGBH American Experience .Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple</a>, [<a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/dvj9">diigo</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Prescott Courier - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=L7vk9XBBNxgC&dat=19781121&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">Guyana body-shuttle begins</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/w7vh">diigo</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, San Antonio Express AP, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/tuesday-november-21-1978.html">Survivors of cult hunted in jungled</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Antonio Express - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/witness-accounts.html">Ryan knew of danger</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Antonio Express, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/7-dr-larry-schacht-vol-4.html">Brother doubts suicide</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Antonio Express - Washington Post Service, page 14A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Suicide act rehearsed</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/tuesday-november-21-1978.html">Inside Jonestown Camp – The Mass Poisoning; Rev. Jones Found Dead; 400 Stood in Line to Die</a>; Hundreds Fled Into the Jungle, by Keith Power<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Attorney Mark Lane: Eyewitness' Grisly Account</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, Jim Jones: Preacher, Activist and Mystery to Most People,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">8 Guyana Survivors Return to S.F.</a>, by Stephen Hall and Kevin Leary,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-3-general.html">Cult Took Members Homes, Sold Them to Get Funds</a>, by Michael Taylor,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 4, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Step by Step to the Massacre in Guyana</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 5, Letters Publicized: Big Names Backed Jones,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 7, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">Grim S,F, Temple Members</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 21, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-3-general.html">Jones' Abandoned Temple</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, Willie Brown Defends Former Ties to Rev. Jones, by Jerry Burns, <br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Spring Election For Ryan's Seat</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 2, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Leo Ryan flown home from Guyana</a>, by James A. Finefrock,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 7, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Ryan: 'large or small, he cared'</a>, by Don West<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 2, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Two versions of advice to Ryan</a>, by John P. Wallach,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Relatives cling to hope for loved ones</a>, by Jeff Jarvis,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Guyana survivor: ‘It was mass murder’</a>, by Dick Alexander,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Robinson family's last reunion</a>, by Don Martinez,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/tim-reiterman.html">The cruel collapse of Jim Jones and his dream</a>, by Tim Reiterman,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/7-dr-larry-schacht-vol-4.html">'The humanitarian ideals' of temple's Doctor Death'</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">8 Guyana Survivors Return to S.F.</a>, by Stephen Hall,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 2, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Security heavy at funeral for Ryan</a>, by Bill Boldenweek and Don West,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Supervisors pay respects</a>.<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Vote in March to determine his successor</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Ryan's prophetic message</a>, by John Hall,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Patty Hearst: fully expose temple perils</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-3-general.html">Together again, Photo, Leonard & Brian Kravitz</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 18, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">U.S. approves burying bodies in Guyana</a>, by John P. Wallach,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Juan Star, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Father of woman in cult says Jones 'thought he was God'</a>, by Manny Suarez, Star Staff,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Mark Lane, attorney for cult, is ex-N.Y. solon, Ray's lawyer</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, San Juan Star -UPI, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/tuesday-november-21-1978.html">383 die in cult's last rite of mass murders, suicides</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Schenectady Gazette - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=ziW8EwMpto0C&dat=19781121&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">409 Cultists Found Dead in Guyana Mass Suicide</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Schenectady Gazette, page 2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N_0wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JeEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=980%2C6816483">Latest Photos Related To The Guyana Massacre</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Schenectady Gazette - AP, page 2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N_0wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JeEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4774%2C6815967">Carter Told of Guyana Action</a>, by Frank Cormier, AP Writer, <br />
November 21, 1978, Schenectady Gazette - UPI, page 2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N_0wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JeEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5330%2C6816490">FBI Keeps Eye on Sect</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Southeast Missourian, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eGofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=INUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3498%2C2892930">U.S. soldiers in Guyana to remove or bury bodies</a>, [Continued page 7: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eGofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=INUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3865%2C2920412">Suicides</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Southeast Missourian, page 2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eGofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=INUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1292%2C2898972">Describes Death Scene</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Southeast Missourian - AP, page 2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eGofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=INUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4037%2C2898995">Families await word from camp</a>, by Ellen Nimmons, Associated Press Writer, <br />
November 21, 1978, The Southeast Missourian, page 7, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eGofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=INUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3387,2920694&dq=jonestown&hl=en">Last Photo of Ryan</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Spartansburg Herald - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HYYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rs0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6458%2C4835770">409 American Religious Followers, Leader Dead</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Spartansburg Herald - AP, page A3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HYYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rs0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5729%2C4843976">People's Temple Silent After Search by Police</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Spartanburg Herald - AP, page A3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HYYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rs0EAAAAIBAJ&dq=peoples%20temple&pg=2358%2C4843990">Psychologist Says ,Daughter May Have Been Part Of Mass Suicide</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Spartanburg Herald - AP, page A3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HYYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rs0EAAAAIBAJ&dq=peoples%20temple&pg=5729%2C4843976">People's Temple Silent After Search By Police</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Spartanburg Herald page A3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HYYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rs0EAAAAIBAJ&dq=peoples%20temple&pg=3856%2C4843988">Newspaper Story Sparked Ryan's Interest In Sect</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Spokesman-Review - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nEpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6422%2C2637535">Jackson Praised Sect Leader</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Spokesman-Review - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nEpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3511%2C2637074">Soldiers Find 12 Fleeing Cult Survivors</a>, by Martin Merzer, [Continued: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nEpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5879%2C2657863">Troops, page 6</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/associated-press-soldiers-find-12.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Spokesman Review - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nEpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3925%2C2838062">Cult leader's body found; Troops seek fleeing sect members</a>, by Martin Merzer,<br />
November 21, 1978, Spokesman-Review - AP, page 2, AP Photo, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nEpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5852%2C2640174">Bodies lie beside plane in Guyana</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Spokesman-Review - AP, page 5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nEpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6908%2C2653890">Witness Relates Death Rite</a>, by Charles Krause, <br />
November 21, 1978, Spokesman-Review - L.A. Times, page 5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nEpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5460%2C2653059">Kidnap Plot Told By FBI</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Spokesman-Review - AP, page 5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nEpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2302%2C2653043">Paradise or Hell?</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Spokesman-Review - AP, page 5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nEpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6806%2C2656278">Leader Was Ill</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, Spokesman-Review - AP, page 28, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nEpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=1916%2C2878594">Fate of Idahoan's children unknown</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, The Sydney Morning Herald, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JJ9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EucDAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=1594%2C7427672">Grim find after jungle murders; Hundreds in sect commit suicide</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/10/november-21-1978-sydney-morning-herald.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Sydney Morning Herald, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JJ9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EucDAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=4354%2C7428182">Survivor tells of the slaughter</a>, by Ron Javers, San Francisco Chronicle,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Sydney Morning Herald, page 5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JJ9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EucDAAAAIBAJ&dq=mark-lane%20charles-garry&pg=1112%2C7449149">Mr. Jones’s temple of intrigue; Accusations marred liberal image</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Tampa Tribune, Tragedy Not Surprising To Ex-Sect Member, by Jim Beamguard, Staff Writer [Tom Dickson, Rev. Harry Curran] [<a href="http://vault.fbi.gov/jonestown/part-10-11-of-254/at_download/file">FBI No. 9</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/08/november-21-1978-tampa-tribune-tragedy.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Times-News, [Hendersonville, N.C,] Times News Service, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19781121&id=MkQaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eiQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3466,3041915">Cult Given References</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, Titusville [Pa.] Herald - AP, page 1, <a href="http://newspaperarchive.com/titusville-herald/1978-11-21">Lane Tells of Scene</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, Titusville [Pa.] Herald - AP, page 1, <a href="http://newspaperarchive.com/titusville-herald/1978-11-21">Hundreds Dead in Wake of Ryan Shooting</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, The Toledo Blade - Times-Post, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4573%2C1734324">Some Forced to Kill Selves, Witness Says</a>, by Charles Krause,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6258%2C1739189">Guyanans Comb Jungle For Hundreds of Cultists Who Fled Mass Suicide</a>; 409 Dead, Including Sect Leader Jones,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=tim-carter%20jonestown&pg=4562%2C1739540">Pilot Was To Be Shot, Witness Says Of Plot</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7085%2C1507148">Angry Families Seek Word of Relatives at Jonestown,</a><br />
November 21, 1978, The Toledo Blade, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7085%2C1507148">Cultists Hunted in Jungle</a>,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Toledo Blade, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7085%2C1507148">"We Are All Going to Die Now.' Guards Told Lawyers,</a><br />
November 21, 1978, The Toledo Blade, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7085%2C1507148">Bodies of Ryan, 3 Newsmen Back in U.S</a>.,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Toledo Blade, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8TxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7085%2C1507148">Jones Was Seriously Ill, His Doctor Says</a>, Dr. Carlton Goodlet, <br />
November 21, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20102993/">Tuesday from the desk</a>, by Jim Garner, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20102993/">Did Jones trick followers into drinking poison?</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20102993/">Ukianans' fate still unclear</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20103030/">Death squad 'thought they had killed me'—Cobb</a>, by H.D. Quigg, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 3, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20103062/">Temple's stoic reaction to suicide news</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 3, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20103062/">What makes people join cults?</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 11, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20103342/">Temple members drilled for suicide</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/146957822.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=By+Leonard+Downie+Jr.+Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&desc=Cult+Head+Leads+408+to+Deaths+in+Suicide-Murders">Cult Head Leads 408 to Deaths in Suicide-Murders</a>, Extolling 'Beauty of Dying,' Jones Led 408 in Killing, by Leonard Downie Jr. 2,520 words [apologetics: <a href="http://www.apologeticsindex.org/pdf/exalting.pdf">Exalting 'Beauty of Dying.' Jones Leads 408 to Death</a>,] [<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=363&u=1&seq=382&view=image&size=150&id=mdp.39015036047713">hathitrust</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/house-staff-report-news-articles.html">Blog</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/tuesday-november-21-1978.html">FBI Vol.3</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20037.pdf">Rev. Jones Led 404 Devotees in Mass Killings</a>, by Leonard Downie Jr., [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20037.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/146896142.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=1978%2C+The+Washington+Post+By+Charles+A.+Krause+Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&desc=Survivor%3A+%27They+Started+With+the+Babies%27">Survivor: 'They Started With the Babies'</a>, Jonestown: Bodies Bunched at the Altar, by Charles Krause, 1,422 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Blog</a>] [<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=150;id=mdp.39015036047713;page=root;seq=393;num=373">hathitrust</a>] <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/pjvk">diigo</a>, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20040.pdf">Weisberg</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/146894444.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=By+Karen+DeYoung+Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=&desc=Temple+Cult%2C+Guyana%3A+An+Odd+Couple">Temple Cult, Guyana: An Odd Couple</a>, Cult Was on Good Terms With Guyanese Leaders, by Karen DeYoung, Washington Post Foreign Service, 2,019 words [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20041.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135277742.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Love%2C+Brotherhood">Family Saw Cult as 'Beautiful, Cohesive' Love, Brotherhood Drew Them to Cult</a>, by Joel Kotkin and Bill Wallace, 947 words [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20041.pdf">Weisberg</a>: 'Beautiful and Cohesive Group',]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135277782.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=By+John+M.+Goshko+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Ryan+Kept+Pledge">Ryan Kept Pledge</a>, by John M. Goshko, Washington Post Staff Writer, 1,293 words [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20041.pdf">Weisberg</a>: Trail Began and Ended in Death,] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A13, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135278072.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A13&desc=Jones+Wrote+Mrs.+Carter+In+Bid+for+Aid+to+Cuba">Jones Wrote Mrs. Carter In Bid for Aid to Cuba</a>, 160 words<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A13, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135278062.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A13&desc=Jones%27+Son+Sees+%27Insane+Element%27">Jones' Son Sees 'Insane Element'</a>, 69 words<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A14, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135278082.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=By+Art+Harris+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A14&desc=Peoples+Temple+Had+History+of+Threats%2C+Violence">Peoples Temple Had History of Threats, Violence</a>, by Art Harris, Washington Post Staff Writer, 972 words [<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=150;id=mdp.39015036047713;page=root;seq=391;num=371">hathitrust text</a>] [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20041.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A14, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135278092.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=By+Lou+Cannon+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A14&desc=Temple+Unlikely+to+Continue">Temple Unlikely to Continue</a>, by Lou Cannon, Washington Post Staff Writer, 874 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">FBI Vol. 3</a>] [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20041.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A15, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135278142.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xc01b564)&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A15&desc=Conditions+at+Jonestown">Conditions at Jonestown</a>, 614 words<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A15, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135278162.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xc01b564)&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A15&desc=Practice+Suicides">Practice Suicides</a>, 458 words [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20041.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A15, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135278152.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xc01b564)&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A15&desc=Performances+for+Visitors">Performances for Visitors</a>, 247 words<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A15, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135278102.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xc01b564)&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A15&desc=%27The+Primary+Emotions+Were+Exhaustion+and+Fear%27">'The Primary Emotions Were Exhaustion and Fear'</a> 465 words [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20038.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A15, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135278132.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xc01b564)&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A15&desc=A+Major+Crisis">A Major Crisis</a>, Word Count: 489 <br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A15, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Jones Rehearsed Cultists in Mass Suicide, Ex-Members Say</a>, by Larry Kramer, [<a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135278122.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=By+Larry+Kramer+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A15&desc=Jones+Rehearsed+Cultists+in+Mass+Suicide%2C+Ex-Members+Say">pqarchiver</a>] [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20041.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, page A18, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135278212.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+21%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A18&desc=Death+in+Guyana">Death in Guyana</a>, 620 words <br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20158.pdf">Guyana press victims were noted in field</a>, <br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/newspaper-clippings-vol-i.html">Zahlocki Vows To Finish What Ryan Started</a>, by T. R. Reid, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">FBI Vol. 1</a>]<br />
November 21, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20131.pdf">Lawyer flees camp as 409 smiling, end lives as followers</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/taking-jfks-murder-seriously-enough.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 21, 1978, Washington Star, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">Angry Crowds Gather at Temple</a>, by Duncan Spencer, <br />
November 21, 1978, Washington Star, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/tuesday-november-21-1978.html">Fate of 700 Cultists Poses Mystery; Police Speculate the Missing Died Before Mass Suicide</a>, by Donald Neff,<br />
November 21, 1978, Washington Star, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/tuesday-november-21-1978.html">Missing Cultists Arouse Suspicions; Authorities Speculate They Were Killed Before Suicides</a>, by Donald Neff,<br />
November 21, 1978, Washington Star, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/tuesday-november-21-1978.html">Many of Dead Locked In a Contortion of Farewell</a>, by Jeremiah O'Leary,<br />
November 21, 1978, The Wilmington Star, Continued From Page 1-a .Congressman . <br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
November 22, 1978, The [Australian] Age - AAP-Reuters, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=svpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5406%2C2885534">Jungle hunt for sect's lost 500</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, The Age, page 6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=svpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5854%2C2930007">'Kill squad' fear</a>, by Peter Smark,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Age, page 6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=svpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3655%2C2931631">'He must have gone insane,'</a><br />
November 22, 1978, The Age, page 6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=svpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1809%2C2930077">Letters paved way for Jones</a>, by Creighton Burns, <br />
November 22, 1978, The Age, page 6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=svpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2089%2C2934927">Early cult warning</a>, by Creighton Burns, <br />
November 22, 1978, The Age, page 6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=svpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2045%2C2932387">Church used as political weapon</a>, by Peter Smark, <br />
November 22, 1978, The Age, page 6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=svpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3655%2C2931631">AAP-AP picture</a>, A Guyanese in a gas mask looks over the bodies of People's Temple members who committed mass suicide. A dog which sipped some poison lies dead at his feet.<br />
November 22, 1978, The Age, page 11, Editorial, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=svpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5498%2C2977120">From sadism to suicide; The Jonestown horror</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Age, page 11, Editorial, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=svpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4912%2C2978608">From adulation within to hate without</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/7-dr-larry-schacht-vol-4.html">Cult Doctor Took Satisfaction In Being Able To Aid The Poor,</a><br />
November 22, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Body of Don Harris Arrives in Vidalia</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779601352.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Jonestown+survivors+elude+posse">Jonestown survivors elude posse</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779601472.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=HENRY+L+TREWHITT&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Could+Guyana+deaths+have+been+prevented%3F">Could Guyana deaths have been prevented?</a>, by Henry L. Trewhitt,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779601522.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=DAVID+BROWN&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Guyana-bound+Ryan+aide+drew+up+a+will">Guyana-bound Ryan aide drew up a will</a>, by David Brown,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779601482.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Jones%27s+son+calls+father+sick+man+revered+by+group">Jones's son calls father sick man revered by group</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779601492.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=CHARLES+V+FLOWERS&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=People%27s+Temple+mass+suicide+was+unique+for+Western+man%2C+Hopkins+historian+says">People's Temple mass suicide was unique for Western man, Hopkins historian says</a>, by Charles V. Flowers,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, Ryan, a fearless investigator, typified new breed of congressmen, by Curt Matthews,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A19, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779602352.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Richard+O%27Mara&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Quintessentially+American">Quintessentially American</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Bangor Daily News, Cult leader among at least 409 dead,<br />
November 22, 1978, Boca Raton News - AP, page 12A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rC5UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Vo0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7055,4251387&dq=jonestown&hl=en">Former Cult Follower Remembers Jones</a>, by Pat Eisner, <br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe, page 1 Banner, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994253982.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Len+Wheaton&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Cult+leader%27s+legacy%3A+Death+and+deception">Cult leader’s legacy: Death and deception</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe - AP, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994253982.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Len+Wheaton&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Cult+leader%27s+legacy%3A+Death+and+deception">The survivors who fled,</a> by Kew Wheaton, [cont. page 6] 925 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994254032.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Rachelle+Patterson&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=The+names+he+dropped">The names he dropped, by Rachelle Patterson</a>, Globe Washington Bureau, 1,144 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe - Chicago Tribune, page A1,<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994254042.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Timothy+McNulty&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=The+son+who+disagreed"> The son who disagreed</a>, by Timothy McNulty, 714 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe, page A3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994254192.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Robert+Cooke&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=3&desc=Rev.+Moon%27s+parley+meets+some+rebuff">Rev. Moon’s parley meets some rebuff</a>, by Robert Cooke, Globe Staff, 853 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe – Washington Post, page A-6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994254362.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=6&desc=Police+guarding+Peoples+Temple+dropouts">Police guarding Peoples Temple dropouts</a>, 272 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994256022.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Michael+Coakley&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=38&desc=A+cult+leader%27s+role+in+California+politics">A cult leader's role in California politics</a>, by Michael Coakley, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994253982.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Len+Wheaton&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Cult+leader%27s+legacy%3A+Death+and+deception">Cult leader's legacy: Death and deception</a>, by Len Wheaton, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe, Op-Ed,<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994254682.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=15&desc=Fiery+eyes--a+haunting+reminder+of+man+called+Rev.+Jim"> Fiery eyes--a haunting reminder of man called Rev. Jim</a>, by Mike Barnicle, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe, page A38, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994256012.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=(AP+photo)&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=38&desc=Photo+Standalone+8+--+No+Title">AP Photo Standalone Bodies of Peoples Temple members lie about a meeting hall</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994254342.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Jack+Schreibman&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=6&desc=Rep.Ryan%27s+body+is+returned">Rep.Ryan's body is returned</a>, by Jack Schreibman, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994254032.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Rachelle+Patterson&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=The+names+he+dropped">The names he dropped</a>, by Rachelle Patterson, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Boston Globe, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994254362.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=6&desc=Police+guarding+Peoples+Temple+dropouts">Police guarding Peoples Temple dropouts</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globed-nov-23-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, The Bryant Times - UPI, page 2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=48AwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RlIDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6679%2C4784059">Dignitaries attend closed-casket services for Rep. Leo Ryan</a>, by H.D. Quigg,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Bryan Times - UPI, page 39, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=48AwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RlIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6853,4952673&dq=jonestown&hl=en">Jim Jones: Founder Of The People's Temple .</a><br />
November 22, 1978, The Bryan Times - UPI, page 39, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=48AwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RlIDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6853%2C4952673">Rev. Jim Jones: Founder of the People's Temple</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Buffalo Courier Express - Reuter, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">U.S. Asked to Remove Bodies; More Than 400 Suicide, Murder Victims Are Found</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620473612.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Dorothy+Collin&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Did+Aunt+Daisy+survive+Guyana+%27paradise%27%3F">Did Aunt Daisy survive Guyana 'paradise'?</a>, by Dorothy Collin,<br />
November 22, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620473622.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Find+40+alive+in+Guyana">Find 40 alive in Guyana</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620473692.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=Ronald+Yates%3BMichael+Coakley&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Former+followers+of+temple+cult+fear+they+are+marked+for+death">Former followers of temple cult fear they are marked for death</a>, by Ronald Yates and Michael Coakley,<br />
November 22, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 5, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620473912.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=5&desc=Jones%27+slain+%27son%27+center+of+legal+battle">Jones' slain 'son' center of legal battle</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 16, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620474212.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=16&desc=Other+6+--+No+Title">Other 6 -- No Title</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Commercial Appeal, Memphis, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20132.pdf">Lane Declares Leader Of Cult Responsible For 400 Deaths</a>, by Lawrence Buser,<br />
November 22, 1978, Vol. 95, No. 60, The Cornell Daily Sun, <a href="http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19781122.2.4&srpos=&dliv=none&e=--------20--1-----all---">Guyana Survivors Escape Manhunt in Tropical Jungle</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/nov-22-1978-cornell-daily-sun-ap-guyana.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Daily News - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AzdOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oUYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6030%2C2973053">Jones' Son Blames Him For Mass Suicide Rite</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Evening Independent - AP, Guyana: Three Arrested In Killings Of Congressman, Others at Airport,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, page A1, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20177.pdf">Cult survivors elude manhunt</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-22-1978-frederick-post-ap-cult.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, page A10, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20036.pdf">Jones says father ‘obsessed’</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-22-1978-frederick-post-ap-cult.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, page A10, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20036.pdf">FBI confirms cult probe</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, page A10, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20036.pdf">Cult doctor’s fate unknown</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-22-1978-frederick-post-ap-cult.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, page A15, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20036.pdf">Today’s topic; Why did they die</a>, [Blog] <br />
November 22, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, page A15, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20036.pdf">Camp doctor, nurses brewed deadly brew</a>, [Blog] <br />
November 22, 1978, The Gettysburg Times - AP, page 19, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19781120&id=mJgyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z-cFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6594,1871601">Tells How Temple Took Cash, </a><br />
November 22, 1978, The Idaho Statesman, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Carter receives word -- 7 in family dead</a>, by Rod Gramer and Tom Grote,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Idaho Statesman, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Idahoan's son held in Guyana slayings</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Kentucky New Era - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YhYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=X20FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1593,2750323&dq=tim-carter+jonestown&hl=en">Guyanese, FBI Probe Jones Case</a>, by George Esper,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Lakeland Ledger - AP, page 8A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19781122&id=02VRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7400,6225557">Money-raising Methods Were All Familiar</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune - AP, page 13-A, Garden City Man's Son Arrested In Guyana Massacre,<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A-3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">The Grim Airlift From Guyana</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/7-dr-larry-schacht-vol-4.html">Served Fatal Punch Cult Doctor Mixed</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, Californian Barefooted, Handcuffed, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650875692.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Cultist+Charged+in+5+Murders">Cultist Charged in 5 Murders</a>, 445 words Californian Larry Layton was charged with murder here today in the jungle slayings of Rep. Leo J. Ryan (D-Calif.) three newsmen and a woman.<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650875912.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A2&desc=TV%27S+DON+HARRIS+EULOGIZED+AT+GEORGIA+SERVICE">TV's Don Harris Eulogized at Georgia Service</a>, 225 words<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650875962.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A2&desc=U.+S.+Troops+Begin+Ferrying+Bodies+From+Jonestown">U. S. Troops Begin Ferrying Bodies From Jonestown</a>, 335 words Helicopter-borne U. S. soldiers began ferrying out the bodies of 405 American suicide-murder victims from the remote Peoples Temple commune <br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650875482.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=LOIS+TIMNICK&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=3&desc=NOT+MESMERIZED+FREAKS">Not Mesmerized Freaks</a>, Temple Cultists Victims of Needs, Analysts Say, by Lois Timnick, 1,168 words The Peoples Temple cultists caught up in last weekend's horror in Guyana were not a weird collection of freaks mesmerized<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650876002.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A3&desc=Ryan+Buried+Near+Bay+in+S.+F.+Services">Ryan Buried Near Bay in S. F. Services</a>, Security Tight for Funeral; President's Son, Chip, Attends, 457 words Leo J. Ryan, the crusading congressman who lost his life investigating religious fanatics in the jungles of Guyana, was<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A12, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650875502.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=12&desc=Jonestown+Doctor+Had+Found+Work+Satisfying">Jonestown Doctor Had Found Work Satisfying</a>, 298 words<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650876492.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=LOIS+TIMNICK&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Temple+Cultists+Victims+of+Needs%2C+Psychiatrists+Say">Temple Cultists Victims of Needs, Psychiatrists Say</a>, by Lois Timnick, 1,167 words The Peoples Temple cultists caught up in last weekend's horror in Guyana were not a weird collection of freaks mesmerized by a madman, <br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650876502.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=CHARLES+A+KRAUSE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=At+First%2C+Everything+Seemed+So+Alive%2C+Peaceful+at+Camp">At First, Everything Seemed So Alive, Peaceful at Camp</a>, by Charles A, Krause, 1,873 words When I first reached Jonestown, with Rep. Leo J. Ryan's party, we were all struck by the neat wooden structures so far from civilization<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650876512.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=BILL+FARR&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Authorities+Raid+Synanon+Ranch%2C+Seize+Recordings">Authorities Raid Synanon Ranch, Seize Recordings</a>, by Bill Farr, 709 words<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650876422.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=LEONARD+GREENWOOD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Guyana+Jungle+Searched+for+Cult+Survivors">Guyana Jungle Searched for Cult Survivors</a>, by Leonard Greenwood, 1,134 words <br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650876482.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=LEONARD+GREENWOOD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Son+Tells+of+Jones%27+Paranoia%2C+Drug+Use">Son Tells of Jones' Paranoia, Drug Use</a>, Describes Cult Leader as Frightened Man With 'One of the Biggest Egos', by Leonard Greenwood, 1,326 words<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650876662.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=TENSE+CULTISTS+WAIT+QUIETLY+IN+LOCKED+TEMPLE">Tense Cultists Wait Quietly in Locked Temple</a>, 478 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">FBI Vol. 3</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650876602.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=JOHN+J+GOLDMAN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=Firm+Planning+%27Instant+Book%27+on+Cult+Killings">Firm Planning 'Instant Book' on Cult Killings</a>, Bantam Doing One, Washington Post May Publish Own Volume, by John J. Goldman, 492 words<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650876652.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=RUSSELL+CHANDLER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=Peoples+Temples+Affiliated+With+Disciples+of+Christ">Peoples Temples Affiliated With Disciples of Christ</a>, Denomination Considering Adopting Means to Oust Erring Congregations in Wake of Guyana Horror, by Russell Chandler, 1,331 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-3-general.html">FBI Vol. 3</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650876632.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=LARRY+STAMMER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=Bodies+of+3+Cult+Victims+Return+Home">Bodies of 3 Cult Victims Return Home</a>, Rep. Ryan, 2 Newsmen Carried on Flight to San Francisco, L. A., by Larry Stammer, 778 words<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B20, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650877132.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B20&desc=FATE+UNKNOWN">Fate Unknown</a>, Camp's Doctor Had Written of Satisfying Work, 320 words<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B21, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650877162.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=BILL+DRUMMOND&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B21&desc=A+PHENOMENON+OF+HISTORY">A Phenomenon of History</a>, Cult's Suicide Believed One of Worst, by Bill Drummand, 907 words<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B21, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650877152.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=RONALD+J+OSTROW%3BOSWALD+JOHNSTON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B21&desc=Guyana+Blocking+U.+S.+Efforts+to+Widen+Probe">Guyana Blocking U. S. Efforts to Widen Probe</a>, by Ronald J. Ostrow and Oswald Johnson, 530 words<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B22, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650877182.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B22&desc=RELATIVES+WHO+WAIT+ARE+ALSO+VICTIMS">Relatives Who Wait Are Also Victims</a>, 278 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Blog</a>] <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/4pmc">diigo</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, AP Photo, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Father with Casket; Gale Robinson, father of Greg sits beside his son's casket</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Return Home Cult Victims Bodies of 3</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Los Angeles Times - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/7-dr-larry-schacht-vol-4.html">Camp's Doctor Had Written of Satisfying Work; Brewed Poison,</a><br />
November 22, 1978, The Ludington Daily News [Michigan] AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YglPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gksDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3354%2C5376128">Search For Survivors Continues in Guyana</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-22-1978-ap.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Ludington Daily News [Michigan] AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YglPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gksDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3354%2C5376128">Temple Members Gave Everything to Leader Jones</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-22-1978-ap.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, The Michigan Daily - AP, page A-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4gBKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ph4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1976%2C4612706">Survivors of cult suicide elude search</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-22-1978-frederick-post-ap-cult.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JU4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6718,591008&dq=stephen+jones+cult&hl=en">Few Cult Survivors Turn Up In Jungle,</a> The congressman went to Investigate charges of mistreatment of cult members. ... The 46 persons Include 19 year old Steve Jones, the only surviving natural …<br />
November 22, 1978, New York Daily News, page A5, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/newspaper-clippings-vol-i.html">Ryans body lands in Frisco; 2 others go to L.A</a>., by Theo Wilson,<br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A10, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">U.S. Copters Reach Guyana To Aid Jungle Hunt For Cult Survivors; Graves Team on Way</a>; Identification of 400 Who Died in Mass Suicide Is Due to Begin Today, by Joseph Treaster,<br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A10, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B14FF3A5413728DDDAB0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Graves Team on Way; Identification of 400 Who Died in Mass Suicide Is Due to Begin Today</a>, by Joseph Treaster, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-22-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A10, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70B14FF3A5413728DDDAB0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Son Depicts Leader of Cult As a Fanatic and Paranoid; Potion in Drills was Harmless</a>, by Jon Nordheimer, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-22-1978.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=150;id=mdp.39015036047713;page=root;seq=398;num=378">hathitrust</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A12, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B14FF3A5413728DDDAB0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Cult Doctor, Tied to Poisonings, Had Been Dedicated to the Poor; His Death Confirmed in Guyana</a>; Commune's Doctor was Friend to Poor, by John M. Crewdson, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-22-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times News Service - Washington Star-News, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/7-dr-larry-schacht-vol-4.html">Cultists' Doctor Called Dedicated</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-22-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times, page A10, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20F15FF3A5413728DDDAB0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Cult Chief's Beginnings In Indianapolis Recalled</a>, by James Feron, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-22-1978.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-22-1978.html">Blog</a>] [<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=150;id=mdp.39015036047713;page=root;seq=400;num=380">Chief's Beginning</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times, page A10, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/witness-accounts.html">A Survivor Who Hid In a Treetop All Night Tells of the Shooting</a>, by Wallace Turner, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-22-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times, page A11, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50F15FF3A5413728DDDAB0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Social Security Agency Sought Investigation of Cult in Guyana; Those Questioned Denied Coercion Inspection</a>, by Edward Cowan, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-22-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times, page A11, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9505E4DE1130E632A25751C2A9679D946990D6CF">Explaining the Mass Suicides: Fanaticism and Fear; Strong Group Pressure Simplistic Ways Is Aim</a>, by Boyce Rensberger, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times, page A12, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20E15FF3A5413728DDDAB0A94D9415B888BF1D3">F.B.I. Is Investigating Jones Plot, Using Statute on Assassinations</a>,, by Nicholas M. Horrock, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-22-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times, page A12, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20D15FF3A5413728DDDAB0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Letters Extolling Jones Typify Common Washington Practice; The Common Coin of Politics; Politicians' Favor Curried</a>, by Steven V. Roberts, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-22-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, New York Times, page A18, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9500E4DE1130E632A25751C2A9679D946990D6CF">Washington Thanks For What?</a>, by James Reston, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 22, 1980, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0811FD3C5E12728DDDAB0A94D9415B8084F1D3">Two in Synanon Get Year In Snake Attack on Lawyer</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">Some doubt death of Jones</a>, by Jim Johnson,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, page 4, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Rep. Ryan's services, burial today</a>, by Susan Shoemaker,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, Opinion, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/newspaper-clippings-vol-i.html">Farewell to a Congressman</a>, by Elizabeth Mehren,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Oakland Tribune - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Services set for two NBC newsmen shot in Guyana</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, page 4, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">Temple members close doors to ministers</a>, by George Estrada,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Palm Beach Post - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZtoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4682%2C645955">Transporting of Bodies From Guyana Begins</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978. The Palm Beach Post, '<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2069%2C309968">The Temple Is Finished', Guyana Saga Continues</a>,<br />
November 22, 1982 Vol. 18 No. 21, People Magazine, <a href="http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20083617,00.html">Four Years After Surviving Jonestown's Hell, Tim Reiterman Tries to Explain How It Happened</a>, by Maria Wilhelm, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/pq4x">diigo</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, The Petersburg Progress - AP, page 1, <a href="http://newspaperarchive.com/petersburg-progress-index/1978-11-22">3 Arrested By FBI In Airstrip Murders</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-22-1978-ap.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Philadelphia Inquirer, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20101.pdf">Once again,murder and Mark Lane meet</a>, by Jack Severson, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/more-mark-less-lane.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, page 1, Guyana Cultists Elude Troops And Jungle Perils; U.S. to Get Corpses; Survivor Figures Vary, by Lew Wheaton, AP Staff Writer,<br />
November 22, 1978, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hX9IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PW0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6105,3841569&dq=stephan+jones+jonestown&hl=en">Son Describes Jones As Sick</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/stephan-jones.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 1, Jonestown Mystery Grows -- 400 of the Cult Still Missing; Guyana Cops Make Some Arrests,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 1, Rev. Jones 'Obsessed,' Son Says,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 2, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">A Partial List of Victims In the Jonestown Tragedy</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/5j4v">diigo</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 2, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">Reporter Has Bullet Removed</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/4-weapons-found-at-jonestown.html">People's Temple Weapons Found</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 6, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Among those believed dead at Jonestown: an incomplete, unofficial list</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Rep. Ryan's Body Brought Home</a>, by Bill Workman,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Mark Lane: Another Conspiracy</a>, by Aby Mellinkoff,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/7-dr-larry-schacht-vol-4.html">The Doctor Who Gave the Poison</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 2, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Bodies of suicide victims coming to U.S. tonight</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">S.F. airport girds for bodies</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 6, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-3-general.html">13 retarded moved from temple care</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 6, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-3-general.html">Rift between black leaders; Francois 'appalled' at support of Temple</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">500 say goodbye to slain newsman</a>, [Don Harris]<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Slain photographer goes home for the last time</a>, by Don Martinez,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/7-dr-larry-schacht-vol-4.html">Doctor believed temple 'near-perfect'</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/tim-reiterman.html">The long night of fear at Guyana airstrip</a>, by Tim Reiterman,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/witness-accounts.html">7 Ambush Suspects; Eyewitness identifies death team</a>, by James A, Finefrock,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 2, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/newspaper-clippings-vol-i.html">Ryan wanted U.S. on trail of Jones</a>, by John P. Wallach,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/newspaper-clippings-vol-i.html">Ryan's prophetic message</a>, by John Hall, <br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/charles-garry.html">Jones' lawyer tells press: 'He lied to me'</a>, by Ivan Sharpe,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/charles-garry.html">Lawyer Charles Garry: 'I guess I'm responsible</a>', by Ivan Sharpe,<br />
November 22, 1978, San Juan Star – UPI, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">4 survivors of Guyana ambush said stable at Navy hospital</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, St. Joseph Mo. News-Press - AP, page 10A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E09kAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n3QNAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3287%2C5531642">Ex-Cultist says Jones convincing</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, St. Joseph Mo. News-Press - AP, page 10A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E09kAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n3QNAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4603%2C5531570">$65,000 to temple each month,</a> <br />
November 22, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - AP, page 3A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IH5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=5109%2C1571956">Guyana: Three Arrested in Killings of Congressman, Others at Airport</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - AP, page 3A, How Jim Jones Made A Fortune,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Southeast Missourian, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eGofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=INUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1654%2C2973010">3 arrested in Guyana slayings</a>, [Continued Page 6: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eGofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=INUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1203%2C2999080">Guyana</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Spartansburg Herald-Journal - page A3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HoYsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rs0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=7004,4992072&dq=stephan+jones+jonestown&hl=en">Jones Was Afraid, Sick And Worshipped</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/stephan-jones.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Sydney Morning Herald - AAP-Reuters, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JZ9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EucDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3802%2C7581904">Sect suicide survivors in new danger</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Sydney Morning Herald - AAP-Reuters and N.Y. Times, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JZ9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EucDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1403%2C7598359">Sect members in drills for suicide; Drop outs tell how loyalty was tested</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=tim-carter%20jonestown&pg=6338%2C1741092">2 of Jones' Followers Held For Ambush Deaths</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6338%2C1741092">Jonestown Survivors Elude Searchers in Guyanese Jungle;</a> Sect's Death Toll Revised to 405; U.S. Airlift Readied, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7046%2C1756009">continued page 4</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=tim-carter%20jonestown&pg=6338%2C1741092">2 of Jones' Followers Held For Ambush Deaths</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5841%2C1757349">Cult leader Was Obsessed With Ego, Power, Son Says</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/b9ay">diigo</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, The Toledo Blade, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7046%2C1756009">Reporter Recalls Visit; Jonestown Image Impressed Ryan Party At First Glance</a>, by Charles Krause,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Toledo Blade - L.A. Times - WaPo, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7046%2C1756009">Jonestown Image Impressed Ryan Party at First Glance</a>, by Charles Krause, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mixed-bag.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, The Toledo Blade, page 14, Editorial, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6953%2C2835372">No Matter For Marines</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20103616/">Five of Ryan's killers identified as Ukiahans</a>, by Kathy Hunter, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20103616/">At least 17 area residents dies in Temple mass suicide</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20103616/">Temple sold most of Co. holdings</a>, by Mitchell Landsberg, Journal Staff Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20103616/">Wednesday from the desk</a>, by Jim Garner, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20103644/">Did Temple members murder 5 persons in Mendocino County and Bay Area?</a>, by Eric Krueger, Journal Staff Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 4, Jack Anderson, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20103777">Manipulating the Press</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Virgin Island Daily News - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AzdOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oUYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6030%2C2973053">Jones' Son Blames Him For Mass Suicide Rite</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/rocky-mountain-hai-rabbi-jayr-bahir.html">Text]</a><br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136744272.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xaba4c9c)&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=By+Leonard+Downie+Jr.Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Many+Missing+in+Jungle">Many Missing in Jungle</a>, Confusion Mounts Over Bodies at Guyana Cult Site, by Leonard Downie Jr., 1,757 words [<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=150;id=mdp.39015036047713;page=root;seq=395;num=375">hathitrust</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">FBI Vol. 6</a>] [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20120.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136744232.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xb3e963c)&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=By+Charles+A.+KrauseWashington+Post+Foreign+Service&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Before+the+Horror">Before the Horror, Jones: 'I'm Defeated, I Might As Well Die'</a>, by Charles A. Krause, 2,262 words [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20120.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, page A13, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Relatives Wait To Know Fate Of Loved Ones</a>, 644 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mixed-bag.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post, page A16, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136744882.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=ARRAY(0xaba4c9c)&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=By+Bill+Wallace+Special+to+The+Washington+Post&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A16&desc=New+Violence+Is+Feared+Despite+Beefed-Up+Security">New Violence Is Feared Despite Beefed-Up Security</a>, by Bill Wallace, Special to The Post, 662 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mixed-bag.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20120.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post, page A16, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136744892.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xaba4c9c)&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A16&desc=Survivors+Listed+From+Temple+In+Georgetown">Survivors Listed From Temple In Georgetown</a>, 204 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/nov-22-1978-washington-post-survivors.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post, page A16, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136744872.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xaba4c9c)&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=By+T.R.+Reid+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A16&desc=Zablocki+Vows+To+Finish+What+Ryan+Started">Zablocki Vows To Finish What Ryan Started</a>, by T.R. Reid, Staff Writer, 678 words [Weisberg: <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20120.pdf">Zablocki Unit Working to Finish Probe Begun by Ryan</a>,] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mixed-bag.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post, page A16, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20120.pdf">After Guyana Violence, Army Moves to Take Control</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mixed-bag.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post, page A16, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136744902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xb3e963c)&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A16&desc=Indianapolis+to+Guyana%3A+A+Jim+Jones+Chronology">Indianapolis to Guyana: A Jim Jones Chronology</a>, [<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=382&u=1&seq=400&view=image&size=150&id=mdp.39015036047713">Hathitrust</a>] <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/7gt5">diigo</a>, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20120.pdf">Weisberg</a>] 409 words<br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20120.pdf">Jim Jones being filmed by NBC’s Bob Brown, who was later killed, </a><br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20120.pdf">AP Photo Gale Robinson, sits by casket of son</a>, <br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Under Police Guard; Survivors Listed From Temple In Georgetown</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post – AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20120.pdf">Relatives Wait To Know Fate of Loved Ones,</a><br />
November 22, 1978, The Washington Post, page B11, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136745522.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE&type=ARRAY(0xaba4c9c)&date=Nov+22%2C+1978&author=By+John+Carmody&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=B11&desc=The+TV+Column">The TV Column</a>, by John Carmody,<br />
November 22, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">One 'True Believer's' Legacy Is Photo, Family's Memories</a>, by Duncan Spencer,<br />
November 22, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Jungle Airlift of Dead Cultists Starts</a>, by Jeremiah O'Leary,<br />
November 22, 1978, Wilmington Morning Star - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HbssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4474%2C4700278">Cult survivors brave jungle to elude troops</a>,<br />
November 22, 1978, Wilmington Morning Star, page 5A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HbssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3479,4848224&dq=jonestown&hl=en">Guyana: Ripples Of Tragedy Cover Wide Area</a>, <br />
November 23, 1978, The Age - AAP/AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s_pUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&dq=stephen%20jones%20cult&pg=4666%2C3460674">Fears grow for sect 500</a>, <br />
November 23, 1978, The Age, page 6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s_pUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&dq=stephen%20jones%20cult&pg=2986%2C3499495">Prominent Americans deny Jones Letters</a>, by Creighton Burns, <br />
November 23, 1978, The Age, page 11, Editorial, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s_pUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&dq=stephen%20jones%20cult&pg=6578%2C3544933">Killer with a Messiah's robe</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">'Copters Bring Out Jonestown Bodies</a>, <br />
November 23, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, page A24, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Jonestown Became Like a Prison</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779603872.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Cultist+held+in+Guyana+slayings">Cultist held in Guyana slayings</a>, 1,625 words<br />
November 23, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779603992.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=GEORGE&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Jones+grew+up+in+town+with+strong+racial+bias">Jones grew up in town with strong racial bias</a>, by George, 354 words<br />
November 23, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779604022.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Cost+of+Guyana+airlift+estimated+at+%248+million">Cost of Guyana airlift estimated at $8 million</a>, 157 words<br />
November 23, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779603982.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Ryan+is+%27martyr+to+truth%2C%27+colleague+tells+mourners">Ryan is 'martyr to truth,' colleague tells mourners</a>, 612 words<br />
November 23, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779604002.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Wounded%2C+helped+by+Guyanese%2C+hid+in+disco">Wounded, helped by Guyanese, hid in disco</a>, 379 words<br />
November 23, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779604132.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Foreign+press+links+suicides+to+60%27s+era">Foreign press links suicides to 60's era</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Boca Raton News - AP, <a href="http://jonestown/">Former Cult Follower Remembers Jones Well</a>, by Pat Eisner, <br />
November 23, 1978, Boca Raton News - AP, page 2-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rC5UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Vo0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7093%2C4202138">Temple leader got fortunes from followers</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1995702902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=Don+Bohning&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Cultist+charged+with+murder">Cultist charged with murder</a>, Guyana arrests two others, by Don Bohning, 758 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1995702922.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=Charles+Krause%3BLeonard+Downie+Jr&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=How+commune+deteriorated">How commune deteriorated</a>, by Charles Krause and Leonard Downie Jr., 1,291 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Boston Globe, page A16, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1995703332.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=Robert+Levey&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=16&desc=%27I+expect+more+of+this%2C%27+says+cults+scholar+at+Tufts">'I expect more of this,' says cults scholar at Tufts</a>, by Robert Levey, 1,041 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Boston Globe, page A17, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1995703342.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=James+Franklin&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=17&desc=Parents+of+cultists+urged+to+open+mind">Parents of cultists urged to open mind</a>, by James L. Franklin, 686 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 23, 1978, Boston Globe, page A19, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1995706192.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=A19&desc=A+mystery+of+madness">A mystery of madness</a>, 684 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 23, 1978, Boston Globe, page A20, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1995703392.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=20&desc=FBI+awaits+probe+OK">FBI awaits probe OK</a>, 204 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Boston Globe, page 21, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1995703422.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=21&desc=Cyanide%3A+A+fast-acting+and+powerful+poison">Cyanide: A fast-acting and powerful poison</a>, 309 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Boston Globe, page A46, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1995703962.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=46&desc=Lawyer+says+Ryan+praised+Jones+cult">Lawyer says Ryan praised Jones cult</a>, 349 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Buffalo Courier Express - Reuters, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/larry-layton.html">Top Aide to Cult Leader Charged With Murder in 5 Ambush Deaths</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620477262.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=Michael+Sneed%3BTimothy+McNulty&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Guyana%27s+%27City+of+Dead%27">Guyana's 'City of Dead'</a>, by Michael Sneed and Timothy McNulty,<br />
November 23, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page D11, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620479102.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=D11&desc=Tithing+not+a+problem%3A+Jones+just+took+it+all">Tithing not a problem: Jones just took it all</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Guyana Daily Mirror, 32 captured by Guyanese, <br />
November 23, 1978, Guyana Daily Mirror, Mystery Shrouds Jonestown Affair,<br />
November 23, 1978, The Idaho Statesman, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Carter relies on upbringing during nightmarish days</a>, by Rod Gramer,<br />
November 23, 1978, Lakeland Ledger - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1GVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7438,6447722&dq=jonestown&hl=en">Rejection Fear Possessed Jones</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune, page 1A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8steAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3851%2C8556807">Copters bring cult members' bodies home</a>, [cont. <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8steAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3417%2C8670922">page 14A</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune, page 1A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8steAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4092%2C8557248">Lewiston man's kin found dead</a>, by Johnny Johnson, Tribune Staff, [cont.<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8steAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3870%2C8668212">page 14A</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune - AP, page 14A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8steAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3870%2C8668212">Guyana: Host of repercussions</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune -AP, page 14A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8steAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2458%2C8666938">The quick...</a> [list of survivors]<br />
November 23, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune -AP, page 14A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8steAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2069%2C8668742">...and the dead</a>, [list of known dead]<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page I-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">Shocked Followers Learn the Worst Is Really True</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A-3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">The grim airlift from Guyana</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Did Sister Know About Brother's Ambush</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">U.S. Begins Airlift of 400 Cultists' Bodies</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Georgia Town Hit Again by Cult Horror, She Learns 2 of Kin Dead Dead, 7 Missing</a>, by Jeff Prugh,<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650882402.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=CHARLES+A+KRAUSE%3BLEONARD+DOWNIE+Jr&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Youth+Describes+Dream+Changed+Into+Nightmare">Youth Describes Dream Changed Into Nightmare</a>, by Charles A, Krause and Leonard Downie Jr., 1,014 words [FBI Vol. 5: <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Into Nightmare Dream Changed Youth Describes</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Names of 32 Survivors Given</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650882622.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=WILLIAM+ENDICOTT&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A6&desc=Ryan+Eulogized+for+%27Ever-Ready%27+Caring">Ryan Eulogized for 'Ever-Ready' Caring</a>, Brown Among Officials Paying Final Tribute to Congressman Slain in Guyana, by William Endicott, 675 words [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/newspaper-clippings-vol-i.html">FBI Vol.1</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650882432.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=ROBERT+SCHEER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=DETAILS+GIVEN+S.+F.+TEMPLE">Details Given S.F. Temple</a>, Shocked Followers Learn the Worst Is Really True, by Robert Scheer, 662 words<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650884822.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=CATHLEEN+DECKER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=OC_A1&desc=MIXED+THE+LETHAL+BREW">Mixed the Lethal Brew</a>, Jonestown Doctor Was 'Quiet and Conscientious', by Cathleen Decker, 556 words<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A4, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650882212.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=4&desc=Links+to+Deaths+Analyzed+in+Foreign+Press">Links to Deaths Analyzed in Foreign Press</a>, by William Endicott, 456 words<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650882632.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=WILLIAM+ENDICOTT&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A6&desc=Jones+Had+Lung+Fungus+and+Fever%2C+Lawyer+Says">Jones Had Lung Fungus and Fever, Lawyer Says</a>, by William Endicott, 456 words<br />
November 23, 1978 Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">'Ever-Ready' Caring; Brown Among Officials Paying Final Tribute to Congressman Slain in Guyana</a>, by William Endicott,<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Ryan Eulogized for 'Every-Ready' Caring</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978 Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Ryan Sensed Sect Members Would Attack,</a>, by Charles Krause,<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650882662.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=JEFF+PRUGH&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A6&desc=SHE+LEARNS+2+OF+KIN+DEAD%2C+7+MISSING">She Learns 2 of Kin Dead, 7 Missing</a>, Georgia Town Hit Again by Cult Horror, by Jeff Prugh, 615 words<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650882702.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A8&desc=Names+of+32+Survivors+Given">Names of 32 Survivors Given</a>, 248 words<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A10, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650882742.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=RICHARD+WEST&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A10&desc=%27Kill+%27Em%2C+Kill+%27Em%27+Words+Echoed+in+Temple">'Kill 'Em, Kill 'Em' Words Echoed in Temple</a>, Jones' Aide Charged in Murders Called 'Fanatic, Totally Irrational', by Richard West, 945 words<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A10, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650882762.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A10&desc=SOCIAL+SECURITY+FOR+CULTISTS+IN+CAMP+DELAYED">Social Security for Cultists in Camp Delayed</a>, 92 words<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page D7, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650884292.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=KAREN+FELD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=D7&desc=CURIOSITY+AND+A+DESIRE+TO+SEE+REALITY">Curiosity and a Desire to See Reality</a>, Ryan Lit Own Way to Guyana--and Darkness, by Karen Feld, 758 words<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page SF-1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650894402.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=KEN+LUBAS&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=SF1&desc=Fear+Seizes+Other+Cultists%2C+Counselor+Says">Fear Seizes Other Cultists, Counselor Says</a>, Talk of Death Squads Not Taken Lightly, Encino Woman Reports, by Ken Lubas,<br />
November 23, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page SD3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650883322.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=BILL+FARR%3BBILL+OVEREND&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=SD3&desc=TENSE+PRELUDE">Tense Prelude</a>, Raid on Synanon Strangely Cordial, by Bill Farr and Bill Overend, 672 words<br />
November 23, 1978, Memphis Press-Scimitar, pages 12-13, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20175.pdf">Power Hunger Called Driving Force in Guyana Deaths</a>, by Henry Bailey, Press-Scimitar Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/nov-23-1978-memphis-press-scimitar.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 23, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal - AP and UPI, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jk4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4580%2C849250">First of Cult's Dead Airlifted Back to US</a>, <br />
November 23, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal - LA Times, AP and UPI, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jk4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3355%2C849543">Deaths’ Reality Hits US Cultists</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Milwaukee Sentinel, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/04/november-23-1978-milwaukee-sentinel.html">Sect Member Charged in Massacre at Airstrip</a> [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fHVQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-REEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=4536%2C4659449">Continued page 7</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Milwaukee Sentinel - AP, page 9, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fHVQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-REEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=6810%2C4669458">Cults Thirst for Donations Insatiable</a>, <br />
November 23, 1978, New York Daily News, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Begin airlift of bodies from Guyana jungle</a>, by Harrison Raine,<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Daily News, page 17A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IH5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6615%2C1867767">Mail on Peoples Temple Was Favorable,</a> by Jeffrey Antevil,<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Daily News, New Mystery: Is Jones Dead?<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A6, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00F1FFF3A5413728DDDAA0A94D9415B888BF1D3">President Criticizes Intelligence Effort on Crisis Prediction: Memo to Top Aides Said to Arise Mainly</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F1FFF3A5413728DDDAA0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Mystery Is Intensifying in Guyana Over Those Who Fled Suicide Rite</a>, by Jon Nordheimer, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902EEDE1130E632A25750C2A9679D946990D6CF">'Doing Everything,' U.S. Says</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F5081FFF3A5413728DDDAA0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Lawyer Says the Leader of Cult Had 'Lost His Reason’</a>, by Wallace Turner, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/charles-garry.html">Garry</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20116.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4081FFF3A5413728DDDAA0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Cult Operated Radio, Defying Rules of F.C.C.</a>, by Ernest Holsendolph, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F0081FFF3A5413728DDDAA0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Jones Used Bible-Thumping And Politics of Brotherhood; Mixture of Religion and Politics Children Gave</a>, by Lacey Fosburgh, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Doctor Searches Jonestown for His Mother</a>, by Carey Winfrey, [<a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F7081FFF3A5413728DDDAA0A94D9415B888BF1D3">NYT</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, page A17, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB081FFF3A5413728DDDAA0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Benefit for Sect Was Planned</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, page A17, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F0071FFF3A5413728DDDAA0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Lane Sees 'Master Plan' by Cult for Political Murders; A 'Thirst for Absolute Power' Cult Said to Have</a>, by Howell Raines, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Lane</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, page A17, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2071FFF3A5413728DDDAA0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Officials Now Say Notes To Jones May Be Fraud</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, page A21, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F5061FFF3A5413728DDDAA0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Investigators Seize Tapes at SYNANON; Authorities Seek to Discover Link in Rattlesnake Attack on a Lawyer</a>, by Gladwin Hill, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0714FC3A5413728DDDAA0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Bridge:; League's Former President Hunts Daughter in Guyana</a>, by Alan Truscott, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0CE5DD1130E632A25750C2A9679D946990D6CF">Cult Massacre Books Rushed; Book by Washington Post</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E02EEDE1130E632A25750C2A9679D946990D6CF">State Dept. Encourages Inquiries by Relatives</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/new-york-times.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 23, 1978, New York Times - AP, Former Oakland Aid Admits Embezzlement, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-23-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 23, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/sharon-amos-charles-e-beikman-maria.html">A reunion before Guyana massacre</a>, by Steve Lopez, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/bh1n">diigo</a>, <br />
November 23, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Lane: Jones gave order to kill Ryan</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/charles-garry.html">Garry's Guyana view</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, page 31, Ryan funeral elicits grief, deep respect, by Scott Winokur, <br />
November 23, 1978, The Palm Beach Post - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZtoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4682%2C645955">Transporting of Bodies From Guyana Begins</a>, <br />
November 23, 1978, The Palm Beach Post, page A19, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZtoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1248%2C788889">Lane: Mass Suicide Part of Cult's 'Master Plan</a>', (c) New York Times<br />
November 23, 1978, The Palm Beach Post - AP, page A19, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZtoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2915%2C788215">2 Killed in Guyana Are Buried</a><br />
November 23, 1978, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hn9IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PW0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4986%2C4124698">Cultist Arraigned in Guyana</a>, by Martin Merzer, <br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">Tests Ordered To Prove It’s Jones’ Body</a>, by Keith Power,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 5, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Jonestown Airlift May Cost Up to $8 Million</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">List of Jonestown Survivors</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle - WaPo, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Survivor Tells of 'Concentration Camp'</a>, by Charles A Krause and Leonard Downie Jr.,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/witness-accounts.html">Bay Area 'Spying' By Jones Enforcer; Witness Identifies Gunman in Massacre; Conspiracy Suspected</a>, by George Draper,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/7-dr-larry-schacht-vol-4.html">Temple 'Sister' of Jonestown Doctor</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/charles-garry.html">'I Can't Put Any Sense To It'</a>, by Robert Bartlett,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Congressman Leo Ryan is Buried by the Bay</a>, by George Murphy and Bill Workman,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/larry-layton.html">American Charges In Guyana Slayings</a>, by Keith Power,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">U.S. flying cult bodies from jungle</a>, by Jim Willse, Examiner City Editor,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 2, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Ryan wanted U.S. on trail of Jones</a>, by John P. Wallach,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 7, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">High burial cost for Jones victims</a>, by Jeff Jarvis,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">They escaped death</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Examiner - UPI, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Services for Photographer</a>, [Greg Robinson]<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Greg Robinson: Living memorial to cameraman</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">Curiosity was a byword with Ryan</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 2, Rep. Ryan is laid to rest next to Nimitz, by Bill Boldenweek,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/tim-reiterman.html">Jones 'agent' denies spying in Bay Area</a>, by Tim Reiterman,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 6, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">Injured Ryan aide recalls 'a complete nightmare'</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, page 23, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/larry-layton.html">Cult member charged in Guyana massacre,</a><br />
November 23, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI photo, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/larry-layton.html">Larry Layton</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, St. Joseph News-Press - AP, page 10-A, Ex-Cultist Says Jones Convincing, <br />
November 23, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - AP, page 3A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IH5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3405%2C1805423">Airlift Of Bodies Begins In Guyana</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - Chicago Tribune, page 16A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IH5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6597%2C1862730">Peoples Temple; Its Leader Played Politics with the Powerful</a>, by Michael Coakley,<br />
November 23, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - Knight-Ridder Newspapers, page 17A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IH5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6394%2C1865949">Jim Jones: He Was a Mean Little 6-Year-Old Kid' in Indiana</a>, by George Southworth,<br />
November 23, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - AP, page 17A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IH5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4374,1865904&dq=jonestown&hl=en">He Was Clever Unpredictable, Instilled Fear</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - New York Daily News, page 17A, Mail On Peoples Temple Was Favorable, by Jeffrey Antevil,<br />
November 23, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent, page 18A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IH5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&dq=peoples%20temple&pg=6555%2C1872868">A Hero In Guyana; Their Son-In-Law Survived Jonestown Tragedy</a>, by Jane Baumann, Staff Writer,<br />
November 23, 1978, Sun Reporter, page 7, The Tragedy and the Challenge,<br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135280252.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xcfa8768)&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=The+Final+Months%3A+A+Camp+of+Horrors">The Final Months: A Camp of Horrors</a>, by Charles A. Krause and Leonard Downie Jr., [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Text</a>] 1,337 words [<a href="http://www.apologeticsindex.org/pdf/finalmonths.pdf">apologetics</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Tragedy Numbs Survivors’ Emotions</a>, by Fred Barbash,<br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135280282.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xcfa8768)&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=By+Leonard+Downie+Jr.+Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=200+Victims+Identified">200 Victims Identified</a>, by Leonard Downie Jr., 1,289 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135280222.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=ARRAY(0xaba4c9c)&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=By+Joel+Kotkin+Special+to+The+Washington+Post&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=%27Death+Seemed+Sweeter%27">'Death Seemed Sweeter'</a>, by Joel Kotkin, 1,028 words <br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135280312.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xaba4c9c)&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A2&desc=500+Attend+Memorial+Service+For+NBC+Newsman+Don+Harris">500 Attend Memorial Service For NBC Newsman Don Harris</a>, 285 words<br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post, page A3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135280352.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xcfa8768)&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A3&desc=Tass%3A+Suicide+Symptom+of+U.S.+Life">Tass: Suicide Symptom of U.S. Life</a>, 249 words <br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post, page A3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135280332.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xaba4c9c)&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=By+T.R.+Reid+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A3&desc=Jonestown+Mail+Flooded+State+Dept.">Jonestown Mail Flooded State Dept</a>., by T.R. Reid, Staff Writer, 673 words <br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post, page A7, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135280402.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xcfa8768)&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A7&desc=Police+Release+Names+of+32+Jonestown+Survivors">Police Release Names of 32 Jonestown Survivors</a>, [Text: <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Survivors Listed From Temple In Georgetown</a>, ] 227 words<br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post - UPI, page A10, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135280432.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xcfa8768)&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A10&desc=Suicide+Brew+Contained+Mix+of+Drugs%2C+Poison">Suicide Brew Contained Mix of Drugs, Poison</a>, 212 words <br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post, page A11, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135280472.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=ARRAY(0xcfa8768)&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A11&desc=U.S.+Asks+Help+Of+Jonestown+Kin">U.S. Asks Help Of Jonestown Kin</a>, Word Count: 61<br />
November 23, 1978, Washington Post, page A11, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">At the Temple, a Member Says: 'We're Human'</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post, page A20, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Jonestown Story Grew Uglier With Each Chapter</a>, by Leonard Downie Jr.,<br />
November 23, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, page C7, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135282092.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xaba4c9c)&date=Nov+23%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C7&desc=Jonestown+Massacre%3A+Two+Books+Due">Jonestown Massacre: Two Books Due</a>, 222 words <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/mqdu">diigo</a>, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/J%20Disk/Jones%20Jim/Item%2008.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 23, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Cult Member Is Charged; Guyana Files 5 Murder Counts</a>, Macabre Scene At Camp Shows Suicide Details, by Jeremiah O'Leary,<br />
November 23, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A1,<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Toll in Guyana Jumps to 780; U.S. Teams Find Hundreds More Bodies in Cult Settlement</a>, by Jeremiah O'Leary,<br />
November 23, 1978, Washington Star-News, Cult's Ukiah Community in Fear of Vengeful Death Squads, by Duncan Spencer,<br />
November 23, 1978, Washington Star-News - UPI, Page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/larry-layton.html">Sullen American Held in Death of Rep. Ryan</a>,<br />
November 23, 1978, Washington Star Ledger - Time-Life News Service, Politicians Try to Explain Ties To Jones, by Tom Johnson,<br />
November 23, 1978, Wilmington Morning Star - AP, page 1-A, American Cultist Is Charged With Murder of 5 in Guyana,<br />
November 23, 1978, Youngstown Vindicator, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7gFJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8oIMAAAAIBAJ&dq=guyana%20martin%20merzer&pg=3644%2C2874968">Cultist Charged In Deaths Of Rep. Ryan, 4 Others</a>, by Martin Merzer, AP Writer, <br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
November 24, 1978, The Age, page 8, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tPpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=4669%2C3961872">US doubts on cult survivors</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/04/november-24-1978-age.html">text]</a> <br />
November 24, 1978, The Age, page 9, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tPpUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5674,3976444&dq=jim+jones&hl=en">The Boy Jim Jones Called 'Son'</a>, by Peter Smark, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/04/november-24-1978-age.html">text]</a> <br />
November 24, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution - AP, page 14A, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/larry-layton.html">Pacifist Faces 5 Murder Counts</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution - AP, page 15-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Survivor Slept During Suicides</a>, by Peter Arnett,<br />
November 24, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, page A-14, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">SCLC Chief Lowery May Go To Guyana</a>, by Sharon Bailey,<br />
November 24, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779607832.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=ROBERT+RUBY&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Bodies+of+cult%27s+dead%2C+including+Jones%27s%2C+arriving+at+Del.+mortuary+from+Guyana">Bodies of cult's dead, including Jones's, arriving at Del. mortuary from Guyana</a>, by Robert Ruby,<br />
November 24, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779607932.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=U.S.+shields+29+who+fled+cult+camp">U.S. shields 29 who fled cult camp</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Beaver County [Pa.] Times - UPI, page A-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dxwvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jdsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3737%2C5716905">Jones double theory scratched – Survivors swallowed by jungle</a>, [Continued <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dxwvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jdsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2351%2C5727599">page A-3</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-upi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, Beaver County [Pa.] Times - UPI, page A-10, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dxwvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jdsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3443%2C5758070">Lawyer claims 400 still lost in jungle</a>; Suicides termed mass murder, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-upi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, Beaver County [Pa.] Times - UPI, page A-10, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dxwvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jdsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2146%2C5757027">Terror: Survivors recall havoc of Jonestown</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-upi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, Beaver County [Pa.] Times - UPI, page A-10, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dxwvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jdsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2057%2C5759342">Ex-roommate says Jones was weirdo</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-upi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, Boston Globe - L.A. Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994256812.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=Robert+Toth&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Carter+irked+by+CIA%2C+demands+better+data">Carter irked by CIA, demands better data</a>, by Robert C. Toth, 766 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994256892.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=Leonard+Downie+Jr&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=US+doubts+many+are+missing">US doubts many are missing</a>, by Leonard Downie Jr., 493 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 24, 1978, Boston Globe - UPI, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994256912.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=The+rite+of+suicide--as+old+as+man">The rite of suicide--as old as man</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 24, 1978, Boston Globe, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994256902.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Woman%2C+76%2C+slept+through+mass+suicide">Woman, 76, slept through mass suicide</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 24, 1978, Boston Globe - Reuter, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994256902.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Woman%2C+76%2C+slept+through+mass+suicide">Jones' body identified through fingerprints</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 24, 1978, The Bryan Times - UPI, page 3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5MAwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RlIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5066%2C5063361">Jonestown Survivors Describe Their Escape</a>, by Alvin B. Webb, [Parks family]<br />
November 24, 1978, The Bryan Times - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5MAwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RlIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6214%2C5055234">Identify Jones’ Body</a>, [Cont. <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5MAwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RlIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3299%2C5062082">page 3</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, CBS News, The Horror of Jonestown, [half-hour special]<br />
November 24, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620483532.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=Michael+Sneed&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Living+horror+of+Jonestown+%27paradise%27">Living horror of Jonestown 'paradise'</a>, by Michael Sneed, <br />
November 24, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620483502.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=Michael+Sneed%3BTimothy+McNulty&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Cultists+fear+assassination">Cultists fear assassination</a>, by Michael Sneed and Timothy McNulty,<br />
November 24, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620483672.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=Michael+Coakley%3BRonald+Koziol&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=3&desc=Bank+cache+could+hold+key+to+temple+cult%27s+%27hit+men%27">Bank cache could hold key to temple cult's 'hit men'</a>, by Michael Coakley and Ronald Koziol,<br />
November 24, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620483682.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=3&desc=How+to+call+for+cult+kin">How to call for cult kin</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 5, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620483732.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=5&desc=Cult+leader+Jones%27+coffin+arrives+in+U.+S.+with+80+others">Cult leader Jones' coffin arrives in U. S. with 80 others</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 20, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620484012.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=20&desc=Other+4+--+No+Title">Other 4 -- No Title</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page B2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620484562.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=Joan+Beck&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=B2&desc=Evil+enigma%3A+Why+do+cults+enslave+so+many+minds%3F">Evil enigma: Why do cults enslave so many minds?</a>, by Joan Beck, <br />
November 24, 1978, Dayton Daily News - UPI, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">3 from Springfield who escaped Jones’ madness still fear for lives</a>, by Alvin B. Webb,<br />
November 24, 1978, Kentucky New Era - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vwgxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=m-AFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1364%2C3030846">Jonestown Suicide Count Almost Doubled</a>, by Lew Wheaton,<br />
November 24, 1978, Knoxville News-Sentinel - UPI, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/J%20Disk/Jones%20Solomon%20Jr/Item%2002.pdf">Former King Chauffeur Says Mark Lane Offered Bribe</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune – AP, Page 1-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=88teAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4925%2C8945815">Grim cargo arrives from Guyana</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-24-1978-lewiston-morning.html">Text]</a><br />
November 24, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune – Los Angeles Times, Page 6-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=88teAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4555%2C8988530">Wrong guesses on Iran put CIA in Carter’s doghouse</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-24-1978-lewiston-morning.html">Text]</a><br />
November 24, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune – Washington Post, Page 1-C, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=88teAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5018%2C9158207">Islam now a major religion in U.S.?</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-24-1978-lewiston-morning.html">Text]</a><br />
November 24, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune – Washington Post, Page 4-C, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=88teAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3107%2C9184434">Paranoia, fear ruled sect</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-24-1978-lewiston-morning.html">Text]</a><br />
November 24, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune – AP, Page 4-C, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=88teAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2012%2C9186950">California A climate for uncommon cults</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-24-1978-lewiston-morning.html">Text]</a> <br />
November 24, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune – Washington Post, Page 5-C, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=88teAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5185%2C9193353">Commune turned into prison camp</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-24-1978-lewiston-morning.html">Text]</a> <br />
November 24, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune – Los Angeles Times, Page 6-C, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=88teAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2564%2C9202461">Peoples Temple Bay Area remnants stunned</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-24-1978-lewiston-morning.html">Text]</a><br />
November 24, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune – Los Angeles Times, Page 6-C, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=88teAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2570%2C9205380">Parent church to review rules</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-24-1978-lewiston-morning.html">Text]</a><br />
November 24, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune – AP, Page 6-C, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=88teAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5342%2C9202508">Son won’t be home for Christmas</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-24-1978-lewiston-morning.html">Text]</a><br />
November 24, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune – Los Angeles Times, Page 7-C, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=88teAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4844%2C9211272">Jones’ son: ‘I can almost say I hate this man’</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-24-1978-lewiston-morning.html">Text]</a><br />
November 24, 1978, Lewiston Morning Tribune – AP, Page 7-C, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=88teAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5537%2C9213494">Ex-Cultist calls Jones ‘con man’</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-24-1978-lewiston-morning.html">Text]</a><br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A-9, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html.">Airlift of Suicide Victims Begins</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">'No Evidence' of Cultists' Jungle Flight</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/larry-layton.html">Cultist Charged in Slayings 'Did as He Was Told'</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A-8, Jonestown Findings Favorable,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A-8, Secret Spy Mission on Ryan Reported,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Mystery Over Cult Survivor Total Grows</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Times - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">During Death Orgy Woman, 76, Slept</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650901552.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=JONES%2C+WIFE+TO+BE+BURIED+BACK+HOME+IN+INDIANA">Jones, Wife to Be Buried Back Home in Indiana</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650901432.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=GRISLY+NEW+DISCOVERIES">Grisly New Discoveries</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650901712.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=JERRY+COHEN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A6&desc=CHILDREN+DIED+IN+GUYANA">Children Died in Guyana</a>, by Jerry Cohen,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650902032.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=DAVID+JOHNSTON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=A+PREOCCUPATION+WITH+DEATH%2C+SEX%2C+POWER">A Preoccupation with Death, Sex, Power</a>, by David Johnston, <img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/gb9l2j6JZrghOLGVrqba3MI3UrLVgzIEIKLdzBZH3FzdQbNqd1s9feC3FLJS1FsGgrCF2O0kRPiHbGohIT9ipHtlrpAh4PIN9zh8NxEQbgH7h_VfVtW72i0q3g" /><br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Mother Seeking Promised Land Is Left Desolate</a>, by Jerry Cohen, [<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650901982.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=JERRY+COHEN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Mother+Seeking+Promised+Land+Is+Left+Desolate">pqarchiver</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650902052.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=JERRY+BELCHER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Mystery+Over+Cult+Survivor+Total+Grows">Mystery Over Cult Survivor Total Grows</a>, by Jerry Belcher,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650902142.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=DAVID+JOHNSTON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=Incidents+Tell+a+Different+Story+of+Jones">Incidents Tell a Different Story of Jones</a>, by David Johnston,<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B27, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650902602.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B27&desc=Woman%2C+76%2C+Slept+During+Death+Orgy">Woman, 76, Slept During Death Orgy</a>, 327 words<br />
November 24, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page D11, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650903752.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=ELLEN+GOODMAN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=D11&desc=The+Spookiness+of+Cults">The Spookiness of Cults</a>, by Ellen Goodman,<br />
November 24, 1978, Memphis Commercial Appeal, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20193.pdf">Author, Author</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/odd-lots.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, Memphis Commercial Appeal, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20194.pdf">Story By Inmate Doubted On Cult</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/odd-lots.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J04aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6568%2C2448908">Troops Find More Dead; Guyana Toll Nears 800</a>, [Continued <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J04aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6829%2C2498392">page 12</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal - AP-UPI, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J04aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5347%2C2447899">Grisly Tasks Fill Air Base Morgue</a>, [Continued page 16, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J04aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5021%2C2517205">Grisly Tasks Remain for Airmen</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal, page 16, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J04aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6824%2C2519142">Faith in the Extreme</a>, by Richard Kenyon, Journal Religion Reporter,<br />
November 24, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal, page 16, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J04aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5021%2C2517205">Constitution Kept Probes From Cults</a><br />
November 24, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal - L.A.Times, page 9, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J04aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6294%2C2647153">Mother's Guyana Dream Turns Into Nightmare</a>, by Jerry Cohen,<br />
November 24, 1978, New York Daily News, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">A new mystery; Is Jim Jones dead?</a><br />
November 24, 1978, New York Daily News, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">The legacy of Jim Jones -- 30 tons of coffins</a>, by Michael Daly,<br />
November 24, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40C12FC3A5413728DDDAD0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Guyanese Comb Jungle Fruitlessly For Survivors of Sect's Suicide Rite; Doubt Growing That Hundreds Fled</a>, by Jon Nordheimer, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-24-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">C-151 With 40 Bodies Flies In From Guyana</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, New York Times, page A17, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F13FC3A5413728DDDAD0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Deaths Distract Guyana From Its Economic Woes; Most of Interior Is Undeveloped</a>, by Thomas A. Johnson, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-24-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, New York Times - UPI, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70F13FC3A5413728DDDAD0A94D9415B888BF1D3">121 Bodies of Cultists Arrive at Dover Base; Leader's Is Identified</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-24-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, New York Times, page A-16, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Neighbors in California Say Cult Members Were Helpful</a>, by Les Ledbetter, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-24-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-24-1978.html">Justice Refuses Cult Probes</a>, by Nicholas M. Horrock, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-24-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Neighbors in California Say Cult Members Were Helpful</a>, by Les Ledbetter,<br />
November 24, 1978, The Oakland Tribune - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Jones identified, returned with dead</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Ocala Star Banner - AP, page 12A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wA4wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=physical%20abuse%20peoples%20temple&pg=7212%2C7765292">U.S. Prepares To Remove Remaining Bodies</a>, by Lew Wheaton, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-associated-press-us.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, Oklahoma City Times, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Ex-cityan among dead</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 4, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-3-general.html">A Grim Holiday for Loyalists at Peoples Temple</a>, by George Williamson,<br />
November 24, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">Body Airlift—Jones' Death Is Confirmed; FBI Checks Fingerprints</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Survivor Thought They Were All Asleep</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Defectors Say Jones Planned Escape by Sea</a>, by Keith Power, Chronicle Correspondent,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Mark Lane's Startling Admission</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/sharon-amos-charles-e-beikman-maria.html">A Woman's Relationship With Jones; Father Talks About Her</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 48, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">Indiana burial for Jim Jones, family</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Even with Jones dead, for some the insanity lives on</a>, by Jeff Jarvis,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">She awoke to find everyone dead</a>, by Peter Arnett,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Suicides went on amid dying; Eyewitness: Most joined voluntarily</a>, by Jim Willse, Examiner City Editor,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">The lucky ones – and their land</a>, <br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/sharon-amos-charles-e-beikman-maria.html">One of the first Guyana victims</a>, by Annie Nakao,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/witness-accounts.html">Survivor vainly cautioned Ryan about fake defector</a>, by Jim Willse,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, He was all alone, but Leo Ryan wouldn't be stopped, by Tim Reiterman,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 10, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">Wounded Speier free of gangrene</a>, by Tom Eastham,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 11, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">Jonestown woman denies the cult used a 'hit squad</a>',<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">NBC cameraman eulogized</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">A last farewell to Robinson</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Lane says more than 800 adults at meeting day before suicides</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, pages 1 & 18, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Jones' body flown to U.S., positive identity sought</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - AP, page 3-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=In5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4788%2C2238781">Papers: Jim Jones Used Sex To Rule, Blackmail Followers</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - AP, page 3-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=In5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3350%2C2240591">Some Were Forced To Drink Poison</a>, <br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent, page 3-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=In5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1653%2C2238743">'Getaway' Boat Still Missing</a>, <br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - AP, page 3A,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=In5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4788%2C2238781"> Papers; Jim Jones Used Sex To Rule, Blackmail Followers</a>, <br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - Knight-Ridder, page 4-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=In5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6388%2C2246187">Violence Is a Mark (Mark Lane) of His Life</a>, by Jack Severson, <br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - Knight-Ridder , page 6-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=In5QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5847%2C2254123">The Seamier Side of San Francisco</a>, by Robert L. Rose,<br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Independent - Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple. when I heard about Jonestown<br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Times, page 1-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9paAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5238%2C25096">Cult bodies returned</a>, [Continued<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9paAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6830%2C105534"> See Guyana 14-A</a>]<br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Times, page 1-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9paAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3479%2C25199">Mark Lane knew more than he told about Jones, cult</a>, by Charles A. Krause, Washington Post, [Continued See<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9paAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6831%2C114141"> Lane 16-A</a>]<br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Times, page 17A, Profile of man charged in Guyana murders,<br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Times - AP, page A6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9paAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6727%2C53864">Survivor tells of awakening to find a haven of death</a>, by Peter Arnett, AP Special Correspondent,<br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Times, page A-6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9paAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6892%2C58572">Disciples of Christ emphasize autonomy</a>, by Russell Chandler, Los Angeles Times,<br />
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November 24, 1978, St. Petersburg Times - AP, page 17A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9paAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6822%2C118500">Accused Guyana killer ‘did as he was told’</a>, <br />
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November 24, 1978, The Southeast Missourian, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/04/november-24-1978-southeast-missourian.html">Cult death count may reach 800</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Southeast Missourian, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/04/november-24-1978-southeast-missourian.html">Last flight home</a>, <br />
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November 24, 1978, The Southeast Missourian, page 4, Opinion, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eGofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=INUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1947%2C3397753">Death in Guyana</a>, <br />
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November 24, 1978, The Sydney Morning Herald - AAP/Reuters, page 5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J59WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EucDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1337%2C8002302">No trace of sect members; Jonestown's lost 400 may not exist</a>, <br />
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November 24, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3552%2C2772886">29 Cultists Being Protected By U.S.</a>, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7243%2C2789540">continued page 4</a>]<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Toledo Blade - Washington Post, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7137%2C2787496">Reality Suppressed, Knew Jonestown Conditions, Cult's Attorney Lane Admits</a>, by Charles Krause, <br />
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November 24, 1978, The Toledo Blade, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7137%2C2787496">Peoples Temple Members Deny 'Hit Squad' Exists, </a><br />
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November 24, 1978, The Toledo Blade, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7137%2C2787496">Bodies Begin Arriving From Guyana Death Site,</a><br />
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November 24, 1978, The Toledo Blade, Opinion, page 14, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6953%2C2835372">No Matter For Marines</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20105293/">Grisly Guyana Discovery, More bodies found; death toll expected to reach 800</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
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November 24, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20105293/">State removes 13 from Temple care center</a>, by Eric Krueger, Journal Staff Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
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November 24, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20105293/">First Temple suicide returned for Sat. services</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>] <br />
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November 24, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20105293/">Correction</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 24, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 4, Editorial, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20105427/">Did U.S. agencies take proper steps to safeguard Ryan party?</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 24, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 8, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20105587/">Ukiah Area Church Directory</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 24, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 9, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20105647/">Temple attorney still insists over 400 cultists are hiding in jungle</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 24, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 9, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20105647/">Jones considered himself 'a Messiah,' Lemons recalls</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 24, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 9, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20105647/">FBI investigating possible People's Temple conspiracy</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Valley News [Van Nuys, Ca.] UPI, page I-12, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">Peoples Temple faithful tell about threats</a>, <br />
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November 24, 1978, The Valley News [Van Nuys, CA] UPI, page I-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">Cult leader Jones' body identified by FBI on arrival</a>, <br />
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November 24, 1978, The Valley News [Van Nuys, CA] <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Whatever the motive, Mark Lane belonged in Jonestown</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Valley News [Van Nuys, CA] <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Attorney tells of 'murder by maniacs'</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Valley News [Van Nuys, CA] page I-12, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">First planeload of 409 Temple...</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/146925240.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=By+Alice+Bonner+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&desc=Jones%27+Body+Arrives+On+Victims%27+Airlift">Jones' Body Arrives On Victims' Airlift</a>, by Alice Bonner, Washington Post Staff Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Blog</a>] 1,165 words<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20201.pdf">40 Bodies Arrive at Dover Air Base</a>, by Alice Bonner, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Washington Post, page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">Jones' Body Arrives On Victims' Airlift</a>, by Alice Bonner,<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20201.pdf">Missing Cultists in Doubt</a>; Officials Think Most Accounted For, by Leonard Downie Jr., [<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135619912.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xb4c35a0)&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=By+Leonard+Downie+Jr.+Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Missing+Cultists+in+Doubt">pqarchiver</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] 1,588 words<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20201.pdf">Lane Sensed Trouble at Cultists’ Camp</a>, by Charles A. Krause, [<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135619922.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xb4c35a0)&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=By+Charles+A.+Krause+Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Lane+Sensed+Trouble+At+Cultists%27+Camp">pqarchiver</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] 1,220 words<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, page A2, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/larry-layton.html">Man Accused of Killing Ryan Fears He May Be Murdered</a>, [<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135619942.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xb4c35a0)&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A2&desc=Man+Accused+of+Killing+Ryan+Fears+He+May+Be+Murdered">archiver</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] 341 words<br />
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November 24, 1978,The Washington Post, page A2, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20201.pdf">Cultist, 84, Ready to Die for Jones</a>, [<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135619952.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=ARRAY(0xcfa8768)&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A2&desc=Cultist%2C+84%2C+Ready+to+Die+for+Jones">pqarchiver</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] 119 words<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Washington Post, page A3, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20201.pdf">A Novel of the Absurd, Against a Tropical Backdrop</a>, by Leonard Downie Jr., [<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135619972.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xcfa8768)&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=By+Leonard+Downie+Jr.+Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A3&desc=A+Novel+of+the+Absurd+Against+a+Tropical+Backdrop">pqarchiver</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] 1,133 words<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Washington Post, page A8, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20201.pdf">Griffin Family Keeps Phones Hot For News of Relatives in Guyana</a>, by Judith Valente, Staff Writer, [Alternate title - Griffins Await Word About 9 in Guyana] [<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135620042.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xcfa8768)&date=Nov+24%2C+1978&author=By+Judith+Valente+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A8&desc=Griffin+Family+Keeps+Phones+Hot+For+News+of+Relatives+in+Guyana">pqarchiver</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-24-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Blog</a>] 894 words<br />
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November 24, 1978, The Washington Post, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20052.pdf">Guyana Outlines Handling of Cult Funds</a>, by Charles A. Krause, <br />
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November 24, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Last of 409 Cult Victims Arriving</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Mother with Christmas Gifts Awaits Word on Children</a>, by Jeremiah O’Leary, Staff Writer,<br />
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November 24, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">They Came Back From the Jungle</a>, Still Wondering, by Robert Geline,<br />
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November 24, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">A Few of the Survivors Come in From Jungle</a>, by Robert Geline,<br />
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November 24, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A5, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">A Mother Tells of Jones’ Power; ‘I Went as a Very Middle-Class Housewife’</a>, by Jeremiah O’Leary,<br />
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November 24, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A5, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">Followers Say They'll Carry On</a>, by Duncan Spencer,<br />
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November 24, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A5, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Kin in Virginia Anxious About Temple Cultists</a>,<br />
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November 24, 1978, Washington Star-News - AP, page A5, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Air Force Reusing Coffins In Bringing Bodies Home</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Wilmington Morning Star - AP, page 1A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FbssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4368%2C5361768">U.S. protects cultists fearing for their lives</a>, [Continued page 2-A: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FbssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3749%2C5369491">U.S.</a>]<br />
November 24, 1978, Wilmington Morning Star - N.Y.T. News Service, page 7, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FbssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5387%2C5393687">Doctor searches for mother in Guyana cult</a>,<br />
November 24, 1978, Wilmington Morning Star - AP, page 7A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FbssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6797%2C5394855">Bodies of mass suicide begin arriving in U.S.</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/a-tiskit-taskit-ive-got-40-caskets.html">Text]</a><br />
November 24, 1978, Workers World, pages 3-5, Questions on the Mass Deaths In Guyana, by Deirdre Griswold,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Peoples Temple Death Count Mounts To 775</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution - UPI, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">44-Man Team Trying To Identify Bodies</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779609832.html?FMT=AI&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Mass-death+toll+rises+near+800+in+Jonestown">Mass-death toll rises near 800 in Jonestown</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779609842.html?FMT=AI&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=ROBERT+RUBY&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Arriving+bodies+strain+mortuary">Arriving bodies strain mortuary</a>, by Robert Ruby,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779609802.html?FMT=AI&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Family%2C+promised+%27paradise%27+in+Guyana%2C+found+nightmare+in+cult%27s+death+camp">Family, promised 'paradise' in Guyana, found nightmare in cult's death camp</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779609882.html?FMT=AI&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Garry+blames+Lane+for+secrecy">Garry blames Lane for secrecy</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A7, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779610202.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Diamond+digging+in+Guyana+recalled+by+Baltimore-area+man">Diamond digging in Guyana recalled by Baltimore-area man</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A14, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779610572.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Cultism+to+grow+more+prevalent%2C+authorities+fear">Cultism to grow more prevalent, authorities fear</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996346922.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=Leonard+Downie+Jr&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Guyana+death+toll+nears+800">Guyana death toll nears 800</a>, by Leonard Downie Jr., 908 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, Boston Globe, Page A3, Scientists defend role at Moon parley, by Robert Cooke [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/boston-globe-nov-23-25-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
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November 25, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page N1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620486842.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=Michael+Sneed%3BTimothy+McNulty&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=N1&desc=%27Mass+suicide%27+was+mass+murder%2C+says+cult+survivor">'Mass suicide' was mass murder, says cult survivor</a>, by Michael Sneed and Timothy McNulty,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page N2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620486902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=Michael+Coakley%3BRonald+Koziol&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=N2&desc=One+hand+on+Bible%2C+other+in+taxpayer%27s+pocket">One hand on Bible, other in taxpayer's pocket</a>, by Michael Coakley and Ronald Koziol, <br />
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November 25, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page S1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620489052.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=Timothy+McNulty%3BMichael+Sneed&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=S1&desc=Sect+death+toll+rises+to+775">Sect death toll rises to 775</a>, by Timothy McNulty and Michael Sneed,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page W10, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620488642.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=W10&desc=This+warning+wasn%27t+heeded">This warning wasn't heeded</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page S10, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620489602.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=S10&desc=Who+must+pay+the+costs%3F">Who must pay the costs?</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Columbia Record - UPI, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">$25,000 Sent To Charleston For Survivors?</a>, <br />
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November 25, 1978, Daytona Beach Morning Journal, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QIwfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=A9MEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2155%2C4570162">Grim Count Nears 800 As More Bodies Found</a>, [Continued page 8A: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QIwfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=A9MEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2477%2C4631888">Bodies</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, Daytona Beach Morning Journal, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QIwfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=A9MEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3247%2C4569270">Survivor: Most Died Quietly</a>, [Continued page 8A: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QIwfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=A9MEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2483%2C4630821">Survivor</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, Daytona Beach Morning Journal - AP, page 8A, <a href="http://jonestown/">History's Bizarre Cults Leave Bloody, Bewildering Trail</a>, by Barry Renfrew, AP Writer, <br />
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November 25, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, page A-1, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20174.pdf">Soldiers find more victims</a>, by Lew Wheaton, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-frederick-post-ap.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, page A-2, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20174.pdf">Dover AFB strains to process victims</a>, by Patrick Breslin, AP Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-frederick-post-ap.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20174.pdf">A bloody, bewildering part of history</a>, by Barry Renfrew, AP Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-frederick-post-ap.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20174.pdf">Critics say U.S. could have averted tragedy</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-frederick-post-ap.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Frederick Post, page 7, <a href="http://newspaperarchive.com/frederick-news-post/1978-11-25/page-7">Jim Jones could deliver the black vote</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-frederick-post-ap.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Frederick Post, page 7, <a href="http://newspaperarchive.com/frederick-news-post/1978-11-25/page-7">Jones bodies to be returned to Indiana</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-frederick-post-ap.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, KSFO news report, <a href="http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/Tapes/Tapes/TapeMis/ksfo.htm">Guyana: How It Was,</a> by Tony Russomanno, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/dvnh">diigo</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Lodi News-Sentinel, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JpQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OjIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=7126,3001217&dq=tim-carter+jonestown&hl=en">Guyana Launches Jonestown Probe</a>, <br />
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November 25, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner - AP, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Some of 780 Forced To Drink; Witness Says Most Waited Turn Quietly</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Still the Grim Cargoes of Death Are Flown Home</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">More Bodies Found Buried Under Others</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page I-10, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">Jones Burial in Indiana</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Funeral Held for Slain NBC Cameraman Brown</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Los Angeles Times – UPI, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Hundreds Were Slain, Survivor Reportedly Says</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">‘You Must Die With Dignity,’ Jones Allegedly Yelled at Reluctant Victims</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Madison Courier, Rev. Jones Burial To Be At Richmond,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Memphis Press-Scimitar - UPI, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20195.pdf">Lane Says Garry Knew of Suicide Plane</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/odd-lots.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, Milwaukee Journal, Kept Probes Grisly Tasks Remain Airm, <br />
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November 25, 1978, Montreal Gazette, page 7, This Is The Commune Jones Built, by Pete Carey, <br />
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November 25, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A8, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D14FD3A5413728DDDAC0A94D9415B888BF1D3">U.S. Says Guyana Toll Has Nearly Doubled: Deaths in Jungle Commune Could Reach 780; Miscount a Puzzle</a>, by Jon Nordheimer, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, New York Times, page A1, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9907E5DC1130E632A25756C2A9679D946990D6CF">U.S. Says Incorrect Toll of Dead Reflects a Hasty Police Estimate; Priority Given to Jungle Search</a>, by Graham Hovey,<br />
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November 25, 1978, New York Times - UPI, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9805E2DD1130E632A25757C2A9679D946990D6CF">121 Bodies of Cultists Arrive at Dover Base; Leader's Is Identified; Next of Kin Is Notified</a>, <br />
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November 25, 1978, New York Times - UPI, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10814FD3A5413728DDDAC0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Indiana Rites Planned For Jones and Family,</a> [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, New York Times - UPI, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A02E5DC1130E632A25756C2A9679D946990D6CF">Witness Tells How Cult Members Went to Deaths</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, New York Times, page A9, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20714FD3A5413728DDDAC0A94D9415B888BF1D3">US Says Most Cult Complaints Did Not.Warrant Formal Inquiry</a>, by Nicholas M. Horrock, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, New York Times, page A9, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0DE5DC1130E632A25756C2A9679D946990D6CF&ref=guyana">'Unflappable' American Ambassador to Guyana; John Richard Burke</a>, by Bernard Weintraub, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, New York Times, page A9, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30714FD3A5413728DDDAC0A94D9415B888BF1D3">2 Officers Describe Horror of Guyana Death Scene</a>, by Carey Winfrey, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-25-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, New York Times, page A9, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F0DE5DC1130E632A25756C2A9679D946990D6CF">Doctor Fails in Search For His Mother's Body At Guyana Settlement</a>, Special to The New York Times, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-30-1978-new-york-times.html">Text</a>] <br />
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November 25, 1978, New York Times, page A23, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9903E4DC1130E632A25756C2A9679D946990D6CF">Observer; A Hunger For Masters</a>, by Russell Baker,<br />
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November 25, 1978, New York Times, page A23, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03E4DC1130E632A25756C2A9679D946990D6CF">A Possible Remedy for Thinking That Leeds Youth; Into Easy Acceptance of Cult Figures</a>, by Harold J. Morowitz,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The New York Times Magazine, page 9, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10714FD3A5413728DDDAC0A94D9415B888BF1D3">'Unflappable' American Ambassador to Guyana; John Richard Burke</a>; Man in the News; Served at Bangkok Embassy; Aide Tells of 'Light Side', by Bernard Weintraub, Special to The New York Times, <br />
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November 25, 1978, The Oakland Tribune - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Children raise cult death toll</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Oakland Tribune - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Military rushes to sort glut of bodies</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/mgxi">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 25, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/charles-garry.html">Garry blames Lane for silence</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Oakland Tribune - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Cameraman buried</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Oakland Tribune - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Hysteria seen at death rite</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Ocala Star-Banner - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wQ4wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5296%2C7973501">Grim Toll at 775 in Jonestown</a>, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wQ4wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6237%2C8032971">Toll, continued page A-12</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, Ocala Star-Banner, page 12A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wQ4wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3328,8034439&dq=jonestown&hl=en">Cultists Throughout History Left Bloody Trail Of Horrors</a>, by Barry Renfrew,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Palm Beach Post - Post Wire Services, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=3130%2C3144588">Jonestown Death Toll Hits 775</a>, [Continued page A23; <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=6234%2C3284961">Jonestown</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, Palm Beach Post - Post Wire Services, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=4784%2C3142726">'Babies and Children Went First'</a>, [Continued page A23; <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=2919%2C3285031">Survivor</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, Palm Beach Post, Opinion, page A22, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aNoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=1153%2C3281074">Madness Can Be Communicable</a>, by George Will, <br />
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November 25, 1978, Palm Beach Post - AP, page A23, Jones' Smooth Public Image Helped Open Many Doors, <br />
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November 25, 1978, The St. Petersburg Independent - AP, page 3A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=I35QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5549%2C2621010">The Jonestown Horror</a>; <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=I35QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5549%2C2621010">Murder-Suicide Count Estimated As High As 794</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-independent.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The St. Petersburg Independent - AP, page 3A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=I35QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3970%2C2620092">Fear of Violating Rights, Prevented Federal Action, [</a><a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-independent.html">Blog</a><a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=I35QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3970%2C2620092">]</a><br />
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November 25, 1978, The St. Petersburg Independent - AP-Knight-Ridder, page 3A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=I35QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3970%2C2620092">Relatives Want Temple to Bring Dead Home</a>,[<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-independent.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The St. Petersburg Independent, page 3A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=I35QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3104%2C2622602">Identification of Bodies Could Take Two or Three Weeks</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-independent.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The St. Petersburg Independent, page 3A,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=I35QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3104%2C2622602"> Realty Firm, Involved With Peoples Temple, Raided</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-independent.html">Blog</a>] <br />
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November 25, 1978, St. Petersburg Times, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LNpaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&dq=peoples%20temple&pg=4851%2C677808">Death toll in Guyana leaps to 775, U.S. soldiers find bodies under bodies</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-times.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, St. Petersburg Times -Los Angeles Times, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LNpaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&dq=peoples%20temple&pg=4851%2C677808">Jim Jones was swallowed by his own big lie</a>, by David Johnston, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-times.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, St. Petersburg Times - UPI, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LNpaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&dq=peoples%20temple&pg=4264%2C733725">Temple's U.S. remnant is stunned</a>, by Richard M. Harnett, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-times.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, St. Petersburg Times - New York Times, page 8A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LNpaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6648%2C733380">U.S. ambassador praised for cool under fire in Guyana</a>, in Bernard Weintraub, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-times.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, St. Petersburg Times - AP, page 8A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LNpaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6648%2C733380">Mass suicides have been part of history</a>, by Barry Renfrew, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-times.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, St. Petersburg Times - Los Angeles Times, page 21A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LNpaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2899%2C800616">For Ryan, independence meant having to seek his own answers</a>, by Karen Feld, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-times.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, St. Petersburg Times - AP, page 22A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LNpaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5858%2C802822">Sect survivor says many waited quietly to commit suicide</a>, by Lew Wheaton, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-times.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, St. Petersburg Times - AP, page 2B, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LNpaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2940%2C812087">Who joins a cult? Ask Ted and Lin Arison of Miami Beach---their son Michael did</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-25-1978-st-petersburg-times.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">780 Bodies at Jonestown; Early Count Was 'in Error'</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Jonestown Toll Now Up to 775</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle - AP, page 4, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">Jones and Family Will Be Buried In Indiana</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Cultists' Medical Records</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 12, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">U.S. Funds Sought For Shipping Bodies</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Garry, Mark Lane Assail Each Other on Suicides</a>, by George Draper,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Slain NBC Cameraman Called a Hero</a>,<br />
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November 25 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Jonestown Survivor; He Saw Hundreds Die</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-1-peoples-temple-san.html">Faithful show grief, resolve</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Club to honor news heroes</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Friends saying goodbye to Greg</a>, [Robinson]<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Examiner - AP, Newsman eulogized as a hero, [Bob Brown]<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/sharon-amos-charles-e-beikman-maria.html">Death count rises to 900; Final toll in Guyana; Jones follower charged with four murders</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Garry, Lane bitterly blame each other</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 4, The Politicians Who May Succeed Ryan, by Bill Workman,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, pages 1 & 16, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Bodies, 'one under other,' raise Guyana toll to 775</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Juan Star - NYT News Service, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">'Where did it all go wrong?'</a>, by James Feron,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">The Pied Piper fetching tune</a>, by Patricia McCormack<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Juan Star, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">U.S. offers explanation on revised suicide count</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, San Juan Star – UPI, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">2 AF planes refuel here on way to Guyana airlift</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, Sydney Morning Herald, After The Horror Of Jonestown... Sect<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4522%2C3004654">U.S. Defends Lack of Preventive Steps,</a> <br />
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November 25, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6306%2C3004207">New Layers of Corpses Found at Jonestown, Pushing Total to 775</a>; Many Bodies Are Those of Children, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4314%2C3016730">Jonestown Total Hits 775, page 4,</a> continued from page 1]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4522%2C3004654">U.S. Defends Lack of Preventive Steps</a>, <br />
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November 25, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7177%2C3016775">Cultists Quietly Waited to Die, Witness Reports</a>, <br />
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November 25, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6335%2C3017795">From Satan to Gurus and 'Prophets'; Up to 26 Million Believed Involved In 5,000 Religious Cults in America</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4314%2C3016730">FBI Expects to Identify Most of Returned Bodies</a>,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4314%2C3016730">Bodies of Joneses to Return to Indiana</a><br />
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November 25, 1978, The Toledo Blade, Opinion, page 8, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5636%2C3037450">Are Cults Escape Routes For Adherents?</a> by Ellen Goodman, <br />
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November 25, 1978, The Toledo Blade, Opinion, page 8, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9DxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3638%2C3037363">Stealing, Killing In Religion's Name</a>, by Carl Rowan, <br />
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November 25, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, Suppressed Knew Jonestown Conditions,<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - L.A. Times-WaPo News Service, page 1A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nd5HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&dq=stephen%20jones%20cult&pg=3444%2C1625403">Guyana Count Nearing 800</a>, by Leonard Downie Jr., [Continued page 12A: Body Count Error Reported] <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/896q">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 25, 1978, Virgin Islands Daily News, page 2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BTdOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oUYDAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6130%2C3330625">More Bodies Found in Guyana</a>, [continued page 16, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BTdOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oUYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2647,3408386&dq=jonestown&hl=en">More Bodies</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137146682.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=By+Leonard+Downie+Jr.+Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=%27Smaller+Bodies+Found+Under+Larger+.+.+.%27">'Smaller Bodies Found Under Larger . . .'</a>, 370 More Bodies Found at Cult Camp in Guyana, by Leonard Downie Jr. Washington Post Foreign Service, 1,950 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20198.pdf">[jfk.hood</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20198.pdf">370 More Bodies Discovered in Jonestown, Air Base Mortuary Is Already Short of Room</a>, by Alice Bonner, Staff Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137146672.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xb4c35a0)&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=By+Alice+Bonner+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Air+Base+Mortuary+Is+Already+Short+of+Room">Air Base Mortuary Is Already Short of Room</a>, by Alice Bonner, Staff Writer, 1,228 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137146662.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=ARRAY(0xb4c35a0)&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Death+Toll+in+Jonestown+Climbs+to+775">Death Toll in Jonestown Climbs to 775</a>, by Leonard Downie Jr., 7 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137146692.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xb4c35a0)&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=By+Fred+Barbash+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Tragedy+Numbs+Survivors%27+Emotions">Tragedy Numbs Survivors' Emotions</a>, A Week of Tragedy in Guyana Dulls Survivors' Emotions, by Fred Barbash, Staff Writer, 1,008 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, page A4, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137146782.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A4&desc=Jones+Used+Sex+to+Manipulate+Followers%2C+Ex-Cultists+Say">Jones Used Sex to Manipulate Followers, Ex-Cultists Say</a>, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20198.pdf">Weisberg</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] 514 words<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Washington Post - UPI, page A5, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137146802.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xb4c35a0)&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A5&desc=New+Revelation+of+Jonestown+Deaths+Shocks+Remnant+of+Peoples+Temple">New Revelation of Jonestown Deaths Shocks Remnant of Peoples Temple</a>, 438 words [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20198.pdf">weisberg</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] [FBI Vol.3]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Washington Post, page A5, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137146842.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A5&desc=U.S.%2C+Fearing+Rights+Violations%2C+Ruled+Out+Investigating+Cults">U.S., Fearing Rights Violations, Ruled Out Investigating Cults</a>, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20198.pdf">Weisberg</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, page A5, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20198.pdf">Jones' Burial To Be in Indiana</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, The Washington Post, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137146692.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+25%2C+1978&author=By+Fred+Barbash+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&desc=Tragedy+Numbs+Survivors%27+Emotions">Tragedy Numbs Survivors’ Emotions</a>, by Fred Barbash, 1,008 words [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20199.pdf">jfk.hood</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] <br />
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November 25, 1978, Washington Star - AP, page A-6, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/charles-garry.html">Lane Kept Secrets on Cult, Lawyer Says</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-25-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20115.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
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November 25, 1978, Washington Star - UPI, page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Guyana Death Toll Doubles, Some Cultists Forced to Drink Poison</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Vol.8</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, page A-17, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Charleston Awaits Arrival of Survivors</a>, by Joe Dolman,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1884521542.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=KATHERINE+WHITE&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Dover+base+somber+over+grisly+task">Dover base somber over grisly task</a>, by Katherine White,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1884521532.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Final+death+toll+in+Jonestown+is+put+at+910">Final death toll in Jonestown is put at 910</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1884521562.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Burnham+critics+say+Jonestown+had+privileges+Guyanese+lacked">Burnham critics say Jonestown had privileges Guyanese lacked</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1884521592.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Flies%2C+odor+rule+dead+Jonestown">Flies, odor rule dead Jonestown</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page K4, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1884525462.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=Peter+A+Jay&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=The+Emperors+Jones">The Emperors Jones</a>, by Peter A Jay,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page K5, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1884525512.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=George+F+Will&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Slouching+Toward+Jonestown">Slouching Toward Jonestown</a>, by George F Will,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page K5, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1884525502.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=Ernest+B+Furgurson&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=The+New+Order+Passeth">The New Order Passeth</a>, by Ernest B Furgurson,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Beaver County (Pa.) Times - UPI, page A-4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eBwvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jdsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1504%2C5944562">Jones' temple of love; Place of misery, death</a>, by Alvin B. Webb, <br />
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November 26, 1978, Beaver County (Pa.) Times - UPI, page A-4, Stricken families seek help, <br />
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November 26, 1978, Beaver County (Pa.) Times - UPI, page A-4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eBwvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jdsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5209%2C5947189">Cult member is arrested</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Boca-Raton News - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ry5UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Vo0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6984%2C4935959">A pact with Chaos, A preacher turned madman led his followers on a collision course with madness</a>, by Sid Moody and Victoria Graham, AP Writers, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-26-1978-spokesman-review-jim.html">Text]</a><br />
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November 26, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996354462.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=Sid+Moody%3BVictoria+Graham&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Unofficial+death+total--912">Unofficial death total--912</a>, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996354512.html?FMT=AI&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=George+Esper&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=All+bodies+evacuated+from+site">All bodies evacuated from site</a>, by George Esper, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-26-1978-boston-sunday-globe.html">Text</a>] 1,045 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, Boston Globe, Page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996354462.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=Sid+Moody%3BVictoria+Graham&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Unofficial+death+total--912">The Psychology: The making of modern cultists</a>, by Carroll Stoner, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-26-1978-boston-sunday-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996354462.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=Sid+Moody%3BVictoria+Graham&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Unofficial+death+total--912">The History: A saga of hope and death</a>, by Sid Moody and Victoria Graham, AP Writers, 2,538 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-26-1978-boston-sunday-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Boston Globe, page A12, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996354782.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=Charles+Krause&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=12&desc=Lane+now+says+he+knew+more+than+he+told">Lane now says he knew more than he told</a>, by Charles Krause, 1,237 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-26-1978-boston-sunday-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Boston Globe, page A13, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996354802.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=Richard+Harnett&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=13&desc=Lane+says+he+knew+more+than+he+told+Families+seek+help+in+planning+burials">Families seek help in planning burials</a>, by Richard Harnett, 297 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-26-1978-boston-sunday-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Boston Sunday Globe, page A32, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996355112.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=Robert+Cooke&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=32&desc=Moon+conference%3A+demonstration+that+jargon+is+universal">Moon conference: demonstration that jargon is universal,</a> by Robert Cooke, 522 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-26-1978-boston-sunday-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Boston Sunday Globe, page A32, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996355122.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=James+Franklin&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=32&desc=A+religious+revival+in+N.E.+prayed+for">A religious revival in N.E. prayed for</a>, by James L. Franklin, Globe Staff, 681 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-26-1978-boston-sunday-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Buffalo Courier Express - Reuter, page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Toll of Human Slaughter Soars to 914 in Guyana; Final Count Reported As 46 Cult Survivors Hope for Repatriation</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/649027892.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=Michael+Sneed&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Guyana+toll+at+910%3B+3+tell+plot+to+deliver+%24500%2C000+to+Russ">Guyana toll at 910; 3 tell plot to deliver $500,000 to Russians</a>, by Michael Sneed, 964 words Three male survivors of the mass suicide-murder at the People's Temple in Jonestown said Saturday they were entrusted with a suitcase containing an estimated<br />
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November 26, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/649027852.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=Ray+Moseley&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Jim+Jones%3A+Portrait+of+a+madman">Jim Jones: Portrait of a madman</a>, by Ray Moseley, 3,374 words <br />
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November 26, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/649027912.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=Timothy+McNulty&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Jones+camp%3A+empty+now%2C+ransacked">Jones camp: empty now, ransacked</a>, by Timothy McNulty, 688 words The last bodies of the 910 victims of last week's mass murder-suicide were ferried out by United States military helicopters Saturday, almost a week to the hour after the macabre ritual.<br />
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November 26, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 16, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/649028362.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=16&desc=Final+bodies+from+Guyana+arrive+in+U.+S.">Final bodies from Guyana arrive in U. S.</a>, 349 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 16, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/649028372.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=16&desc=Jones%27+lawyers+trade+charges+on+suicide+plot">Jones' lawyers trade charges on suicide plot</a>, 485 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 18, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/649028402.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=18&desc=Day+by+day%2C+a+new+stunning+horror">Day by day, a new stunning horror</a>, 663 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Columbia State, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Delay is Expected in Return of Cultists</a>, by Herb Frazier, Staff Writer,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Idaho Statesman, page 5-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Carter phone call confirms two sons' fears of reprisal</a>, by Rich Mauer,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Lakeland Ledger - AP, page 1A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=12VRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3131%2C7517918">Jimmy Jones: 'Either Lots of Good, Or Hitler,'</a> by Sid Moody and Victoria Graham, [Continued<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=12VRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6784%2C7551126"> page A-8</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Lakeland Ledger - AP, page 1A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=12VRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3437%2C7516076">Jonestown Toll Reaches 910</a>, [Continued <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=12VRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5580%2C7553616">page A-9</a>] <br />
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November 26, 1978, The Lakeland Ledger - AP, page 1A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=12VRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1770%2C7516439">Guyana Citizens Criticize Government Over Jonestown</a>, [Continued <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=12VRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5188%2C7555231">page A-9</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Lakeland Ledger - New York Times, page A1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=12VRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2036%2C7517578">Death Causes May Be Hard to Determine</a>, [Continued <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=12VRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7325%2C7553603">page 9A</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-26-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner - AP, page A9, Ryan Forced Jonestown, Meeting, <br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Kin, Friends Salute Slain Newsman</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Cult Toll 912, With at Least 260 Children</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650912532.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=JERRY+COHEN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Cult+Toll+Tops+900%3B+All+Bodies+Removed">Cult Toll Tops 900; All Bodies Removed</a>, by Jerry Cohen,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650912542.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=LEONARD+GREENWOOD%3BJERRY+BELCHER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=3+Who+Escaped+Say+They+Had+to+Abandon+Money">3 Who Escaped Say They Had to Abandon Money</a>, by Leonard Greenwood and Jerry Belcher, 1,081<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650912652.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=ROBERT+SCHEER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A3&desc=Garry+Recalls+Jonestown%27s+Final+Days--Guns%2C+Drugs%2C+Madness">Garry Recalls Jonestown's Final Days--Guns, Drugs, Madness</a>, by Robert Scheer, 4,314 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650912682.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=BILL+FARR&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A3&desc=Use+of+Death+Threats+by+Jones+Reported">Use of Death Threats by Jones Reported</a>, by Bill Farr, 907 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650912692.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=NARDA+ZACCHINO&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A3&desc=Cult+Has+Plan+to+Kill+Defectors%2C+Attorney+Says">Cult Has Plan to Kill Defectors, Attorney Says</a>, by Nardo Zacchino, 849 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A28, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650913192.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A28&desc=Cult+Reportedly+Got+Assets+From+Layton">Cult Reportedly Got Assets From Layton</a>, 311 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A28, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650913182.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A28&desc=400+Attend+Rites+for+S.+F.+Newsman+Slain+in+Guyana">400 Attend Rites for S. F. Newsman Slain in Guyana</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A29, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650913252.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=KENNETH+REICH&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A29&desc=Letter+Defending+Temple+Was+Right+at+Time%2C+Dymally+Says">Letter Defending Temple Was Right at Time, Dymally Says</a>, by Kenneth Reich,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A34, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650913352.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A34&desc=%27JUST+AN+AVERAGE+AMERICAN+BOY%27">'Just an Average American Boy</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A36, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650913402.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A36&desc=Congress+to+Probe+U.+S.+Policy+on+Cult">Congress to Probe U. S. Policy on Cult</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650934852.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=BILL+FARR&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=Cultist+Letter+Sought+Halt+to+Probe+in+L.+A.">Cultist Letter Sought Halt to Probe in L. A.</a>, by Bill Farr,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page J1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650916772.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=LOUIS+JOLYON+WEST%3BRICHARD+DELGADO&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=J1&desc=Psyching+Out+the+Cults%27+Collective+Mania">Psyching Out the Cults' Collective Mania</a>, by Louis Jolyon West and Richard Delgado, [<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=274&u=1&seq=295&view=image&size=150&id=mdp.39015036047713">hathitrust</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page J2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650916832.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=JOHN+PEER+NUGENT&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=J2&desc=FOR+THIRD+WORLD+NATIONS%2C+ANY+HELP+IS+WELCOME">For Third World Nations, Any Help is Welcome</a>, by John Peer Nugent, <br />
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November 25, 1978, Los Angeles Times, Hundreds Were Slain Survivor Says, (J. Judge)<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Milwaukee Journal, page 24, Cult Deaths Put Guyana Government In Hot Spot,<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Post, Opinion, by Max Lerner,<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Daily News, page 4, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">U.S. plans to fly home 70 survivors of horror</a>, by Jeffrey Antevil,<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Daily News, page 4, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">The bodies 'not suitable for viewing'</a>, by Michael Daly,<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Daily News UPI, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Guyana troops probe cult village</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Daily News, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Guyana death toll now at 900</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times, Page A1, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00B16FD3C5511728DDDAF0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Guyana Toll is Raised to at Least 900 by U.S., with 260 Children Among Victims at Colony; Total Is Up by 120</a>, A Survivor Says That Many Took Poison Willingly on Jones's Urging, by Jon Nordheimer, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-26-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Survivor of Rite Confirms That Most Adults Took Poison Voluntarily</a>, by Jon Nordheimer,<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times - UPI, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20614FD3C5511728DDDAF0A94D9415B888BF1D3">F.B.I. Is Concerned About Crime Files; Reports by Bureau Say Organized Crime Figures Have Obtained Data From Police Unit</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/basketball-leverage-and-shiksa-chicago.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times, Page A1, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B16FD3C5511728DDDAF0A94D9415B888BF1D3">No Autopsies Done on Victims, Leaving Cause of Deaths Unclear</a>, by Lawrence K. Altman, [Continued page A20: <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B16FD3C5511728DDDAF0A94D9415B888BF1D3">No Autopsies Performed on the Jonestown Victims</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-26-1978.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times, How Rev. Jim Jones Gained His Power Over Followers, by Robert Lindsay, [Wikipedia footnote title for below]<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times, page A1, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60916FD3C5511728DDDAF0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Jim Jones--From Poverty To Power of Life and Death</a>, by Robert Lindsey, [Continued page 20, Jim Jones's Life: From an Indiana Boyhood to Powerful Head of a Religious Cult] [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-26-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times, How Rev. Jim Jones Gained His Power Over Followers, by Robert Lindsay, <br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times, Page A22, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40D17FD3C5511728DDDAF0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Jonestown Was a Model; Now It's Embarrassment</a>, by David Vidal, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-26-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times, page E1, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D14FA3C5511728DDDAF0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Jonestown Has; Many Precedents</a>, by Boyce Rensberger, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iX9IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PW0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7137%2C5144592">Text: Pittsburgh Post Gazette, Nov. 27</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D14FA3C5511728DDDAF0A94D9415B888BF1D3">By Death Possessed; A Prophet, a Cult And Mass Madness In Guyana Jungle</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-26-1978.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FrssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5782%2C6195993">Text Via Wilmington Morning Star</a>] <br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times, page E21, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E3DB1731E432A25755C2A9679D946990D6CF">Washington: The Decline of Manners</a>, by James Reston,<br />
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November 26, 1978, New York Times, page E21, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C03E3DB1731E432A25755C2A9679D946990D6CF">No End Of Messiahs</a>, by Marvin Harris,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, Opinion, Farewell to a Congressman, by Elizabeth Mehren,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, Rep. Ryan's services, burial today, by Susan Shoemaker,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Ocala Star-Banner - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wg4wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=guyana%20martin%20merzer&pg=5610%2C8194307">Jonestown Deaths Reach 910</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Ocala Star-Banner - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wg4wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=guyana%20martin%20merzer&pg=4249%2C8193534">The Jonestown Horror, Perspective On People’s Temple Shows Cold Hand Steering Fate</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Ocala Star-Banner, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wg4wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uwUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=guyana%20martin%20merzer&pg=6842%2C8373716">Guyana Reality Falls Behind Promise</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Press-Courier, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5n9KAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GCMNAAAAIBAJ&dq=tim-carter%20jonestown&pg=5056%2C6562458">Stray Dog</a>, <br />
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November 26, 1978, San Juan Star, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">The etiology of the Guyanese massacre</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">3 Temple members, Suspects freed in Guyana; Release brings clash with other cult survivors</a>, by Jim Willse, Examiner City Editor,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Inside a mortuary for Guyana's dead</a>, by Peter H. King, Examiner Staff Writer,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, page A-2, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">In remembrance of Greg Robinson</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, page A-2, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Tributes to a photojournalist</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, Opinion, page A-2, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Memories of two colleagues</a>, by Reg Murphy,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, page A-2, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Goodbye to Greg: They had seen his brilliance</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, page A-4, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Service for Guyana victims</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, page A-4, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Aid in store for Guyana families</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, page A-9, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/4-slain-newsmen.html">Covering a horror story: The twisted Guyana tale</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, page A-11, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">6 in family believed dead</a>, by Peter King,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, page A-14, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/tim-reiterman.html">Flight to Jonestown: 'relatives' futile ordeal</a>, by Tim Reiterman,<br />
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November 26, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, page 17, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Bloated bodies, stench mark Guyana death site</a>, by Nigel Cumberbatch,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Sarasota Herald-Tribune - UPI, full page investigative report, page 13-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=R_4jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hWcEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6868%2C5438604">Self-Styled Messiah Leads 'Extravaganza of Death' In Guyana's Jungle, They Killed Babies First,</a> by Alvin B. Webb,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, page 2-E, Opinion, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=R_4jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hWcEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7050%2C5804179">Modern Emptiness: Jonestown Massacre -- Sign of Times?</a>, by George Will,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Spokesman Review, page B-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oUpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3602%2C5304280">Mass Suicide: Jonestown people programmed for leader's command</a>, Compiled from S-R wire services,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Spokesman Review, page B-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oUpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2114%2C5304284">Night Before death; Ryan sensed something was terribly wrong</a>, by Charles A. Krause, [Continued <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oUpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6791%2C5309874">page B-2</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Spokesman Review - AP, page B-2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oUpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4125%2C5309004">Suicides: Russ cite U.S. way of life</a>, <br />
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November 26, 1978, The Spokesman Review - AP, page B-2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oUpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=1786%2C5308268">2 'instant' paperbacks ready for publication</a>, <br />
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November 26, 1978, The Spokesman Review, page B-3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oUpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6696%2C5312942">Mass suicides in past; Jonestown largest of its kind since 73 A.D. when 960 died</a>, by Bill Drummond,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Spokesman Review, page B-3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oUpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6768%2C5314958">Lawyer hid 'real conditions'</a>, by Charles A. Krause, <br />
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November 26, 1978, The Spokesman Review, page B-3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oUpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4839%2C5314934">Tragedy may spur church crackdown</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Spokesman-Review - NYT, page H-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oUpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=De4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6077%2C5306149">Jim Jones: Power of love twisted into the love of power</a>, by James Feron, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-26-1978-spokesman-review-jim.html">Text]</a><br />
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November 26, 1978, The Sunday Oklahoman, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Jones Very Slick, City Woman Says</a>, by Mick Hinton,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Sunday Oklahoman, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Jones Very Slick, City Woman Says</a>, by Mick Hinton,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Sunday Register [Shrewsbury, N.J.] - AP, page A-2, <a href="http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1970-1979/1978/1978.11.26.pdf">Volunteers unload bodies of 183 religious cultists</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-26-1978-spokesman-review-jim.html">Text]</a><br />
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November 26, 1978, The Sunday Register [Shrewsbury, N.J.] - AP, <a href="http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1970-1979/1978/1978.11.26.pdf">Death toll reaches 910</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-26-1978-spokesman-review-jim.html">Text]</a><br />
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November 26, 1978, The Sunday Register - AP, page A2, <a href="http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1970-1979/1978/1978.11.26.pdf">Volunteers unload bodies of 183 religious cultists</a> [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/a-tiskit-taskit-ive-got-40-caskets.html">Text]</a><br />
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November 26, 1978, The Sydney Morning Herald - AAP/Reuters, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KZ9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EucDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4024%2C8789194">Suicide-Murder Horror: Another 367 Bodies Found</a>, by David Jones, [Cont. page 32: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KZ9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EucDAAAAIBAJ&pg=880%2C8961052">Grim story from cult death camp</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Sydney Morning Herald - AAP/Reuters, pages 18 & 19, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KZ9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EucDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1175%2C8885897">That Incredible Jones Boy...He Sold Monkeys to Finance a New Religion</a>, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KZ9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EucDAAAAIBAJ&pg=898%2C8917420">Continued page 24</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/that-incredible-jones-boyhe-sold.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page A-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6255%2C3185816">Jonestown Toll at 910; Bodies All Flown Out</a>, <br />
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November 26, 1978, The Toledo Blade - AP, page A-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3802%2C3185935">A Pact With Chaos Kept at Jamestown</a>, by Sid Moody and Victoria Graham, (cont. page 10 as <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7211%2C3226692">Road to Jonestown Mapped Out</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20106303/">Jonestown death count reaches 912</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20106303/">Families ask for aid to return dead</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20106303/">Temple care home faces uncertain future</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20106353/">Bodies of Temple members flood Dover AFB mortuary</a>, by Mary Ellen Haskett, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20106353/">Evidence found during LA raid could link cultists to extortion attempt</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20106353/">Temple massacre survivors still in Guyana</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, page 1A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nt5HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3682%2C1397745">In Guyana Suicides, Death Toll Hits 900</a>, by Leonard Downie, Jr., [continued <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nt5HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=731%2C1316206">page 18-A</a>] <br />
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November 26, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, Editorial, page 4A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nt5HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3492%2C1385052">Guyana Slaughter</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, Opinion, page 4A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nt5HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=916%2C1382773">The Mad, Infantile Search</a>, by George Will,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, page 10A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nt5HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4637%2C1355173">Bodies Continue To Arrive At Dover</a>, <br />
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November 26, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, page 10A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nt5HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=771%2C1354608">Johnstown: A Pact With Chaos</a>, <br />
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November 26, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, page 11A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nt5HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=862%2C1349372">Survivor Says U.S. Was Warned</a>, <br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/146873479.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=By+Alice+Bonner+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&desc=Child+Corpses+Still+Stir+the+Mortuary">Child Corpses Still Stir the Mortuary</a>, by Alice Bonner, 699 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135285532.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=By+Fred+Barbash+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Toll+Reaches+910+As+U.S.+Clears+Jonestown+Camp">Toll Reaches 910 As U.S. Clears Jonestown Camp</a>, by Fred Barbash, Washington Post Staff Writer, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20155.pdf">Weisberg</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post, page A2, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135285552.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A2&desc=In+Today%27s+Washington+Post">In Today's Washington Post</a>,837 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post, page A19, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135285952.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0x9bbf494)&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A19&desc=Survivors+Will+Be+Flown+To+Charleston%2C+Not+Dover">Survivors Will Be Flown To Charleston, Not Dover</a>, 215 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post - UPI, page A19, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Survivors Will Fly to South Carolina</a>, State Lends Air Force Base $25,000,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post, page A20, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135285962.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=By+Leonard+Downie+Jr.+Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A20&desc=Jonestown+Story+Grew+Uglier+With+Each+Chapter">Jonestown Story Grew Uglier With Each Chapter</a>, by Leonard Downie Jr., Washington Post Foreign Service, 2,963 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post, page A21, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Survivor Tells of Suitcase full of Treasure</a>, by Fred Barbash, 385 words [Tim Carter] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">FBI Vol. 5</a>]<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">Jones’ Burial To Be in Indiana</a>,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post, page C1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135286972.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=By+Henry+Allen&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C1&desc=The+Lure+Of+Our+Many+Cults">The Lure Of Our Many Cults</a>, by Henry Allen, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20151.pdf">Weisberg</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-26-1978-washington-post-lure.html">Text</a>] November 26, 1978, The Washington Post, page C6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135287092.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=ARRAY(0x9bbf494)&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C6&desc=Jonestown">Jonestown</a>, by Rev. Maurice Fitzgerald, C.S.P., 256 words<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post, page C6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135287122.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE&type=ARRAY(0x9bbf494)&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=SUSAN+CRUZEN+GUY+Vienna&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C6&desc=Letter+to+the+Editor+3+--+No+Title">Letter to the Editor</a>, by Susan Cruzan Guy, Vienna,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post, page C6, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135287142.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=JOSEPH+WEBB+Washington&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C6&desc=Letter+to+the+Editor+5+--+No+Title">Letter to the Editor 5</a>,, by Joseph Webb,<br />
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November 26, 1978, The Washington Post, page C6, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135287102.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=historic&date=Nov+26%2C+1978&author=JACK+L.+LEVIN+Baltimore&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C6&desc=Letter+to+the+Editor+1+--+No+Title">Letter to the Editor 1</a>, by Jack L. Levin<br />
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November 26, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A-8, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">How Cultists’ Hopes Turned to Fear</a>, by Robert Geline,<br />
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November 26, 1978, Washington Star-News - NYT News Service, page A-8, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Causes of Death Still Uncertain</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Albany [Ga.] Herald - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MmpEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VrIMAAAAIBAJ&dq=tim-carter%20jonestown&pg=5442%2C5650184">Pair Given Cult Cash, Escape</a>, [cont. page 5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MmpEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VrIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4049,5669179&dq=tim-carter+jonestown&hl=en">Carters Relate Cult Cash Tale</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Albany [Ga.] Herald – AP, page 5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MmpEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VrIMAAAAIBAJ&dq=tim-carter%20jonestown&pg=3320%2C5669401">Temple Tied to Moscow</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/u73a">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Marshals Will Shield Cultists From Each Other’s Violence</a>, by Bob Dart,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution – NYT, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Survivors Now Doubt if ‘Dad’ Knew Best</a>, by Jon Nordheimer, <br />
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November 27, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, page 13-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Bodies of 912 Cultists Arrive At Delaware AFB</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution - UPI, page 13-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Guyana Death Scene Left Soldiers Stunned</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779611372.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Letters+to+%27Dad%27+lie+in+the+mud">Letters to 'Dad' lie in the mud</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779611462.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=All+bodies+removed+in+cult+deaths">All bodies removed in cult deaths</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779611482.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=FBI+agents+to+question+returning+cult+survivors">FBI agents to question returning cult survivors</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Boston Globe, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994260202.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=The+search+for+identities+of+the+dead">The search for identities of the dead</a>, 926 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>] <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/ei9h">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Boston Globe, page A7, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994260472.html?FMT=AI&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=George+Esper&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=7&desc=Letters+left+by+dead+tell+of+human+emotion">Letters left by dead tell of human emotion</a>, by George Esper, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Boston Globe, page A8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994260502.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=Henry+Allen&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=8&desc=Jones%27+power+fed+on+dependence">Jones' power fed on dependence</a>, by Henry Allen, 1,828 words [cont. page 9, Isolation made paranoia possible] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Boston Globe - AP, page A9, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Legislator aims at cult funds</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Boston Globe - UPI, page A18, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">JFK film said to show two</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Buffalo Courier Express - AP, page 17, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">All Cult Bodies Back in U.S.; Airlift Ends</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Buffalo Evening News - Knight-Ridder, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Mark Lane: Why Was He in Jonestown?</a>, by Jack Severson,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Charleston New Courier, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Preparations Made For Guyana Survivors</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/45bg">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620494082.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=Timothy+McNulty%3BMichael+Sneed&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Jones%27+death+doctrines+based+on+reincarnation">Jones' death doctrines based on reincarnation</a>, by Timothy McNulty and Michael Sneed, 1.765 words<br />
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November 27, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620494102.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=Peter+Arnett&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Cult+negotiated+to+flee+to+Russia">Cult negotiated to flee to Russia</a>, by Peter Arnett,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620494122.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=James+Coates&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Last+of+Jonestown+bodies--the+children--come+home">Last of Jonestown bodies--the children--come home</a>, by James Coates,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620494312.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=George+de+Lama%3BJoseph+Geshwiler&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=6&desc=Once+well+liked%2C+quiet+boy+now+a+murder+suspect">Once well liked, quiet boy now a murder suspect</a>, by George de Lama and Joseph Geshwiler, [Charles Edward Beikman] <br />
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November 27, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 18, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620494582.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=18&desc=Other+6+--+No+Title">Other 6 -- No Title</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 13, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620494452.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=13&desc=World">World</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Christian Science Monitor, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/185341962.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xbdfcda8)&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Christian+Science+Monitor+(1908-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Jonestown+aftermath+buffets+Guyana">Jonestown aftermath buffets Guyana</a>, Word Count: 585,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Columbia Record, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Survivors’ Families Head for Charleston</a>, by Robert M. Hitt III and Will Lester, <br />
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November 28, 1978, The Columbia Record, page 1-C, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Survivors, 7 Released by Guyana</a>, by Robert M. Hitt III, Staff Writer,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The [Columbia] State, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Felons May Be Aboard Airplane</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, The [Columbia] State, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">U.S. Agents Await Massacre Survivors, Religious Cult Members May Arrive on Tuesday</a>, by Jack L. Truluck, W. Clark Surratt and Mike Clements,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Daily Iowan, page 1, <a href="http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1978/di1978-11-27.pdf">Jonestown clean-up ends</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/oker">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, The Daily Register – AP, page 1, <a href="http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1970-1979/1978/1978.11.27.pdf">Cultists explored exodus to Russia</a>, by Peter Arnett, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/jim-jones-was-friend-of-mine-rabbi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Daily Register – AP, Page 2, <a href="http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1970-1979/1978/1978.11.27.pdf">Grisly task comes to an end</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/jim-jones-was-friend-of-mine-rabbi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Frederick Post, page B-10, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20124.pdf">Pact with chaos: what really happened in Guyana?</a>, by Sid Moody and Victoria Graham, AP Writers.<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20124.pdf">Last bodies returned; ID efforts begin</a>, by Chris Connell, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20124.pdf">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, The Frederick Post - AP, page A2, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20124.pdf">Military task force moves out of Guyana</a>, by Peter Arnett, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/rwmu">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, The Idaho Statesman, page 1-B, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Carter says he has room for his sons</a>, by Tom Grote,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Jackson Daily News – AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">FBI Hopes to Pick Guyana Suspects</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Kentucky New Era, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wQgxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=m-AFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3123%2C3516432">Jonestown Cleanup Is Over; Guyanese Holding Survivors</a>, by Lew Wheaton, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/p9qw">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Police Hold Jonestown Survivors</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/s4de">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/witness-accounts.html">Grandmother Tells Guyana Carnage Escape, Survivors Recover in Puerto Rico</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner - AP, page A-6, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">Jonestown Letters Reveal Guilt</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A-6, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">Note Discovered on Jones' Body</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/s4de">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Last Bodies of Mass Suicide Return to U.S.</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A-3, Peoples Temple Affiliated With the Disciples of Christ<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Brother Forced To Go To Jonestown</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/witness-accounts.html">Mass Suicide Reportedly Used as Blackmail Threat</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Effort to Aid Cult Victims' Kin Launched</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times - AP, page I-30,<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html"> Jones Body to Be Cremated</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A30, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650934592.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A30&desc=Jones%27+Body+to+Be+Cremated">Jones' Body to Be Cremated</a>, 153 words<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650934702.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Last+Bodies+of+Mass+Suicide+Return+to+U.+S.">Last Bodies of Mass Suicide Return to U. S.</a>, 1,194 words<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650933972.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Memo+Shows+Cult%2C+Soviet+Discussed+Move+to+Russia">Memo Shows Cult, Soviet Discussed Move to Russia</a>, 340 words<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A14, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650934442.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=JEFF+PRUGH&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A14&desc=Security+for+70+Returning+Survivors+to+Be+Very+Tight">Security for 70 Returning Survivors to Be Very Tight</a>, by Jeff Prugh, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/gbjr">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times - AP, page A-26, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">Cultists' Notes to 'Dad' Jones Revealed</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times - AP, page A-27, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">Sealed Note Found on Jones' Body, FBI Says</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B26, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650935492.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B26&desc=TELL+OF+TROUBLED+MINDS%2C+BROKEN+HOMES">Tell of Troubled Minds, Broken Homes</a>, Cultists' Notes to 'Dad' Jones Revealed, 630 words<br />
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November 27, 1978, Milwaukee Journal, page 1, Fight Over Boy, 6, Key In Jones Story, [Cont. <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KU4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=5527%2C5079963">Boy</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Milwaukee Journal - AP and UPI, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KU4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=6719%2C5080731">Body Transporters Complete Macabre Task</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Milwaukee Journal, Part II, page 6, AP-UPI Photos: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KU4aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rikEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=5195%2C5180584">Survivors, Bodies Return</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Daily News, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Last jet: 183 bodies in 82 caskets</a>, by Michael Daly,<br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Daily News - AP, page 3, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">U.S. troops pulling out of Guyana</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Daily News, page 19, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Promised land was the jungle; And for 6 kin, the savior was a devil</a>, by John Hamill, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/rxkp">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A13, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30810FD3A5413728DDDAE0A94D9415B888BF1D3">U.S. Explains Policy Toward Sect; Why State Department Knew Little About Colony</a>, by Graham Hovey, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-27-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Times, Note Found on Jones' Body, by Nicholas M. Horrock,<br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A14, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0910FD3A5413728DDDAE0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Toll at Jonestown is Set at 909 by U.S., as Army Pulls Out: Last 183 Bodies Flown Home; Guyana Still Holds Most Survivors</a>, by Joseph B. Treaster, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-27-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Times, page A12, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00C11FD3A5413728DDDAE0A94D9415B888BF1D3">A Second Guyana Cult Is Focus of Dispute; Historical Refuge for Dissidents; Group Imported From Brooklyn Grown Bolder Since Protests Group Claims 7,000 Members</a>, by Carey Winfrey, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-27-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=150;id=mdp.39015036047713;page=root;seq=408;num=388">Note Found on Jones' Body</a>, by Nicholas M. Horrock, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/nbm2">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Times, page A12, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9907E0DC1130E632A25754C2A9679D946990D6CF&ref=guyana">I Never Once Thought He Was Crazy'; Claims of Superiority Unlimited Power in Commune</a>, by Jon Nordheimer, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-27-1978.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Blog</a>] [<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=150;id=mdp.39015036047713;page=root;seq=403;num=383">hathitrust</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Times, page A12, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D11FD3A5413728DDDAE0A94D9415B888BF1D3">70 Survivors From Guyana Due in U. S. Tomorrow; Sect Not Under Investigation Agency's Role Explained</a>, by Wayne King, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-27-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Times, page A12, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D11FD3A5413728DDDAE0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Jones and 3 in Family Are to Be Buried at Sea</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-27-1978.html">Text</a>] <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">[Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Times, page A13, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/charles-garry.html">Sect Lawyer Explains Role In Custody Fight Over Boy</a>, by Wallace Turner, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-27-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Times, page A14, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C11FD3A5413728DDDAE0A94D9415B888BF1D3">Guyana Did Autopsies on Some Victims, U.S. Reports Cause of Death Could Be Hidden</a>, by Lawrence K. Altman, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-27-1978.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, New York Times - UPI, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D11FD3A5413728DDDAE0A94D9415B888BF1D3">9 New Yorkers Learn Nothing of Kin in Sect</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-27-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Palm Beach Post - UPI, page C5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=atoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4326%2C5254616">Recovery Team Burns Contaminated Clothes</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-27-1978-palm-beach-post.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Palm Beach Post - UPI, page C5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=atoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6086%2C5252552">Jones Had Considered Taking Cult to Russia</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-27-1978-palm-beach-post.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Palm Beach Post - AP, page C5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=atoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6189%2C5255088">FBI Will Quiz Cult Survivors On Ryan Death</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-27-1978-palm-beach-post.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Palm Beach Post - AP, page C5, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=atoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z8wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2352%2C5252879">Letters to ‘Dad’; Journals of Jonestown Dead Lay in Mud</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/09/nov-27-1978-palm-beach-post.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - NYT, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iX9IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PW0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=7137%2C5144592">Jonestown Has Many Precedents</a>, by Boyce Rensberger, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-27-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iX9IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PW0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3534%2C5116484">Cult Bodies All Back, U.S. Forces Pull Out</a>, [<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iX9IAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PW0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4439%2C5144624">Continued page 7</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Prescott Courier - AP, Page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pbhjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=blQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7164%2C21276187">Jones discussed transplanting cult to Russia</a>, by Peter Arnett, AP Special Correspondent, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-high-road-from-cuyuni-mazaruni.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Prescott Courier - AP, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pbhjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=blQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6939%2C21340324">Last of cult bodies returned, Gayanese authorities still detain survivors</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Guyana Mercy Mission Ends – FBI to Question Survivors</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 4, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/larry-layton.html">How the Temple Shattered a Family; Jones Lured Son, Mother</a>, by Stephen Hall,<br />
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November 27, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 4, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">Jones’ Body Won't Go Home,</a><br />
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November 27, 1978, San Francisco Examiner - AP, page 9, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">Letters to Jones -- legacies of guilt</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, San Francisco Examiner - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Grieving minister: We marched together</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/charles-garry.html">Lawyer aims to keep holdings of Peoples Temple from state</a>, by Annie Nakao,<br />
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November 27, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">Police; Jones did kill himself</a>, by John Jacobs, Staff Writer,<br />
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November 27, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, The Thriller Novel by Leo Ryan, by Bill Workman,<br />
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November 27, 1978, San Jose Mercury News, page 17A, <a href="http://www.maebrussell.com/Jonestown/Jim%20Jones%20in%20Brazil.html">Jones lived well, kept to himself during mysterious Brazil stay</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mae-brussell.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, page 5, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Troops in Guyana body cleanup burn uniforms</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Toledo Blade - L.A. Times/WaPo News Service, page 6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9zxPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7140%2C4429559">Fight For Boy Linked to Guyana Deaths</a>, Parents' Struggle Called Key Factor in Ryan Visit, by Karen DeYoung and Paul Grabowicz, <br />
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November 27, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, page A1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n95HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2897%2C1037562">U.S. Force Pulling Out; Guyana Task Ends</a>, [Continued: <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n95HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4617%2C990140">Task, page 10A</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, page 8A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n95HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1785,1000762&dq=jonestown&hl=en">Nicaragua Outposts Hit,</a><br />
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November 27, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, page 9A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n95HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=836%2C996875">Bodies Brought to U.S. Exceed 900</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, page 9A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n95HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=1871%2C997703">In Jonestown, Letters to 'Dad'</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, page 9A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n95HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=3200%2C998241">Note Found on Body of Jones</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Victoria Advocate - AP, page 9A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=n95HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FIAMAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4959%2C998258">FBI Ready for Probe in Death</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Village Voice, page 1, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20025.pdf">Cult Politics Comes of Age</a>, by Alexander Cockburn and James Ridgeway, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-27-1978-village-voice-cult-politics.html">Blog</a>] <br />
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November 27, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20107172/">Jones considered Soviet move</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20107172">SF mayor is killed</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/qpjk">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20107172/">If government had listened, 'Mass suicide could have been avoided'</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20107247/">Charleston awaits the arrival of Jonestown survivors</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20107247/">List of 75 survivors reported by KRON-TV</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 4, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20107332/">The Jonestown Horror: A reprise</a>, by Alvin B. Webb, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135291442.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Suicides+Called+%27Punishment%27">Suicides Called 'Punishment'</a>, by Karen DeYoung and Paul Grabowicz, Special to The Washington Post [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-27-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] 1,413 words [<a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=150;id=mdp.39015036047713;page=root;seq=405;num=385">hathitrust</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135291432.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=By+Fred+Barbash+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=GIs+Fly+Home+After+Clearing+Cult%27s+Camp">GIs Fly Home After Clearing Cult's Camp</a>, by Fred Barbash, Washington Post Staff Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-27-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Blog</a>] 850 words<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Washington Post, page A16, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135291772.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A16&desc=Guyana+Cultists+Bared+Feelings+to+Jones+in+Letters+to+%27Dad%27">Guyana Cultists Bared Feelings to Jones in Letters to 'Dad'</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-27-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Washington, page A18, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135291812.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A18&desc=Note+Is+Found+On+Jones%27+Body">Note Is Found On Jones' Body</a><br />
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November 27, 1978, The Washington Post, page A19, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135291832.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0x9bbf494)&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=By+Alice+Bonner+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A19&desc=Airlift+of+Victims%27+Bodies+To+Dover+Is+Completed">Airlift of Victims' Bodies To Dover Is Completed</a>, by Alice Bonner, Washington Post Staff Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-27-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Washington Post, page A19, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135291842.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=By+Alice+Bonner+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A19&desc=Puzzlement%2C+Frustration+for+Remnants+of+a+Family">Puzzlement, Frustration for Remnants of a Family</a>, by Alice Bonner, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-27-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Family Info</a>] <br />
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November 27, 1978, The Washington Post, page A19, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135291852.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=By+Stacy+JolnaSpecial+to+The+Washington+Post.&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A19&desc=Ex-Backers+Picket+Moon+At+Boston+Science+Parley">Ex-Backers Picket Moon At Boston Science Parley</a>, by Stacy Jolna, Special to The Washington Post,<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Washington Post, page A23, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135292092.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=ARRAY(0xd30cbd8)&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=William+Raspberry&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A23&desc=%27Some+Tragedies+Cannot+be+Prevented%27">'Some Tragedies Cannot be Prevented'</a>, by William Raspberry,[<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-27-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, The Washington Post, page C1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/135292422.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+27%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C1&desc=Cult+Deaths+Arouse+Strong+Feelings">Cult Deaths Arouse Strong Feelings</a>, by James Lardner and Loretta Tofani, Staff Writers, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-27-1978-washington-post.html">Text</a>] [Weisberg: <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20176.pdf">Cult Deaths Arouse Strong Feelings, Interviewees Voice Concern for Young, Suspicion of Eccentric Groups</a>]<br />
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November 27, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A-1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">All Bodies Back In the U.S., Await Identification</a>, by Jeremiah O'Leary,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A-9, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Long, Slow Body Identification Process Begins</a>, by Jeremiah O'Leary, Staff Writer,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A-8, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-3-general.html">Cult Affiliation Embarrasses Disciples Church, Which May Cut Ties With Any Such Group</a>, by William F. Willoughby<br />
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November 27, 1978, Wilmington Morning Star, page 2-A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FrssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=5438%2C6129483">Sealed note adds to Jones mystery</a>,<br />
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November 27, 1978, Wilmington Morning Star - AP, page 3-A,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FrssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6809%2C6133943"> Gruesome job is finally over in Jonestown</a>,<a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/v21e"> diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Wilmington Morning Star, page 1-C, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FrssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6282%2C6196306">By Death Possessed: A Prophet, a Cult And Mass Madness in Guyana Jungle</a><br />
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November 27, 1978, Wilmington Morning Star, page 1-C, Opinion, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FrssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=2946%2C6196455">Jonestown Has Many Precedents</a>, by Boyce Rensberger, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Wilmington Morning Star, page 2-D, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FrssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LxMEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4437%2C6238155">Operation Guyana; Worst assignment ever for 100 from Fort Bragg</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/wmyc">diigo</a>, <br />
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November 27, 1978, Youngstown Vindicator - AP, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8gFJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8oIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2930,5797663&dq=tim-carter+jonestown&hl=en">Jones, Soviet Discussed Moving Cult To Russia</a>,<br />
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November 28, 1978, Afro-American, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">250 children among 900 Jonestown victims</a>,<br />
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November 28, 1978, The Age, page 6, Suicides May Be Cremated,<br />
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November 28, 1978, Associated Press, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">Letter tells of suicide rehearsal</a>,<br />
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November 28, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, page 12-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Tension Stalks Guyana Hotel</a>, by Jack Jones, Special to the Constitution,<br />
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November 28, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Only The Horror Lives On In Jim Jones' Village</a>, by Joe Nordheimer,<br />
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November 28, 1978, Boston Herald, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20053.pdf">The Column; Unmaking of phantom-fight Lane</a>, by George Higgins, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/acp4">diigo</a><br />
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November 28, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779613152.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=MURIEL+DOBBIN&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=San+Francisco+mayor+%2C+official+are+killed%3B+ex-supervisor+held">San Francisco mayor , official are killed; ex-supervisor held</a>, by Muriel Dobbin,<br />
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November 28, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779613252.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=80+await+probe+role+in+Guyana">80 await probe role in Guyana</a>,<br />
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November 28, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779613542.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Thumbnail+sketches+of+men+involved+in+San+Francisco+killings">Thumbnail sketches of men involved in San Francisco killings</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A19, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779614182.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=Jim+Bock&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=A+Tropical+Graveyard+Torpid+and+Remote">A Tropical Graveyard Torpid and Remote</a>, by Jim Bock,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A19, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779614172.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=John+C+Boland&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Death+and+Zealotry+Walk+Together">Death and Zealotry Walk Together</a>, by John C Boland,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A19, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779614162.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=Stephen+J+Vicchio&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Recreating+Masada%3F">Recreating Masada?</a>, by Stephen J Vicchio,<br />
November 28, 1978, Boston Globe, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994262222.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=Fred+Mann&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Mayor+of+San+Francisco+is+slain">Mayor of San Francisco is slain; 2nd official also killed; ex-city supervisor is held</a>, by Fred Mann [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Boston Globe, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994262232.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=Cathy+Trost&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=%27What+will+happen+next%3F%27">'What will happen next?'</a>, by Cathy Trost, 585 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Boston Globe - AP, page 6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994262462.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=6&desc=80+from+cult+await+decision">80 from cult await decision</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Boston Globe - UPI, page A8, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">He lived, died as a crusader</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Boston Globe - UPI, page A8, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Milk Called Progressive</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Boston Globe, page A19, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">…and one parent knows his child could kill</a>, by Mike Barnicle, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Boston Globe, page A19, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994262932.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=19&desc=Lost+in+the+jungle+of+a+ruinous+religion">Lost in the jungle of a ruinous religion</a>, by George F. Will, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620497572.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=Michael+Sneed%3BTimothy+McNulty&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=How+nine+escaped+Guyana+jungle+hell">How nine escaped Guyana jungle hell</a>, by Michael Sneed and Timothy McNulty,<br />
November 28, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620497612.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=Sean+Toolan&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=2+from+area+among+Guyana+dead">2 from area among Guyana dead</a>, by Sean Toolan,<br />
November 28, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620497642.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Probe+origin+of+note+in+Jim+Jones%27+pocket">Probe origin of note in Jim Jones' pocket</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 10, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620497862.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=10&desc=U.+S.+awaiting+cult+survivors">U. S. awaiting cult survivors</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 14, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620497992.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=14&desc=Other+5+--+No+Title">Other 5 -- No Title</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Columbia Record, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">'It's Been Like a Bad Dream</a>, by Will Lester, Record Staff Writer,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Columbia Record, page 1-C, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Survivors, 7 Released by Guyana</a>, by Robert M. Hitt III, Staff Writer,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Columbia State - AP, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Decision Expected on Which Survivors Can Return Home</a>, by George Esper,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Columbia State, page 1-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Port Confirmed as Destination of Survivors</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Columbia State, page 7-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">National Attention Focuses on Base In Charleston</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Columbia State - AP, page 7-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">Contents of Note Found On Jones' Body Released</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Fredericks Post, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20148.pdf">Guyana police quiz 3 survivors</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Fredericks Post, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20148.pdf">FBI releases Jones' note</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Lodi News-Sentinel, page 6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JpQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OjIHAAAAIBAJ&dq=tim-carter%20jonestown&pg=7051%2C2993110">Jim Jones 'endorsements'</a>, by Nick Thimmesch,<br />
November 28, 1978, Lodi News-Sentinel - UPI, page 8, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JpQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OjIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=7126,3001217&dq=tim-carter+jonestown&hl=en">Guyana Launches Jonestown Probe</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Actuality of Death Gone but Feel Is Everywhere</a>, by Jerry Belcher,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650940702.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Doctor+Among+Cult+Dead">Doctor Among Cult Dead</a>, 91 words<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650940972.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A3&desc=Bodies+of+Moscone%2C+Milk+to+Lie+in+State+in+S.+F.+City+Hall">Bodies of Moscone, Milk to Lie in State in S. F. City Hall</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A10, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650941012.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=DAVID+JOHNSTON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A10&desc=The+Shock+Was+Too+Deep+for+Tears">The Shock Was Too Deep for Tears</a>, by David Johnston,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A-14, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Phone Numbers For Kin</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A-14, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">FBI Releases Text of Letter Found on Jones</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times - UPI, page A18, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">Brother Forced to Go to Jonestown, Man Says</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A22, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650941222.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=GEORGE+SKELTON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A22&desc=Moscone+Showed+No+Fear+for+His+Personal+Safety">Moscone Showed No Fear for His Personal Safety</a>, by George Skelton,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650941412.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=JERRY+BECHER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=JONESTOWN+FIRST+HAND">Jonestown First Hand</a>, by Jerry Belcher,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650941472.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=DAVID+JOHNSTON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=CROWDS+LINE+UP+IN+DRY-EYED+VIGIL">Crowds Line Up in Dry-Eyed Vigil</a>, by David Johnston,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650941482.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=GEORGE+SKELTON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Politics+Was+a+Gentleman%27s+Game+for+Mayor">Politics Was a Gentleman's Game for Mayor</a>, by George Skelton,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650941392.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=WILLIAM+ENDICOTT&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=S.+F.+MAYOR+GEORGE+MOSCONE+SLAIN">S. F. Mayor George Moscone Slain</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B3, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650941582.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=MIKE+GOODMAN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B3&desc=Writer+Had+Been+Sounding+Warning+on+Jonestown+for+Months">Writer Had Been Sounding Warning on Jonestown for Months</a>, by Mike Goodman,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B14, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650941872.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=RONALD+J+OSTROW&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B14&desc=APPARENTLY+CULTIST+NOTE">Apparently Cultist Note</a>, by Ronald J. Ostrow,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B14, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650941862.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B14&desc=Guyana+to+Decide+Which+of+80+Temple+Survivors+Will+Be+Held">Guyana to Decide Which of 80 Temple Survivors Will Be Held</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B17, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650941942.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B17&desc=CONSIDERED+SOVIET+COLONY">Considered Soviet Colony</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B18, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650942002.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B18&desc=Brother+Forced+to+Go+to+Jonestown%2C+Man+Says">Brother Forced to Go to Jonestown, Man Says</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page C5, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650942962.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=BILL+FARR&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=C5&desc=Flood+of+Letters+Praised+Temple+Leader">Flood of Letters Praised Temple Leader</a>, by Bill Farr,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page C6, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650943012.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=C6&desc=San+Francisco%3A+From+Guyana...">San Francisco: From Guyana</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page C7, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650943122.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=WARREN+OLNEY&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=C7&desc=The+Good+Fortune+of+Knowing+2+Honorable+Men">The Good Fortune of Knowing 2 Honorable Men</a>, by Warren Olney,<br />
November 28, 1978, Memphis Press Scimitar, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Lawyer Lane Says 'Gift' of Kool-Aid Is Threat on Life</a>, by Ken Garland,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Miami News – AP, page A1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=4708%2C3780084">San Francisco mourns mayor, gay official slain in City Hall,</a> [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/nov-28-1978-miami-news.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Miami News – N.Y. Times News Service. Page A1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=5559%2C3780218">Jones began to control lives of followers</a>, by Robert Lindsey, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/nov-28-1978-miami-news.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Miami News – Washington Star, page 4A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=3272%2C4377277">The FBI’s undercover dilemma</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/nov-28-1978-miami-news.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Miami News – Combined Miami News Services, page 8A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=908%2C3811890">Cult survivors screened before return to U.S</a>., [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/nov-28-1978-miami-news.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Miami News, page 4D, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=926%2C4496185">Lax security leaves local officials unprotected</a>, by Verne Williams and Bill Gjebre, Miami News Reporters, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/nov-28-1978-miami-news.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Miami News – Cox News Service, page 8A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=3307%2C3811610">Jonestown survivors hated life in commune</a>, by Jack Jones, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/nov-28-1978-miami-news.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Miami News – Combined Miami News Services, page 8A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=908%2C3811890">Cult survivors screened before return to U.S</a>., [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/nov-28-1978-miami-news.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Miami News – N.Y. Times News Service, page 8A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=4652%2C4394961">Lawyer talks of ‘mad’ client</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/nov-28-1978-miami-news.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Miami News – AP, page 8A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=3396%2C4394967">A follower’s last message to his crazed cult leader</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/nov-28-1978-miami-news.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Miami News, Letters, page 12A, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Do0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-sFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=6056%2C3829508">Guyana’s lesson</a>, by Manuel A. Diaz,<br />
November 28, 1978, Montreal Gazette, page 1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YAMuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XaEFAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=1912%2C1366982">Frisco mayor slain in city hall shooting</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Montreal Gazette - AP- UPI, page 2, Soviets Hinted At Home For Jones' Cult Commune, <br />
November 28, 1978, Monterey Peninsula Herald, <a href="http://www.maebrussell.com/Jonestown/L.A.%20Journalist%20Lindsay%20in%20Hiding.html">L.A. Freelance Journalist, Now in Hiding, Tried to Inform the World About Jonestown</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-28-1978-monterey-peninsula.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Morning Record and Journal - UPI, page 14, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=07hHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=c_8MAAAAIBAJ&dq=tim-carter%20jonestown&pg=1549%2C5276469">Officials reveal no trace found of 'death teams'</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The New Mexican - AP, page A2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/3545780/">Cult survivors may come home tonight</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/07i6">diigo</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Daily News, page 34, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Identification hinges on MD, dental records</a>, by Michael Daly,<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A13, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70A17FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Suicide Note Disclosed; Note Is Found With Jones's Body A Letter Alleging Bondage Congressman Requests Data</a>, by Nicholas M. Horrock, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times, pages A1, A14, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A17FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Memory of Pain Haunting; A Quiet Playground Jonestown, a Village of the Dead, Awaits a Second and Final Death</a>, by Jon Nordheimer, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times, page A1, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A17FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Suspect Sought Job; Moscone Had Been Asked to Reappoint Him as a Board Member; Replacement Chosen</a>, by Wallace Turner, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times, page A12, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D14FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">First Cultists Freed, but Many Expected to Be Held</a>, by Joseph B. Treaster, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times, A12, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30D14FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Delaware Coroner Is Ready to Investigate Cult Deaths; 29 Bodies Identified No Death Certificates No Information on Inquiries</a>, by Lawrence K. Altman, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times, page A12, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20D14FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Another Evacuation Plan</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times, page A13, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Delaware Aide Says He'd Do Autopsies; Medical Examiner Is Prepared to Investigate Death of the Cult Leader and Other Victims</a>, by Lawrence K. Altman,<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times, page A13, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70D14FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Desolate Scene Found at Ruined Jonestown Schoolhouse; Books and Pictures Hint at How Cult Taught Its Young</a>, by Carey Winfrey, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times, Page A14, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C14FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Fringe Religions Find Fertile Soil in United States; Origins in Earlier Movements Definitions a Problem</a>, by Kenneth A. Briggs, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times - AP, Page A14, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20C14FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Soviet Official Is Said to Have Met Twice With Top Aides of Cult Leader; Custody Hearing for Child</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times, page A22, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30814FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Letters; Jonestown and the 'Ravages of Brainwashing'</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times, page B12, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B15FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Harvey Milk, Led Coast Homosexual-Rights Fight; He Defeated 16 Others</a>, by John M. Crewdson, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times - AP, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D14FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Comparing His Church With Cult Irks Moon</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, New York Times - AP, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C14FA3A5413728DDDA10A94D9415B888BF1D3">Cult Members Wanted Coast Inquiry Dropped</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-28-1978.html">Text</a>] <br />
November 28, 1978, The Oakland Tribune - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Decision due on return of survivors</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Oakland Tribune, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/3-family-information-and-inquiry.html">A father's reaction to slaying</a>, by Jim Johnson, Staff Writer,<br />
November 28, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">The Temple's Rehearsals for Mass Suicide</a>, by Ron Javers,<br />
December 18, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle - Reuters, page 2, <a href="http://www.maebrussell.com/Jonestown/700%20Temple%20Dead%20Were%20Murdered.html">700 Temple Dead Were 'Murdered'</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 4, <a href="http://www.maebrussell.com/Jonestown/Layton%20a%20Robot.html">'Robot' Behavior of Ryan Murder Suspect</a>, by Stephen Hall, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/04/larry-robot.html">text</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">Grim Evidence of the slaughter in Guyana</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">At Jonestown- struggled to die, Narcotics paved the way for the suicides</a>, by Jim Wills,<br />
November 28, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 5, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/more-fbi-news-articles.html">On the scene at Jonestown- a nightmare</a>, by Jim Willse,<br />
November 28, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 5, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">On the scene at Jonestown- a nightmare</a>, by Jim Willse,<br />
December 28, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, How Jones Used Drugs, by Peter King,<br />
November 28, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, page 11, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">U.S. hazy on return of cult survivors</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Star-Phoenix - AP, page 4, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ioRkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xn8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=4992%2C3855623">Jonestown survivors to return to U.S.</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Sunday Times-Sentinel - UPI, Suitcase Puts Another Twist To Bizarre Tale,<br />
November 28, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20107845/">Secret Service investigating Temple 'hit list'</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20107845/">Ross Case: The man who brought Jones to Ukiah</a>, by Mitchell Landsberg, Journal Staff Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20107845/">Tuesday from the desk</a>, by Jim Garner, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal - UPI, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20107870/">Note found on Jones' body released</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 3, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20107920/">Meanderings</a>, by Mark Raymond, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 4, Editorial, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20107953">Guaranteed rights vs. fanaticism—The dilemma faced by our country</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Washington Post, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20150.pdf">Nixon: Jones Offered ‘Something to Believe In,’</a> by Ronald Koven,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137149612.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=By+Fred+Barbash+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Fear+and+Suspicion+Split+Jonestown+Survivors">Fear and Suspicion Split Jonestown Survivors</a>, by Fred Barbash, Washington Post Staff Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/2-survivors-witness-accounts.html">Witness Accounts</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137149602.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=San+Francisco+Mayor%2C+Official+Slain">San Francisco Mayor, Official Slain</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Washington Post, page A14, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137150052.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A14&desc=Guyana+Still">Guyana Still</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Washington Post, page A22, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137150382.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A22&desc=Jones+Cabin+Contains+Large+Store+of+Sedatives">Jones Cabin Contains Large Store of Sedatives</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Washington Post, page A22, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137150372.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=By+Alice+Bonner+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A22&desc=U.S.+Officials+Are+Not+Probing+Death+of+Rev.+Jones">U.S. Officials Are Not Probing Death of Rev. Jones</a>, by Alice Bonner, [Blog]<br />
November 28, 1978, The Washington Post - L.A. Times, page A23, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">Woman Apparently Wrote Jones Note</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, The Washington Post, page C1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137150962.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=ARRAY(0xd30cbd8)&date=Nov+28%2C+1978&author=RICHARD+COHEN&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C1&desc=Auschwitz+Survivor+Understands+Jonestown">Auschwitz Survivor Understands Jonestown</a>, by Richard Cohen,<br />
November 28, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A-4, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Chance to Get Angry at Mark Lane Helped Preserve Reason</a>, by Mary McGrory, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20039.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 28, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">Cultists' Letters Tell of Feelings About Rev. Jones</a>,<br />
November 28, 1978, Washington Star-News, page A-7, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Hundreds of Bodies From Guyana May Never Be Identified</a>, by Duncan Spencer,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779615422.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=MURIEL+DOBBIN&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=San+Francisco+mourns+for+its+slain+mayor%2C+supervisor">San Francisco mourns for its slain mayor, supervisor</a>, by Muriel Dobbin,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779615472.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=First+survivors+of+Jonestown+tragedy+to+return+to+U.S.+today%3B+others+must+wait">First survivors of Jonestown tragedy to return to U.S. today; others must wait</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, Boston Globe <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994265272.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=25&desc=Jonestown+question+Mark+Lane+must+answer">Jonestown question Mark Lane must answer</a>, by Mary McGrory, [838 words] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Boston Globe, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994265062.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=19&desc=physician%27s+body+identified">physician's body identified</a>, Word Count: 68 [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Boston Globe, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994265052.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=RACHELLE+PATTERSON&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=19&desc=US+is+urged+not+to+pay+Guyana+cost">US is urged not to pay Guyana cost</a>, by Rachelle Patterson, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Boston Globe, page 14, Suspect charged in Calif. Murders, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Boston Globe, page 14, A stickler for tradition; Dan White had pledged law and order, by Fred Mann, Globe Staff [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Boston Globe, page 24, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994265232.html?FMT=AI&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=DAVID+FREUDBERG&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=24&desc=LETTERS+TO+THE+EDITOR">Letters to the Editor</a>, by David Freudberg, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Boston Globe - UPI, page 19, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994265072.html?FMT=AI&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=(UPI+photo)&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=19&desc=Photo+Standalone+2+--+No+Title">Photo Standalone 2 -- No Title</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620500452.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=Michael+Sneed%3BTimothy+McNulty&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Jonestown%27s+aged--special+victims">Jonestown's aged--special victims</a>, by Michael Sneed and Timothy McNulty,<br />
November 29, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620500392.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=Michael+Sneed%3BTimothy+McNulty&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Mental+aid+urged+for+ex-cultists">Mental aid urged for ex-cultists</a>, by Michael Sneed and Timothy McNulty,<br />
November 29, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page D2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620502482.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=Nick+Thimmesch&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=D2&desc=A+vulture+named+Mark+Lane+circles+over+Guyana%27s+dead">A vulture named Mark Lane circles over Guyana's dead</a>, by Nick Thimmesch,<br />
November 29, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page D2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620502642.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=Mary+McGrory&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=D4&desc=How+can+we+help+Cambodia%3F">How can we help Cambodia?</a>, by Mary McGrory,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Christian Science Monitor, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/185344702.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xbdfcda8)&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Christian+Science+Monitor+(1908-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=When+a+changing+world+shatters+traditions">When a changing world shatters traditions</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Christian Science Monitor, page 28, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/185345152.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xbdfcda8)&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Christian+Science+Monitor+(1908-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=28&desc=Checking+violence">Checking violence</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Columbia Record, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Charleston Base To House Cult Survivors</a>, by Robert M. Hirt III and Will Lester, Record Staff Writers,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Columbia State, page 1A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">N.Y. Re-Entry Point for First Survivors</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Cornell Daily Sun - AP, <a href="http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19781129&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------#">Suspect Indicted in Mayor's Killing, Could Get Death</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/dcwe">diigo</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Daily Register – AP, <a href="http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1970-1979/1978/1978.11.29.pdf">Woman tells about the Rev. James Jones</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/jim-jones-was-friend-of-mine-rabbi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Knoxville Journal - AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20181.pdf">Lane cites plot to kill cult’s critics</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mixed-bag.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Guyanese to Reveal Plans for Mass Suicide Survivors</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">Cult Members' Letters To Their 'Dad'</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, Los Angeles Herald Examiner, page A1, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">Jones Note Appears To Be Woman's Suicide Message</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B7, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650948562.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B7&desc=7+Elderly+Survivors+Prepare+to+Leave+Guyana">7 Elderly Survivors Prepare to Leave Guyana</a>, [<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650948562.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B7&desc=7+Elderly+Survivors+Prepare+to+Leave+Guyana">pqarchiver</a>] 1,043 words,<br />
November 29, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650947642.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=CULT+SHOULD+REIMBURSE+U.+S.%2C+LAWMAKER+SAYS">Cult Should Reimburse U.S., Lawmakers Says</a>, Word Count: 107<br />
November 29, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B7, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650948572.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B7&desc=%27HOUSE+OF+ISRAEL%27">'House of Israel</a>’, Fugitive's Cult in Guyana Flourishes, Word Count: 465<br />
November 29, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page SD9, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650950312.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=COLMAN+McCARTHY&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=SD9&desc=The+Jonestown+Massacre%3A+Don%27t+Try+to+Explain+It">The Jonestown Massacre: Don't Try to Explain It</a>,, by Colman McCarthy, Word Count: 691<br />
November 29, 1978, Memphis Commercial Appeal, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Lane Tells Cult's Murder Plans</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Montreal Gazette - Chicago Tribune, page 15,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YQMuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XaEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7215%2C926945"> 'Laid Back' San Francisco Reels Under Yet Another Horror</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Montreal Gazette - AP, page 15, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YQMuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XaEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5564%2C926844">Slain Man Leaves Call to ‘Come Out’</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Montreal Gazette, page 17, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YQMuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XaEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3811%2C914594">Lawsuits predicted by medical expert</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Montreal Gazette - UPI, page 17, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YQMuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XaEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5818%2C914846">U.S. agency probes possible cult hit list</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Montreal Gazette - UPI, page 17, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YQMuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XaEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7159%2C914900">Jonestown: What Next?</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Montreal Gazette - UPI, page 23, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YQMuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XaEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7068%2C885560">Bad news for stoolies: The FBI is going undercover</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, NBC News, <a href="http://www.nbcuniversalarchives.com/nbcuni/clip/5112574069_s11.do">Jonestown Survivors May Have to Deal with Severe Mental Strains</a>, Stock Footage, 8:18,<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Daily News, page 2, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">Guyana survivors tell of horror, await flight</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">FBI Vol. 5</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times, page A1, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10F1EFA3A5413728DDDA00A94D9415B888BF1D3">2 Deaths Mourned by San Franciscans; 25,000 Pay Tribute at City Hall to Slain Mayor and Supervisor</a>, by Les Ledbetter, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20F1EFA3A5413728DDDA00A94D9415B888BF1D3">Letters to 'Dad': Portrait Of Cult's Faith and Fear; 'For Dad's Eyes Only' 'I Rather Obay'</a>, by Carey Winfrey, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times - AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20114.pdf">Mark Lane Fears He Is in Danger Because of Connection With Cult</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mixed-bag.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20114.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times - Reuters, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F5071EFA3A5413728DDDA00A94D9415B888BF1D3">Secret Service Checking Reports That Cult Planned to Kill Officials</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F6071EFA3A5413728DDDA00A94D9415B888BF1D3">U.S. May Seek Funds From Cult</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
<a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F6071EFA3A5413728DDDA00A94D9415B888BF1D3"></a><br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4071EFA3A5413728DDDA00A94D9415B888BF1D3">Pravda Asserts the Dead Were Striving for Justice</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times, page A15, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F1071EFA3A5413728DDDA00A94D9415B888BF1D3">Cult Leader Is Said to Have Reneged on College Education Promises</a>,, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F0071EFA3A5413728DDDA00A94D9415B888BF1D3">Parent Church Is Chagrined By Evolution of Jones's Cult; May Be 'Little Touchier</a>', by George Vecsey, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times, page A-16, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/rymur-vol-3-3-general.html">Jones' Parent Church Asks, What Now?</a>, by George Vecsey,<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times, page A17, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F0061EFA3A5413728DDDA00A94D9415B888BF1D3">Bodies Said to Pose No Risk to Public: A Health Official in Delaware Says Corpses of 912 Cult Members Will Not Spread Disease</a>, by Lawrence K. Altman, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-29-1978.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F7071EFA3A5413728DDDA00A94D9415B888BF1D3">Doctor Sees Danger in Cult Survivors' Deep Despair; 6 More Members Released</a>, by Joseph B. Treaster, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times, page A22, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E1FFA3A5413728DDDA00A94D9415B888BF1D3">Ex-Aide Held in Moscone Killing Ran as a Crusader Against Crime</a>, by William Carlsen, [<a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/05/new-york-times-november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=150;id=mdp.39015036047713;page=root;seq=410;num=390">Consular Officers: Babysitters, Etc</a>. by Graham Hovey,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Oakland Tribune - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Mark Lane says cultists have murder 'master plan'</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Observer-Reporter - AP, page A-1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L_RdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=el8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1816%2C4408073">White Charged with 2 Murders</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Observer-Reporter - AP, page A-2, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L_RdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=el8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2175%2C4411804">White Will Still Receive Medal</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Observer-Reporter, page A-4, Op-Ed, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L_RdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=el8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1778%2C4421162">Mark Lane Will Squeeze Profit From the Tragedy of Jonestown</a>, by Nick Thimmesch, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Observer-Reporter - AP, page A-11, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L_RdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=el8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1288%2C4453065">Jonestown: Survivors eagerly Await Return to States</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Observer-Reporter - AP, page A-11, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L_RdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=el8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1960%2C4451209">FBI Identifies Body of Temple Physician</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Observer-Reporter - AP, page A-11, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L_RdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=el8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1960%2C4451209">Cult May Have Had 'Hit List'</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Ottawa Citizen - AP, page 129, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ue4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ie4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=1237%2C5984642">Cult suicide fault of U.S. life--Soviets</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Ottawa Citizen - AP, page 129, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ue4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ie4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=2938%2C5984669">Nixon: Jones 'very insane'</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Pittsburgh Press - UPI, page A-4,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o0UuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MlkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4501%2C6697595"> FBI Questions Await Jonestown Survivors</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Pittsburgh Press - UPI, page A-8,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o0UuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MlkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6990%2C6715738"> Witness Bares $50,000 Offer To Kill King</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Pittsburgh Press - UPI, page A-9,<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o0UuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MlkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5198%2C6719939"> SF Slay Suspect Granted Delay In Arraignment</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-29-1978.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, page 20, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/07/volume-8-massacre.html">Knockout drops in temple death drink</a>, by Peter H. King,<br />
November 29, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Fund for relatives of victims</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Relatives urged to send medical data</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">7 survivors barely make flight home</a>, by John Jacobs,<br />
November 29, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle - AP, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Lane Thinks He May Be a Target</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">U.S. May Use Temple Money to Pay Body Shipping Costs</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Correction on Phone Numbers</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, San Jose Mercury News, page 1, <a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7vznbSCk1lcJ:www.maebrussell.com/Jonestown/Mystery%2520of%2520Jones,%2520SJM,%252011-29-78.html+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Toward the end, Jones slipped from reality into fantasy world,</a> by Pete Carey, Staff Writer, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/yuca">diigo</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Jones counsel fears his life now in danger</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20108528/">Wednesday from the desk</a>, by Jim Garner, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/yvtk">diigo</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20108528/">Lack of medical, dental records hampering ID of Temple bodies</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20108528/">Anthony Katsaris recovering from Guyana ambush wounds</a>, by Kathy Hunter, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 1, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20108528/">Final Guyana body count 911</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 3, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#20108594">News media representatives flood Ukiah in wake of People’s Temple massacre</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Washington Post, page A-18, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/146866177.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=By+Warren+Brown+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&desc=Uncertainty+Surrounds+Survivors+of+Jonestown">Uncertainty Surrounds Survivors of Jonestown</a>, by Warren Brown, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">FBI Vol. 5</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Washington Post, page A-18, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137152622.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=By+Leonard+Downie+Jr.+Washington+Post+Foreign+Service&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A18&desc=Jonestown+Survivors+Begin+Trip+Home">Jonestown Survivors Begin Trip Home</a>, by Leonard Downie Jr.,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Washington Post, page A2, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137152112.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A2&desc=Lane+Tells+of+Cultist+Plan+To+Kill+Top+U.S.+Officials">Lane Tells of Cultist Plan To Kill Top U.S. Officials</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, page A-18, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137152652.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A18&desc=Doctor%27s+Body+Identified+By+FBI+Among+the+Dead">Doctor's Body Identified By FBI Among the Dead</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/7-dr-larry-schacht-vol-4.html">FBI Schacht</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mixed-bag.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 29, 1978, The Washington Post, page A18, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/146886084.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&desc=Pravda%3A+Cultists+Sought+Justice+in+Guyana+Jungles">Pravda: Cultists Sought Justice in Guyana Jungles</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Washington Post, page A18, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137152642.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A18&desc=U.S.+May+Seek+Cult%27s+Millions">U.S. May Seek Cult's Millions</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Washington Post – AP, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20135.pdf">Lane, Citing His Link to Cultists, Says His Life May Be in Danger</a>,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Washington Post, page A21,Opinion, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137152832.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=historic&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=Meg+Greenfield&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A21&desc=Jonestown%3A+%27The+Dark+Impulses+That+Lurk+in+Every+Private+Psyche%27">Jonestown: 'The Dark Impulses That Lurk in Every Private Psyche'</a>, by Meg Greenfield,<br />
November 29, 1978, The Washington Post, page B14, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137153352.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=ARRAY(0xc91968c)&date=Nov+29%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=B14&desc=The+TV+Column">The TV Column</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">Mark Lane's Conduct: Reprehensible</a>, by Mary McGrory,<br />
November 30, 1978, The Atlanta Constitution, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">7 Cult Survivors Return to U.S.</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779618072.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=BILL+RHODEN&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=7+Jonestown+survivors+mum+in+N.Y">7 Jonestown survivors mum in N.Y</a>, by Bill Rhoden,<br />
November 30, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A20, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779618942.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=In+Defense+of+Cults">In Defense of Cults</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, The Baltimore Sun, page A21, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1779619072.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=Garry+Wills&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1987)&desc=Let%27s+Not+Blame+It+All+on+Religion">Let's Not Blame It All on Religion</a>, by Garry Wills,<br />
November 30, 1978, Boston Globe, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996366672.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=CIA+leak+came+from+Rep.+Leo+Ryan">CIA leak came from Rep. Leo Ryan</a>, 201 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, Boston Globe, page 2, The men who guard the secrets vs. those who seek them out, by Peter Andersen, Globe Staff, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, Boston Globe, Page 41, Founder’s Wife died – Brake Was Off, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, Boston Globe, Page 40, Synanon---from saving people to terror, by Robert Sam Anson [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, Boston Globe, page 43, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996368952.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=43&desc=7+Guyana+survivors+back+in+US">7 Guyana survivors back in US</a>, 340 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, Boston Globe, page 43, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1996368962.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(1960-1979)&edition=&startpage=43&desc=Lane+remarks+prompt+probe">Lane remarks prompt probe</a>, by Mary McGrory, 315 words [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/nov-27-28-1978-boston-globe.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620504302.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=Jeff+Lyon&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=Even+dead%2C+Jones+evokes+passion">Even dead, Jones evokes passion</a>, by Jeff Lyon,<br />
November 30, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620504352.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=7+return+to+U.S.+from+Jonestown">7 return to U.S. from Jonestown</a><br />
November 30, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 2, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620504342.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=Timothy+McNulty%3BMichael+Sneed&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=2&desc=Russ%2C+Cuba+envoys+visited+Jonestown">Russ, Cuba envoys visited Jonestown</a>, by Timothy McNulty and Michael Sneed,<br />
November 30, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 7, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620505252.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A7&desc=Other+14+--+No+Title">Other 14 -- No Title</a>, 142 words<br />
November 30, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page 7, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620505222.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A7&desc=Tempo+TV">Likeness or not, Ch. 7 news image takes it on the chin in 'Walter' ad</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, Chicago Tribune, page C14, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/620507372.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(1963-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=C14&desc=Exclusive+photos%3A+Prelude+to+tragedy">Exclusive photos: Prelude to tragedy</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mr-boyllyn.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Columbia State - AP, page 15-A, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Federal Officials Begin Pull-Out From Charleston</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, The Cornell Daily Sun – AP, <a href="http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19781130.2.10&srpos=&dliv=none&e=---_cgiargdatfq_-----20--84-DA---Flansburgh-all--">Guyanese Officials Let Seven Cult Survivors Leave for Trip Home</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/0i4j">diigo</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, The Daily Register [Shrewsbury, N.J.] page 1, <a href="http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1970-1979/1978/1978.11.30.pdf">Holding hope relatives survived Jonestown; Tinton Falls woman had many there</a>, by Robin Goldstein, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/jim-jones-was-friend-of-mine-rabbi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Daily Register [Shrewsbury, N.J.] AP, page 5, <a href="http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1970-1979/1978/1978.11.30.pdf">Frisco is still stunned</a>,[<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/jim-jones-was-friend-of-mine-rabbi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Daily Register [Shrewsbury, N.J.] AP, page 5, <a href="http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1970-1979/1978/1978.11.30.pdf">Suicide Complex</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/jim-jones-was-friend-of-mine-rabbi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Daily Register [Shrewsbury, N.J.] AP, page 5, <a href="http://209.212.22.88/DATA/RBR/1970-1979/1978/1978.11.30.pdf">7 survivors home</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/05/jim-jones-was-friend-of-mine-rabbi.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, Florence Times Daily - UPI, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eB0sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9sYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2993%2C7628373">Seven Elderly Survivors Still Fear For Their Lives</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, The Fredericks Post, <a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20197.pdf">Elderly Cultists Leave Guyana</a>, by George Esper, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/odd-lots.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-26-1978-spokesman-review-jim.html">Text]</a><br />
November 30, 1978, The Fredericks Post - AP, <a href="http://newspaperarchive.com/frederick-news-post/1978-11-30/page-13">Master murder plan revealed</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mixed-bag.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Lakeland Ledger - AP, page 7C, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2mVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4967%2C9250595">Elderly Survivors Back From Jonestown</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-30-1978-ap-lakeland-ledger.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Lakeland Ledger - AP, page 7C, '<a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2mVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9foDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2632%2C9250683">Emotional Overload' Leaves 'Frisco Fearful of Suicide Wave</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-30-1978-ap-lakeland-ledger.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650955012.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=Carter+Puts+Inflation+Fight+First">Carter Puts Inflation Fight First</a>, 331 words<br />
November 30, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650955972.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B8&desc=Reagan+Rates+Jim+Jones%27+Politics">Reagan Rates Jim Jones' Politics</a>, 103 words<br />
November 30, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page B8, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650955952.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=B8&desc=7+Elderly%2C+Penniless+Cult+Members+Flown+to+U.+S.">7 Elderly, Penniless Cult Members Flown to U.S.</a>, 458 words<br />
November 30, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page SD-A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650957522.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=NANCY+RAY&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=SD_A1&desc=Cult+Member%27s+Family+Still+Hopes">Cult Member's Family Still Hopes</a>, by Nancy Ray, 1,296 words Donna VeZain is painfully close to tears these days. She is grieving for her daughter and grandson<br />
November 30, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page OC-A11, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650958262.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=NANCY+RAY&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=OC_A11&desc=MOTHER+BELIEVES+JUNE+LETTER+FROM+GIRL+WAS+PHONY">Mother Believes June Letter From Girl was Phony</a>, Couple Grieve, but Still Hope for Cultist Daughter, Grandson, by Nancy Ray, 1,080 words Donna VeZain is painfully close to tears these days She is grieving for her daughter and grandson<br />
November 30, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page SG1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650965682.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=MARK+LANSDSBAUM&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=SG1&desc=FEARS+FOR+NINE+OTHER+RELATIVES">Fears for Nine Other Relatives</a>, by Mark Lansdsbaum, 848 words The day before 910 followers of the Rev. Jim Jones perished in the Jonestown mass murder-suicide Nov. 18, one of the Peoples Temple followers, Alvaray Satterwhite, 61, wrote her brother, Joe<br />
November 30, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page SE-A1, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650965172.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=ROBERT+J+GORE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=SE_A1&desc=Horror+of+Jonestown+Touches+Lives+of+Two+Long+Beach+Police+Officers">Horror of Jonestown Touches Lives of Two Long Beach Police Officers</a>, by Robert J. Gore, 1,158 words<br />
November 30, 1978, Los Angeles Times, page OC-A18, <a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650958362.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=PHIL+KERBY&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(1923-Current+File)&edition=&startpage=OC_A18&desc=The+Jungles+of+Civilized+Mankind">The Jungles of Civilized Mankind</a>, by Phil Kerby, 632 words<br />
November 30, 1978, Madison Courier - AP, page B1, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=diJmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xWcNAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=4683%2C2592069">Ryan Leaked Angola Story To Daniel Schorr</a>, <br />
November 30, 1978, AP - Nashua Telegraph, page 3, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zxxSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JjUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5292%2C6172837">Jonestown Survivors In U.S</a>., by Denise M. Holt, AP Writer, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-30-1978-ap-lakeland-ledger.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The News-Dispatch, page 4, UPI Photo: A soldier guards the doorway to Jim Jones bedroom.<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Daily News, page 2, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">7 survivors of cult horror fly here</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, Jersey Psychiatrist, Studying the Guyana Survivors, Fears Implications for U.S. Society From Other Cults, by Jon Nordheimer, [look for in hathitrust]<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, page A1, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B13FB3A5413728DDDA90B94D9415B888BF1D3">7 Elderly Survivors of Cult Are Returned From Guyana</a>, Seven Survivors of Cult Return; Protected From Questions, by George Vecsey, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-30-1978-new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40D10FB3A5413728DDDA90B94D9415B888BF1D3">Special Privileges Aided Older Members' Survival; Slept Through the Killings</a>, by Joseph B. Treaster, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-30-1978-new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, page A-16, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">'Seniors' Got Special Privileges</a>, by Joseph B. Treaster,<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60910FB3A5413728DDDA90B94D9415B888BF1D3">News Summary; International National Metropolitan</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D10FB3A5413728DDDA90B94D9415B888BF1D3">Consular Officers; Baby Sitters, etc.: And Confessors, Psychiatrists and Social Workers</a>; Official Says After Guyana Criticism, by Graham Hovey, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-30-1978-new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D10FB3A5413728DDDA90B94D9415B888BF1D3">U.S. Plans to Conduct Autopsies On Cult Leader and Six Followers; Power to Order Autopsies 'Make Sure All Questions Answered';</a> Autopsy Performed on Ryan 'Consistent With Evidence', by Lawrence K. Altman, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/autopsies-medical-examiners.html">Text</a>] [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/5-victim-and-military-effort.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, <a href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=150;id=mdp.39015036047713;page=root;seq=412;num=392">Jersey Psychiatrist, Studying the Guyana Survivors, Fears Implications for U.S. Society From Other Cults</a>, by Jon Nordheimer,<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, page A16, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C10FB3A5413728DDDA90B94D9415B888BF1D3">Handling the Guyana Bodies Has Delaware City on Edge; The Talk of Dover</a>, by Gregory Jaynes, [<a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/06/autopsies-medical-examiners.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, page A17, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00C10FB3A5413728DDDA90B94D9415B888BF1D3">Cult Killings Yield Criticisms Abroad; Many Commenting in World Press Say Deaths in Guyana Reflect American Social Failures</a>, by Roy Reed, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-30-1978-new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, page A18, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C10FB3A5413728DDDA90B94D9415B888BF1D3">How California Has Become Home for a Plethora of Cults; An Attack by Rattlesnake</a>, by John M. Crewdson, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-30-1978-new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, Page A22, Letters, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A10FB3A5413728DDDA90B94D9415B888BF1D3">America's Spy Gap Jonestown and Joseph Conrad</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/november-30-1978-new-york-times.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times, Opinion, page A23, <a href="http://stevenwarran.blogspot.com/2013/04/mark-lane.html">The Mark of Zorro</a>, by Anthony Lewis, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Codename%20Zorro/Item%2060.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, New York Times - UPI, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0E15F83A5413728DDDA80894DA415B888BF1D3">Count of Guyana Dead Is Now Lowered to 911</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post.html">Text]</a><br />
November 30, 1978, Pittsburgh Press - UPI, page A6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pEUuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MlkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6223,7252674&dq=jim+jones&hl=en">Guyana Requests Jim Jones Autopsy</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, Pittsburgh Press - UPI, page A6, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pEUuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MlkEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=5249%2C7251233">1st Survivors of Jonestown Return to U.S.</a><br />
November 30, 1978, Pittsburgh Press - UPI, page A7, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pEUuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MlkEAAAAIBAJ&dq=jim%20jones&pg=7042%2C7255735">FBI Probes Peoples Temple Assassination Plan Report</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, Reading Eagle - Wire Services, page 53, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AhxXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZkMNAAAAIBAJ&dq=jonestown&pg=6693%2C7358172">Ryan Leaked Story</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle, page 5, <a href="http://www.maebrussell.com/Jonestown/Growing%20List%20of%20%27Hitmen%27.html">A Growing List of Temple 'Hitmen'</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/november-30-1978-san-francisco.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, San Francisco Chronicle - AP, <a href="http://www.maebrussell.com/Jonestown/Reagan%20Says%20Jones%20Favored%20Democrats.html">Reagan Says Jones Favored Democrats</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/05/mae-brussell.html">Text</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, page 18, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/2-survivors-condition-and-travel.html">Condition of man shot in Guyana improves</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, San Juan Star - UPI, page 24, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/1-notes-found-on-jones-and-letters.html">7 elderly survivors of Jonestown arrive in U.S.</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 2, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#34%7C20109835">Mills' manuscript tells all; Life within People's Temple—and Jones the god</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 4, Editorial, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#34%7C20109935">A problem for the sociologists—what’s behind violent happenings?</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, Ukiah Daily Journal, page 4, Letters, <a href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/#34%7C20109935">Ukiahan appeals to Sen. Hayakawa</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/08/nov-21-30-1978-ukiah-daily-journal.html">Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Washington Post, page A-23, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/06/peoples-temple-jonestown-vol-5.html">7 Elderly Jonestown Survivors Arrive in U.S.</a>, by Lee Lescaze and Fred Barbash, [<a href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136747762.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=ARRAY(0xc91968c)&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A23&desc=7+Elderly+Jonestown+Survivors+Arrive+in+U.S.">pqarchiver</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, page A22, <a href="http://stevenwarran-backstage.blogspot.com/2013/04/newspaper-clippings-vol-i.html">Schorr Reveals Rep. Ryan as Source of Angola Leak</a>,<br />
November 30, 1978, The Washington Post, page A1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136747022.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=By+Charles+R.+Babcock+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=U.S.+Stymied+in+Jonestown+Probe">U.S. Stymied in Jonestown Probe</a>, by Charles R. Babcock, Staff Writer, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20133.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Washington Post, page A15, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136747532.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=Colman+McCarthy&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A15&desc=%27Explaining%27+Jonestown+to+the+Children">'Explaining' Jonestown to the Children</a>, by Colman McCarthy, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20145.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Washington Post, page A22, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136747702.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=By+Fred+Barbash+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A22&desc=Black+Rabbi+Symbolizes+Guyana%27s+Cult+Policy">Black Rabbi Symbolizes Guyana's Cult Policy</a>, by Fred Barbash, Staff Writer, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20136.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Washington Post - AP, page A22, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/146925761.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&desc=Schorr+Reveals+Rep.+Ryan+as+Source+of+Angola+Leak">Schorr Reveals Rep. Ryan as Source of Angola Leak</a>, [<a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/1-ryan-funeral-and-background-newspaper.html">FBI Vol. 1</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Washington Post, page A23, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136747742.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A23&desc=U.S.+Now+Seeks+Jones+Autopsy">U.S. Now Seeks Jones Autopsy</a>, <a href="http://stevenwarranresearch.blogspot.com/2013/10/2-identification-and-disposal-of-body.html">[Blog</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Washington Post, page A23, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136747762.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A23&desc=7+Elderly+Jonestown+Survivors+Arrive+in+U.S.">7 Elderly Jonestown Survivors Arrive in U.S.</a>, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20146.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
November 30, 1978, The Washington Post, page B1, <a href="https://secure.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/136747902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS&type=historic&date=Nov+30%2C+1978&author=RICHARD+COHEN&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=B1&desc=Rules+Do+Not+Apply+To+%27Useful%27+Persons">Rules Do Not Apply To 'Useful' Persons</a>, by Richard Cohen, [<a href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lane%20Mark/Lane%20Mark%20Peoples%20Temple%20Massacre/Item%20146.pdf">Weisberg</a>]<br />
<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-60819091289576259842019-02-26T22:01:00.001-05:002019-02-26T22:01:51.841-05:00June 23, 1972, AP - The Journal, Accused Skyjacker Acquitted Thursday,June 23, 1972, AP - The Journal, Accused Skyjacker Acquitted Thursday,<br />
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June 23, 1972, AP - The Journal, Accused Skyjacker Acquitted Thursday,<br />
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StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-66454053999143466292019-02-26T21:47:00.002-05:002019-02-26T21:47:48.047-05:00article images<br />
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October 20, 2016, IndyStar, <a href="http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2016/10/20/democrats-blast-voter-fraud-talk-partisan/92461712/">Indiana Democrats blast 'voter fraud' talk; Secretary of State accused of 'partisan rhetoric'</a>, by Zach Osowski and Chelsea Schneider,<br />
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April 23, 1965, UPI - The Greenville News, [SC] page 1, <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/188982994">Klotz Quits Commerce Department In Wake Of Scandal</a>, <br />
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StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-56350940262980270052017-04-06T13:05:00.002-04:002017-04-06T13:05:15.003-04:00March 24, 2012, New York Times, page A19, Years After Ten Commandments Fight, Ex-Justice Plans Return, by Robbie Brown,March 24, 2012, New York Times, page A19, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/25/us/ex-alabama-justice-who-lost-ten-commandments-fight-may-be-on-verge-of-comeback.html">Years After Ten Commandments Fight, Ex-Justice Plans Return</a>, by Robbie Brown,<br />
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Roy Moore was removed as chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court after defying a federal order to remove a statue of the Ten Commandments from the courthouse.<br />
Credit Cary Norton for The New York Times<br />
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BIRMINGHAM, Ala. — On the campaign trail, <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/roy_s_moore/index.html?inline=nyt-per">Roy Moore</a> wears a metal pin of a cross on his suit jackets, praises “almighty God” and refers to the United States as a “Christian nation.”<br />
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But there is one demonstration of his faith that Mr. Moore, the Republican nominee for chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court, promises not to make.<br />
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“No, I won’t bring back the Ten Commandments,” he said. “Not again.”<br />
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It has been nearly a decade since Mr. Moore, then chief justice, became a focus in the national debate over religious liberty by defying a federal order to remove a 5,000-pound granite statue of the holy tablets from his Montgomery courthouse. He lost the fight and was removed from the bench by a state ethics panel in 2003.<br />
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But Mr. Moore, 65, is on the verge of a political comeback. In an upset two weeks ago, he won the Republican nomination without a runoff, against two far better financed opponents, including the current chief justice.<br />
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Although Mr. Moore speaks about a wide range of conservative issues during the campaign, including repealing the federal health care law and reducing the nation’s debt, most questions from reporters and his audiences have to do with the Ten Commandments.<br />
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Mr. Moore, who carries a highlighted, annotated copy of the judge’s order that removed him from the bench, is pleased to engage. “There’s nothing illegal in what I did,” he said in a recent interview after a campaign speech at a Birmingham country club. “Our money says ‘God’ on it. Our Pledge of Allegiance says ‘under God.” So tell me this: How can a chief justice not acknowledge the sovereignty of God?”<br />
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But how he acknowledges God is crucial, and he said there was little value in provoking another First Amendment fight by bringing back the monument. (It is on display at a church in Gadsden.) Asked how his Baptist faith would influence his rulings, Mr. Moore said he would apply the law in each case but believes that the Constitution was shaped by Christian principles.<br />
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Alabama, like 30 other states, elects Supreme Court justices, and Mr. Moore, who was not impeached, is still eligible to hold office. He received 50.3 percent of the primary vote, swept up by a tide of religious conservatives backing Rick Santorum in the Republican presidential contest.<br />
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“I don’t think many people went to the polls thinking about voting for chief justice,” said William H. Stewart, a political scientist at the University of Alabama. “But everybody knows the Ten Commandments judge, and when they had the opportunity to put the ‘C.J.’ back before his name, they took it.”<br />
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Mr. Moore has few admirers among Alabama’s legal establishment. In a recent survey of 351 lawyers by the Mobile Bar Association, he received only three votes for the candidate “best qualified to serve” as chief justice.<br />
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But that has little influence on Colean Black, 48, a Republican and manager at a natural gas company. Ms. Black said she voted for Mr. Moore because of his moral character. “This is a person who stood up for his personal convictions, even when it cost him his job,” she said after hearing him speak on Wednesday. “I’m Christian, and I know that we are all put through trials. He can stand up under pressure.”<br />
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Others find Mr. Moore’s blend of church and state off-putting. Richard Berliner, 68, a Democrat and university administrator in Birmingham, told Mr. Moore to his face at a campaign event that he believed the Ten Commandments showdown was “a fiasco, embarrassing to the state of Alabama and an expensive process.”<br />
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“Are you really running to make another political statement and drag us through this again?” Mr. Berliner asked. “Or are you running to uphold justice in the state of Alabama?”<br />
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Mr. Moore’s Democratic opponent in November will be Harry Lyon, a criminal defense lawyer who has run for different offices 10 times, has never won and is considered a long shot in the heavily Republican state<br />
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Mr. Lyon has also been charged with illegally pulling a gun on a neighbor (he was fined but denies guilt) and once joked that illegal immigrants should be publicly executed.<br />
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“It represents how far the Democratic Party has sunk in Alabama that these are our options,” Mr. Stewart said.<br />
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Since Mr. Moore’s showdown, the United States Supreme Court has issued major rulings about the legal right to place the Ten Commandments in government buildings. In 2005, it upheld a Texas court’s right to display the tablets among other historical judicial symbols but said a display in Kentucky crossed the line into inappropriate proselytizing.<br />
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Although Mr. Moore said he tires of talking about the Ten Commandments case, he he acknowledged its role in helping him win the nomination.<br />
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“The people were upset their votes were taken away,” he said. “The people didn’t unelect me, but it’ll be the people who vote me back.”<br />
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The Law Of Nature Being Co-Eval With Mankind Dictated By God Himself Is Of Course Superior In Obligation To Any Other. It Is Binding Over All The Globe, In All Countries, And At All Times. No Human Laws<br />
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The statue is now on display at a church in Gadsden, Ala. Credit Cary Norton for The New York Times<br />
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<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-48428098294605951512017-04-03T08:19:00.003-04:002017-04-03T08:26:03.716-04:00 Articles Archive - June 2004,<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">
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June 29, 2004, Haaretz, <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/the-palestinian-literature-vanished-on-the-way-to-the-classroom-1.123466"><span style="font-weight: 700;"></span></a><span style="font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none;" target="_blank">The Palestinian literature vanished on the way to the classroom</a></span> , by Omer Barak, Ha'aretz, </div>
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The Arab literature curriculum taught at Israel's Arab schools was last updated in 1981. This was the first time that Arab professionals, and not Jewish specialists in Arab affairs, had led the writing of the new curriculum, one of the main reasons it was viewed as bold and revolutionary. Dr. Mahmud Ghanayim, head of the Department of Arabic Language and Literature at Tel Aviv University and a scholar of modern Arab literature, recalls showing the curriculum to Egyptian colleagues in 1991. He says they were surprised to discover that it contained works by Ali Ahmed Said ("Adonis") and Salah Abd al-Subur - works that had yet to be taught in their own country. Some of this boldness, however, disappeared somewhere on the way from the curriculum to the literary anthologies used in Arab schools. So did some important literary works, such as poetry by Mahmoud Darwish and other prominent Palestinian poets, like Rashid Hussein and Samih al-Kassem. The committee that drew up the 1981 curriculum had tried to avoid controversy by choosing texts of a universalist nature. But the committee's only Jewish member, Immanuel Koplewitz, the head of the Education Ministry's Arab Education Department who later supervised the publication of the anthology, recalls having some doubts about what had been decided. He says he asked the publisher to remove from the anth</div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">June 30, 2004, Haaretz, </span><span style="font-weight: 700;"><a href="http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2857.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Embarrassing America</a>, b</span>y Hasan Abu Nimah & Ali, Electronic Intifada 6/30/2004</div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">Just when we thought the Bush Administration had reached the bottom of the ditch in its unprincipled behaviour, it surprises us by digging deeper. US Vice President Dick Cheney's use of the F-word to a senior Democratic Senator and political opponent during a ceremony in the United States Senate on June 22 demonstrated that the Bush administration no longer feels a need to cover up its thuggish behaviour with even the pretense of decorum that gives democratic government its authority. Rather than apologize, Cheney said he "felt better after I had done it." Was this an example of the kind of democratic discourse that the United States wants to teach the rest of the world?A few days later, Cheney's boss, President Bush, gave an interview to Irish television on the eve of his visit to Ireland for the US-European Union summit. What was notable was his impatience whenever interviewer Carole Coleman asked him any question that challenged his simplistic conception of the world and his role in it. Several times he admonished her not to interrupt him, displaying testiness that would be ruled out of order in a high school debate.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><br />June 29, 2004, Haaretz, <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/separation-fence-forces-expanded-un-food-program-1.127090" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Separation fence forces expanded UN food program</a>, by Amira Hass,<br /><br />A Palestinian community's proximity to the separation fence is one of four criteria for determining an operational area for the United Nations' World Food Program Assistance in the Occupied Territories. Between August this year and September 2005, the WFP intends to reach 480,000 Palestinians who are not refugees, who will get a combined total of close to 80,000 tons of basic food products per month. In a complex assessment process, the WFP decided that a rural area with the least possibility for diversifying income that was adversely affected in a direct manner by the separation fence, and in which malnutrition rates run high, would be designated a geographic unit with a "high rating" for granting food aid to residents.WFP assessors took account of the fact that that the construction of the fence caused the loss of a substantial portion of the most fertile agricultural lands in the northern area of the fence. They had produced annual yields of $90,000 per hectare (10 dunams).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;">June 29, 2004, Haaretz, <span style="font-weight: 700;"><a href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=444993" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="Link: http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=444993">If they continue to shout 'transfer'</a>, </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">by Avirama Golan, 6/29/2004</span></div>
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The maneuver is not new, but now it is gaining momentum: spokespersons for the settlers are defining the future evacuation of Gush Katif as transfer. Yesha (the Hebrew acronym for Judea, Samaria and Gaza) rabbis are calling on "everyone involved in the matter ... not to lend a hand, heaven forfend, to the destruction of Jewish settlements and the exile of Jews." Both transfer and exile. This is an astounding description. What kind of exile it, if the exiles are moved a few kilometers, from one part of Israel to another? If a family from Gush Katif is moved, for example, to Jerusalem, does that mean that Jerusalem is exile? If we allow this dialectic, we are still left with the dramatic term "transfer," and must wonder why adherents of the Greater Land of Israel need it. The dictionary definition of "transfer" is "the transfer of a large population from one region to another, on the basis of race, nationality or religion," and it is described as a means that has not been considered legitimate since World War II.<br />
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<a href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=5742" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; font-weight: bold; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="Link: http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=5742">Prepare for when the Arab bottle breaks</a>, </div>
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by Ammar Abdulhamid, Daily Star 6</div>
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When you are stuck in the neck of a bottle, it doesn't matter how far you are from the bottom, or how close you come to the edge of freedom. There are no points of no return. As you struggle to free yourself, you can as easily fail and fall as succeed and climb out of the top. For those stuck in the neck, though, the option of not doing anything, of accepting their bondage, seems like the safest bet. But what happens when they realize that an overwhelming force may threaten to break the bottle? What is the safest bet then? The Arab League summit in Tunisia came and went. A bold statement was issued at the end, one that was meant to strike all the right chords with the forces of reform inside and outside the Middle East. Emancipation from the region's age-old authoritarian practices and notions, if we believe the summit statement, is forthcoming - and all we have to do is reach out for it.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: 700;"><a href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=5744" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="Link: http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=5744">How Arafat was tarred by faulty Israeli intelligence</a>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700;">b</span>y David Hirst, Daily Star 6/30/2004</div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><br />On publishing his memoirs, former US President Bill Clinton told The Guardian that Yasser Arafat was responsible for the failure of the Camp David conference of July 2000, because, unlike then-Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, who was ready for "enormous concessions," the Palestinian president couldn't "make the final jump from revolutionary to statesman."There is one reason why, even if Clinton believes that to be the case, he should not, even now, publicly proclaim it. Camp David was essentially Barak's brainchild. Desperate for a breakthrough in the moribund peace process, he conceived the fantastic gambit of telescoping the still-unaccomplished "interim phases" of the Oslo Accords and "final-status" issues into one grand, climactic conclave that would "end the 100-year conflict." Arafat was deeply reluctant to attend. And Clinton only persuaded him to do so by pledging that he would not blame him for an inglorious outcome.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><a href="http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2851.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="Link: http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2851.shtml">Report of the June 26 Al-Ram demo against the Wall</a>, </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">b</span>y Adam Keller, Electronic Intifada 6/26/2004</span></div>
<span style="color: #444444;"><br />It had been planned meticulously. The initiative came from the Al-Ram municipality -- a huge demonstration including as many Israelis as could be convinced to come on the weekend before the Supreme Court's decision over the fate of Al-Ram. But, from how it went it seems that somebody up there decided that it was not in their interest to have today an orderly demonstration of Palestinians together with Israelis. That, so short before the Supreme Court was to give its decision, it was much better to transform it into something in which "anything could happen.""Are you you going to Al-Ram" asked the border policeman at the roadblock. "Yes, that's where we are going." All of us were ready to jump out and go on foot should the bus again be prohibited, but the policeman just smiled and said: "Have a good day."</span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2844.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; font-weight: bold; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="Link: http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2844.shtml">Why Israel is still afraid of Mordechai Vanunu</a> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Jonathan Cook, Electronic Intifada 6/29/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">He was the last breakfast companion I was expecting. Separated from me by a rack of toast and a handful of marmalade sachets was Mordechai Vanunu, the man who 18 years ago revealed that Israel had amassed a secret stockpile of nuclear weapons. Breakfast at the St George's pilgrim guest house in East Jerusalem is usually a sedate affair, but on this occasion both he and I were skating unintentionally but dangerously close to arrest by Israel's security services.Vanunu, who found sanctuary in the grounds of the Anglican cathedral of St George's when he was released from jail two months ago, is under a severe gagging order imposed by the Israeli government. He is banned from talking to all foreigners and most especially foreign journalists as the former Sunday Times reporter Peter Hounam discovered a few weeks ago when he was arrested by the Shin Bet secret services, held in a cell for 24 hours and then deported. Hounam's crime was to arrange an interview for the BBC with Vanunu, trying to get round the restrictions by using an Israeli citizen to pose the questions</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.workers.org/ww/2004/edit0701.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Don't get used to it</span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">Editorial, Workers Word 7/1/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">A recent study by Glasgow University on what the British public knows about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict turned up some damning answers. The majority thought that the Palestinians were occupying Israeli land instead of the reality, which is the other way around. Some 80 percent of the British people get their news through television, which has prompted a look at how television news ends up disinforming the public.We predict that if a similar study were made in the U.S., it would show similar results. The media here, if anything, is even more deceptive in concealing the roots of the longest-running conflict in the Middle East. That's because <span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 147); font-weight: 700;">Washington</span> has an even bigger stake in the struggle than London, having funded Israel's militaristic growth and expansion almost single-handedly. Similarly, in Anglo-U.S. domination of the region's oil resources, it is Wall Street that now holds by far the lion's share.It is only the stubborn resistance of the Palestinian people themselves that has brought this widespread media bias to light. They now are struggling to keep Ariel Sharon's apartheid wall from so fragmenting their communities that the people could be forced to leave their homes and land for lack of jobs and access to schools, hospitals and other necessary services. Every day Palestinian workers, students and people seeking medical help have to spend hours at Israeli checkpoints before they can reach destinations only a short distance from their homes--but now on the other side of the wall.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.palestinechronicle.com/story.php?sid=200406270953301" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Israel's Intelligence Scandal - Part II</span></a> , By Uri Avnery, Palestine Chronicle 6/28/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">[Part 1: <a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/avnery06212004.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Irreversible Mental Damage</a> CounterPunch 6/21/04] </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">-- This grave accusation raised a storm in professional circles. Intelligence operatives of undoubted integrity emerged from their anonymity in order to support Malka publicly. They were headed by the man who, at the relevant time, was in charge of the Army Intelligence section for Palestinian affairs, Colonel Ephraim Lavie, who was then responsible for the collection of all intelligence material about the Palestinian leadership. There is no doubt that in the professional confrontation between Amos and Amos, Amos Malka emerged as the victor. This means, in simple words: there was no intelligence material at all backing the assertion that Arafat is working for the destruction of the State of Israel, that Arafat had broken off the peace process in order to start a terror campaign, that Arafat is not ready for a reasonable compromise. All these assertions, uttered by diverse Israeli politicians and generals, were based on the "assessment" of one man who, while appearing to represent the intelligence department, was actually suppressing the considered professional reports of his own department, as well as of the General Security Service (Shabak).</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Stephen Zunes, Palestine Chronicle 6/27/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">The vote was 407 in favor of the resolution and only 9 opposed. -- On Wednesday, June 23, 2004, the U.S. House of Representatives, in an overwhelming bipartisan vote, endorsed right-wing Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's efforts to colonize and annex large sections of the Palestinian West Bank, seized by Israel in the June 1967 war. This was not just another "pro-Israel" (or, more accurately, "pro-Israeli right") resolution, but an effective renunciation of the</span> post-<span style="color: #444444;">World War II international system based upon the premise of the illegitimacy of the expansion of a country's territory by military force. House Concurrent Resolution 460, sponsored by right-wing Republican leader Tom DeLay, "strongly endorses" the letter sent by President George W. Bush to the Israeli prime minister in April supporting his so-called "disengagement" plan. This unilateral initiative calls for withdrawing the illegal Israeli settlements from the occupied Gaza Strip, but -- far more significantly -- would incorporate virtually all of the illegal settlements in the occupied West Bank into Israel, leaving the Palestinians with a series of non-contiguous and economically unviable cantons, each surrounded by Israeli territory, collectively constituting barely 10% of historic Palestine. (Even in the case of the Gaza Strip, Sharon's plan would allow Israel to control the borders, the ports, and the airspace, as well as having the right to conduct military operations inside Palestinian areas at will.)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">Editorial, Miftah 6/28/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">Israeli troops killed seven "most wanted men" during a raid in the old city of Nablus on Saturday, in one of the deadliest operations of the so-called Operation Full Court Press, thus affording themselves the dubious accomplishment of crossing off from their deadly "list" more than half of the 38 names initially on it. The Palestinians killed, all allegedly militants who, according to Israeli officials, had been "masterminds of suicide bombings," were caught unaware during the latest raid, which has claimed eleven lives and injured an additional twenty in less than 24 hours. Among those killed on Saturday was Nayef Abu Sharekh, the senior commander in the West Bank of Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, a man who, according to a senior Fatah official, had been a vocal proponent of democratization and elections in Palestine, and who had even threatened, at times, to carry out elections "in defiance of the old guard." He had been known to be at odds with President Arafat, the personification of "the old guard," on account of his views.</span></div>
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<a href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/399/in1.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">The mystery of El-Al's chemical cargo</span></a><span style="color: #444444;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Mouin Rabbani, Al-Ahram Weekly on-line 15 - 21 October 1998</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">On 4 October 1992, El-Al cargo flight LY 1862, which originated in New York's John F Kennedy Airport, took off from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport for Tel Aviv. Approximately 10 minutes later, the Boeing 747-200 ploughed into the Groeneveen and Kruitberg apartment buildings in Bijlmermeer, a southeastern suburb of the Dutch capital. In addition to all three crew members, 40 inhabitants of the buildings are known to have been killed. Since many undocumented Afro-Caribbean migrants are believed to have lived in the buildings, the actual death toll was almost certainly higher. Whereas the initial investigation concentrated on the causes of the disaster, and revealed disturbing information about the woeful condition of El-Al's aircraft and the recklessness of its pilots, a systematic yet incompetent tactic of obfuscation by the Israeli and Dutch authorities concerning the doomed flight's cargo led to mounting suspicion that LY 1862 was transporting more than the alleged "perfumes and gift articles". Indeed, the past six years have witnessed a steady series of disclosures in the Dutch media relating to Israel's use of El-Al passenger and cargo flights to transport "strategic military goods" from the US to Israel via Amsterdam, as well as routine fraud by Israel's state airline with freight documents. The most shocking revelation so far was made on 30 September, when editors Harm van den Berg and Karel Knip of the prestigious Dutch daily NRC Handelsblad published incontrovertible documentation that, in addition to military equipment and munitions, LY 1862 was in fact transporting three of the four components required to manufacture Sarin nerve gas. Sarin, a chemical weapon as lethal as it is illegal, was last used in the March 1995 Tokyo subway attack, in which several grammes of the gas killed 12 Japanese commuters and injured more than 5,000. It previously achieved notoriety when Saddam Hussein used it to wipe out the Iraqi Kurdish village of Halabja in 1988. According to documents uncovered by NRC Handelsblad, LY 1862 was carrying at least ten 18.9 litre plastic drums of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate (DMMP), and smaller amounts of Isopropanol and Hydrogen Fluoride. (No revelations have been made regarding thionylchloride, Sarin's fourth and final ingredient.) The 189 litres of DMMP, sufficient for the production of 270 kilogrammes of Sarin (but simply termed "flammable liquid" in freight documents subsequently provided to the Dutch authorities), had been supplied by Solkatronic Chemicals of Morristown, Pennsylvania, USA. Solkatronic also supplies Israel with the deadly CS and CN gases, which have been used by the military and police to kill dozens of Palestinian civilians (including many infants) in the Occupied Territories over the past decade. Indeed, "specialty gases" and "security-related products" are just a few of the items advertised on this death merchant's website (<a href="http://www.solkatronic.com%29/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">www.solkatronic.com)</a>. Although DMMP is, in view of its lethal applications, subject to stringent export controls by the US government (see box), John Swanciger, executive vice-president of Solkatronic, confirmed to journalists that his firm applied for and received the required Department of Commerce licences to export its deadly concoction to Israel. Swanciger added that this was the case not once, but twice: after the initial consignment was inadvertently scattered all over Bijlmermeer, and despite a subsequent tightening of American export regulations, Solkatronic was permitted to replenish the Jewish state's chemical arsenal with an identical second shipment. Swanciger also stated that Israel is the only foreign country to have ordered DMMP from his firm. According to the Shipper's Declaration of Dangerous Goods, revealed by NRC Handelsblad, the DMMP consignment was intended for use by the Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR, see <a href="http://www.iibr.gov.il/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">www.iibr.gov.il</a>) in Nes Ziona, near Tel Aviv. (The second batch was however ordered by the Orwellian-sounding Shalom Chemicals of Nes Ziona, a firm which, according to the 6 October 1998 edition of the Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz, nobody has ever heard of and is presumably but a product of IIBR's fertile imagination.) Among those concerned with the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, it is common knowledge that IIBR is the Israeli military and intelligence community's front organisation for the development, testing and production of chemical and biological weapons. And, as demonstrated by Mossad's botched murder attempt on Hamas leader Khaled Masha'al in Jordan last year (in which IIBR supplied both the lethal poison and its antidote), it is also a pioneer in the field of medical warfare. An anonymous biologist previously associated with IIBR, quoted by Uzi Nahmaini in the 4 October 1998 edition of The Sunday Times, states that "there is hardly a single known or unknown form of chemical or biological weapon which is not manufactured at the institute." Nahmaini adds that the highly secretive gas and germ factory is "surrounded by a 6ft-high concrete wall topped with sensors that reveal the exact location of any intruders, but [IIBR] is erased from local and aerial survey maps." He also notes that at least six of the installation's employees have been killed in "work accidents", and that even members of the Israeli parliament are denied entry to it. (In 1986, it was The Sunday Times which first published Israeli technician Mordechai Vanunu's documented revelations concerning Israel's massive nuclear weapons programme.) The common view of IIBR's unsavoury activities is shared by residents of Nes Ziona and, apparently, Israel's Supreme Court as well; at the end of last month, the Nes Ziona local council, arguing that the poison plant poses a potentially catastrophic public health hazard, successfully obtained a Supreme Court injunction barring it from expanding by 14 acres. LY 1862's cargo also explains why the doomed flight's pilot ignored instructions by Schiphol air traffic control to conduct an emergency landing in the direction of the nearby Ijsselmeer Lake, and instead made straight for Schiphol causing precisely the catastrophe ground personnel were desperately trying to prevent. According to chemical warfare experts, DMMP reacts "furiously" with water, and would have resulted in a catastrophe too frightening to contemplate. True to form, Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu's media adviser, David Bar-Ilan, immediately issued an angry and categorical denial in response to the NRC Handelsblad scoop, emphasising in the strongest possible terms that LY 1862 was not carrying Sarin precursors. The Israeli Ministry of Defence, which also makes statements on behalf of IIBR, issued a more cryptic declaration that the flight was carrying no dangerous goods, but that "this statement only concerns cargo intended for the Ministry of Defence". Given the sheer weight of evidence combined with intense Dutch media scrutiny, however, Bar-Ilan's outright fabrications and the military's deliberate half-truths served only to add insult to injury and this particular hasbara ("disinformation") campaign collapsed altogether some 12 hours later. At that point, El-Al spokesman Nachman Kleiman, who since 1992 had remained steadfast in his tongue-tied account that El-Al was both unaware of the specific items transported on LY 1862 yet had fully disclosed these specifics to the Dutch authorities immediately after the accident, was forced to concede that the flight in question was indeed transporting Sarin components. Rather pathetically, he concluded by claiming that El-Al's activities were entirely consistent with relevant regulations. Other Israeli government agencies gave the habitual response designed to prevent further examination, namely the announcement of an investigation. Among the immediate beneficiaries of the latest disclosures are the approximately 700 Bijlmermeer residents and emergency workers who continue to suffer from medical and psychological conditions not dissimilar to those experienced by soldiers and civilians after the 1991 Gulf War. Whereas initial suspicions have centred on exposure to incinerated radioactive material (presumed to be the depleted uranium used by Boeing in the construction process, although with El-Al one can never be sure), a major study is now underway to determine the role, if any, of exposure to the nerve gas ingredients aboard LY 1862. Needless to say, the affected individuals are outraged that a possible cause of their illnesses has been kept hidden from them for six years. The investigation into the LY 1862 crash, which one Dutch researcher has likened to "a puzzle in which nearly half the pieces are missing, and most of the remaining pieces are heavily damaged," has already resulted in a number of official inquiries. Yet, on account of Israeli stonewalling and disinformation, and a campaign of obfuscation by Dutch government agencies, these inquiries have produced more questions than answers. Indeed, the LY 1862 investigation is reminiscent of the scandal surrounding the 1995 mass murders at Srebrnica, where a Dutch military battalion whose sole mission was to protect Bosnian civilians in a besieged United Nations enclave conducted itself so disgracefully that there was nothing left to protect except the careers of the Dutch officers and politicians responsible for the debacle. Thus, even before the latest disclosures, restive Dutch parliamentarians successfully passed a motion to begin a full inquiry into the El-Al affair. Among the questions that remain unanswered are why neither of LY 1862's indestructible flight data recorders (black boxes) have yet to surface, and the related matter of the "men in white suits" whose presence at the crash site immediately and several hours after the disaster has been alleged in affidavits submitted by Bijlmermeer residents, emergency crew members and law enforcement personnel. According to these accounts, one group wearing thick protective clothing and a second dressed as "astronauts", waded unhindered through the inferno and, shunting aside those in command of the relief operation, disappeared with pieces of debris. Although a June 1998 report by the then Justice Minister Winnie Sorgdrager (whose term was synonymous with mismanagement and scandal), did its best to minimise the allegations and dismiss them as figments of the imagination, it nowhere contains a clear and categorical denial of the actual allegations that have been made. The accounts, some of which claim that the second group arrived in vehicles bearing French licence plates, raise the possibility that operatives from Mossad's European headquarters in Paris were involved in the removal of evidence. Personnel attached to the Mossad station at Schiphol Airport, and covert Dutch (or NATO) emergency units may also be shown to have been involved if the allegations are ever seriously investigated. Another aspect requiring clarification concerns the multiple and contradictory freight documents supplied to the Dutch authorities. Dutch television's Nova news programme earlier this year featured statements by former El-Al employees at Frankfurt Airport and elsewhere, which revealed that they regularly tampered with such documents on behalf of their superiors. In one corroborating example from the LY 1862 affair, the Amsterdam engineering firm Omegam, which investigated the crash site, discovered extensive traces of Tributylphosphate (TBP) and concluded that at least several hundred litres of the liquid must have been aboard. Yet the chemical is not listed on the aircraft's freight documents. According to NRC Handelsblad, TBP is a fairly common industrial chemical which is also used to recycle uranium and plutonium from spent fuel rods, similar to the process the jailed nuclear technician revealed is used by Israel. The parliamentary inquiry is expected to concentrate on Israel's refusal to provide full and timely information to the Dutch authorities, including the fact that the nature of 20,000 kilogrammes of LY 1862's cargo has yet to be clarified. No less important, the Dutch government's own process of disclosure will also come under intense scrutiny. Dutch Prime Minister Wim Kok's complaint about Israel's lack of cooperation in the wake of the latest revelations notwithstanding, there is considerable evidence that his government (and particularly the Ministry of Transport) at various points failed to make known the significance of technical and other information in its possession. Allegations that government and law enforcement agencies, perhaps in collaboration with their Israeli counterparts, worked to conceal the most explosive aspects of the affair may also be discussed. It remains unclear whether the role of Amsterdam Schiphol Airport as the key transit point for the "strategic military goods" routinely flown by El-Al from New York to Tel Aviv will be critically assessed by the parliamentary inquiry; Holland's reputation for zealous devotion to Israel is entirely deserved, and had El-Al transported its morbid cargo through rather than on to Dutch territory (as may well have been the case with the second DMMP consignment), it would scarcely have raised an eyebrow. For the same reason, the functional extra-territoriality enjoyed by El-Al and Mossad at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, where the Dutch authorities as a rule neither ask questions nor monitor anything to do with the activities of their Israeli guests, effectively exempting the Israeli's from the applicable national and international laws and regulations, is likely to be studiously ignored. It is, therefore, ironic that shortly after the LY 1862 disaster, The Hague was chosen as the seat of the United Nations Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. More scandalous, is the role of the US in this affair. It now appears that during the same period that <span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 147); font-weight: 700;">Washington</span> has been using Baghdad's possession of weapons of mass destruction as a pretext to prolong the sanctions against Iraq, it has itself been actively engaged in chemical weapons proliferation in the Middle East. Given that hundreds of thousands of Iraqi men, women and children have died excruciating deaths as a result of UN sanctions, the point is more than academic. Other than the Dutch media, few people have expressed any interest in the LY 1862 crash and its implications. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, interviewed on 6 October 1998 by the Good Morning Egypt television programme, said the El-Al fiasco proves Israel has chemical weapons. Yet, he noted, "Nobody says a thing. It's as if nothing happened." </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">AMONG the cargo items known to have been aboard LY 1862 were three of the four final ingredients (precursors) required for the production of Sarin nerve gas. The consignment of 189 litres of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate (DMMP) would have been sufficient for the production of some 270 kilogrammes of Sarin. DMMP is classified as a "Schedule 2" substance by the UN Chemical Weapons Convention, which means it is essential for the production of chemical weapons and not used in large amounts for civil purposes. Although the Convention was adopted after the El-Al crash, DMMP had been on a "core list" of eight substances most conducive to chemical weapons proliferation since 1987, and was thus subject to stringent export controls. While DMMP is also used as a flame retardant in construction materials, chemical weapons experts cited in the Dutch media (on which this account is based) are unanimous in their view that the El-Al consignment was intended for the production of Sarin gas. They base their views on the amount of DMMP in question, its destination (the Israel Institute for Biological Research), and the presence of two additional Sarin precursors aboard LY 1862. The possibility that the consignment in question was intended for scientific research to detect and protect against Sarin was also dismissed. European institutes known to engage in such research consume only several hundred grammes, and at most a few kilogrammes, of DMMP a year. If Israel's entire stock of DMMP is limited to the 10 plastic drums known to have been aboard LY 1862, the resulting amount of Sarin would be considered "militarily insignificant" and best suited for "large-scale field experiments". The amounts of DMMP and other agents in Israel's chemical arsenal are, however, unknown. The export of DMMP to Israel will be criminalised in 1999, because Israel has refused to ratify the Chemical Weapons Convention.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Azmi Bishara, Al-Ahram Weekly on-line 6/24/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">Nothing was left to chance in the scripting of the funeral rites of Ronald Reagan -- Reagan was the subject of many amusing, and not so amusing, stories simply because his presidency seemed so unreal. One commentator described his term in office as the long American daydream. No wonder; reality was so close to fiction. One of those stories has it that upon his return from his historic visit to Moscow a journalist asked him, "Mr President, did you happen to notice that the Russians are human beings with feelings, who weep and laugh just like us?" The journalist was making a veiled reference to Reagan's famous branding of the Soviet Union as the "evil empire". Reagan was quick on the mark. He answered, "that's right. I did notice that. They must have changed."President Reagan died recently after a long struggle with Alzheimer's. He was further away from reality than ever, but <span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 147); font-weight: 700;">Washington</span> acted as though he had remained an active statesman until the eve of his death; as though his passing were an unexpected shock. Such feigned bewilderment is not so much hypocrisy as it is part of the familiar trappings of state funerals everywhere. Hypocrisy in these instances is when the death of a former statesman is used by still living and active politicians to rewrite history towards their own personal ends. This was how Reagan -- a simple man who looked at reality as though it were fantasy and turned illusion into truth, who reduced the Cold War to a showdown between good and evil in a cowboy film -- was transformed into George Bush's personal electoral campaign manager...</span></div>
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<a href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/696/re1.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Distraction in Gaza?</span></a><span style="color: #444444;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Khaled Amayreh, Al-Ahram Weekly on-line 6/24/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">Palestinians are distrustful of Sharon's intentions in Gaza -- As the Palestinian Authority (PA) and Egypt continued to work out details of a comprehensive plan for the governance of Gaza following the prospective Israeli withdrawal, Palestinian political groups once again cautioned against "accepting at face value" the Israeli disengagement plan and giving Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon the benefit of the doubt.The warnings came in a statement issued on Monday, probably in Damascus, and signed by virtually all Palestinian political factions, including Fatah, Hamas, the Islamic Jihad and the Popular and Democratic Fronts for the Liberation of Palestine. The statement stressed that "any Zionist withdrawal" from occupied Palestinian territory ought to be unconditional and should in no way be awarded or reciprocated with "security assurances and guarantees at our people's expense".Moreover, the statement warned against "dangerous byproducts" of the unilateral plan, including the seizure of more Palestinian land in the West Bank, neutralising the Gaza Strip and crushing Palestinian resistance.</span></div>
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<a href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/696/fr2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Gaza: divide and rule</span></a><span style="color: #444444;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Graham Usher, Al-Ahram Weekly on-line 6/24/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">Omar Suleiman is working out Egypt's future role in Israel's disengagement. It is a tough assignment -- The waves made by Ariel Sharon's disengagement policy are starting to subside -- at least in Israel. Most Israelis back the plan and his minority government now enjoys a parliamentary safety net provided courtesy of the Labour Party. Even Labour's recent threats to vote against the government's social and economic policies seem to leave the prime minister unfazed. While most of his Likud Party is opposed to any policy that involves the evacuation of settlements, Sharon knows the majority of his Likud ministers are against any return of Labour to government. Dividing and ruling, Sharon should be able to keep his ship afloat until parliament's long summer recess in August.Where tremors are being felt is within the Palestinian and Arab arenas, triggered especially over the preeminent place Egypt has assumed in the disengagement. This, too, is a form of Sharon's policy of divide and rule.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.palestinemonitor.org/new_web/articles_barg.htm#last" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Israel torture must be exposed</span></a><span style="color: #444444;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Dr. Mustafa Barghouthi, Palestine Monitor 6/8/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">The pictures of American soldiers torturing prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq have shocked the world. To the Palestinian people however, these photographs of hooded or naked figures come as no surprise. For the tens of thousands of Palestinians who have served time in Israeli prisons, the pictures only bring back memories of their own torture.In many cases, the treatment of the Iraqis in Abu Ghraib bear striking similarities to Israeli methods of torture. Accusations are now circling in the world's press that Israeli security officers have actually assisted in training private US security contractors being sent to Iraq.Regardless of whether there is any truth to these allegations, the world must recognize that torture is commonplace in Israel. It is not enough to condemn the actions of these American soldiers while ignoring the systematic human rights abuses imposed on the Palestinian people.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Rami G. Khouri, Daily Star 6/26/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">The issue of "why it is so hard for outsiders to understand the Middle East?" should be stated more accurately as "why Americans and Israelis" find it so hard to grasp Arab perspectives - because most of the world other than the United States and Israel understands Arab sentiments and generally empathizes with them. This is a crucial issue to grapple with, because of the military power and political clout that Israel and the US exercise in the Middle East. Bridging Arab-American-Israeli differences and misperceptions is critical to ushering in a new era of conflict resolution, stability and prosperity in the region.Three principal reasons might explain why Americans, Israelis and random other outsiders have difficulty understanding the Arabs: culture, politics and history.The cultural gap is probably the most significant and least appreciated. Arabs and Americans share virtually identical values on core personal and political issues like community, family, justice, accountability, participation and human rights. However, these values are expressed very differently, due to the distinct cultural habits of each society. The key differences may be summarized as follows...</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Meron Rapoport, Palestine Monitor 6/24/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">Israel's plan of attack is to close off the Gaza Strip before withdrawing to concentrate on expansionist policies in the West Bank. Ariel Sharon hopes this will annihilate the Palestinians politically, condemning them to work for poverty wages in industrial estates along the security wall. -- THE farmers of Irtah, a village near the West Bank market town of Tulkarem, can still see their land. But they haven't had access to it for more than a year because the trenches, walls and barbed wire of Israel's "security fence" lie between their hilltop homes and the fields. Now the Israeli army is threatening officially to confiscate the 500 dunams they are forbidden to access (1). The fate of this land is almost certainly determined: an industrial estate will be built astride the fence, funded jointly by the Israeli authorities and Palestinian entrepreneurs. The farmers, left without land, will have no choice but to work in the new factories for a minimum wage set at barely a third of Israel's official minimum. Tulkarem is not alone. While the fence is a long way from being finished (200km out of a planned 700km have been built), Israels minister for industry, trade and employment, Ehud Olmert, is pressing for a chain of industrial estates to be set up along its length. Some sections of the army, especially those engaged in patrolling the Palestinian territories, consider this project as a continuation of the fence.</span></div>
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<a href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/378E9412-27F0-4779-8AAA-C061883986B9.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Deep-rooted corruption in Palestine</span></a><span style="color: #444444;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Hasan Abu Nimah & Ali, Electronic Intifada 6/25/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">In February, press reports that cement imported from Egypt through Palestinian companies and ready-made concrete manufactured in the Palestinian village of Abu Dis were being used to build Israeli settlements and the apartheid wall provoked outrage among Palestinians. Israeli television showed trucks transporting cement from a factory originally owned by Palestinian Prime Minister Ahmad Qureia to the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Adumim, east of occupied Jerusalem. Qureia reportedly had transferred ownership of the plant to other members of his family.In an attempt to mollify public disgust, the Palestinian Authority (PA) ordered an investigation, even as the accusations were vigorously denied. The committee charged with the job, headed by Palestinian legislator Hasan Khreisheh, has now completed its work, according to a June 14 report in the Jordanian daily Ad Dustour.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=443157" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">The disease of racism and how to cure it</span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Nazir Majali, Ha'aretz 6/25/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">I would like to believe that if those same people who expressed their desire to have the Arabs expelled from the State of Israel in a survey by the Center for the Study of National Security at Haifa University had been asked their opinion in public rather than in a pollster's questionnaire, the results would have been different. In that survey, 63 percent of the Jews said they support the idea that the government should encourage Arabs to emigrate; 45 percent said Arab citizens should be prevented from voting for the Knesset. In open discussions, on television or in public interviews, Jewish citizens would certainly be embarrassed to express such chauvinistic and racist opinions. We can assume that they would want to be portrayed according to the best tradition of "the only democracy in the Middle East," and of the Jewish people. As members of a nation that went through the Holocaust and suffered racial discrimination more than any other, they wouldn't be willing to be exposed as Arab haters, as people who have no trouble trampling the rights of the Arab citizens of the state, to the point of expelling them from their homeland.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=5596" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Egypt and reviving the dying embers of political reform</span></a><span style="color: #444444;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Mona Makram Ebeid, Daily Star 6/25/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">Like flames coaxed from dying embers, proposals for the seemingly intractable imbroglio that is Middle East reform have become frequent. Yet there is something about the United States, whose latest reform proposal was presented to the recent G8 summit in Sea Island, Georgia, that is inspiringly, embarrassingly, quintessentially American: No other nation could be as hopeful to evangelize for regional democracy, yet also naive enough to do it so badly. There is animosity in the Middle East toward anything American because of the Bush administration's support for Israel and its actions in Iraq. The fact that <span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 147); font-weight: 700;">Washington</span> is pushing for regional democracy gives the effort a bad odor. The result is that Egyptian political reformers and advocates for change, whether liberal or religious, have lost the confidence they had following the Alexandria Declaration that reform would lead to real change. Nevertheless, many in Egyptian government circles and the official media contend the leadership recognizes the anger bubbling up in the society, but simply rejects far-reaching change as the answer. Amid the chatter about political and social reform, people are told that change must come slowly, and from within. No one argues with the latter statement, but the pace of reform is open to question. The question is: When does "slowly" become a farce?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"> </span><a href="https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20040715163203/http://www.imemc.org/features/2004/june/dusty-anniversary.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">A Dusty Wedding Anniversary</a><span style="color: #444444;">,</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"> On the occasion of the first anniversary for our wedding, my wife Fida and I decided to save some money of our monthly budget and go to the same place we went to on our honey-moon.The place where we went to last year was the Dead Sea, however, since there were many checkpoints this year we could not go and decided to spend the weekend in the Tourist Resort in Jericho, the oldest city in the world.We were told that a bus from Beit Sahour leaves the town as early as 7:00 am direct to the resort, which was very encouraging for me because of two things; one is that I hate going through the Israeli checkpoints, and second is that Fida is five months pregnant and it is hot, so I thought this is a good opportunity.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=4073&CategoryId=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">No Jordan Option</span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Marc Lynch, Miftah 6/23/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">Could the plan of Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon to "disengage" from the Gaza Strip "include a Jordanian presence" in the West Bank? So Sharon told his cabinet on June 1, according to the Israeli daily Haaretz. Since then, rumors about such a role for Jordan, farfetched as they seem, have spread like wildfire through Israeli and Arab political circles. Seeking to assuage fears that Hamas would dominate the Palestinian territories from which Israeli forces withdraw, Israel and the United States have approached Egypt about providing security assistance in Gaza. On June 17, Egyptian President Husni Mubarak met with CIA Director George Tenet, presumably to discuss the details. Reports that a Jordanian security team toured the West Bank in mid-June, without notifying Palestinian President Yasser Arafat, have fueled speculation that Jordan may be amenable to an arrangement similar to Egypt's. The prospect of Jordan's return to territory it occupied from <span style="background: rgb(177, 231, 120); font-weight: 700;">1948</span> to 1967 has been taken seriously enough that, on June 14, Jordanian spokeswoman Asma Khader found it necessary to repeat her government's long-standing opposition to the idea. Two days later, King Abdallah II is said to have told George W. Bush of his worry that the Israeli premier might be attempting to revive the "Jordan option."</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=4076&CategoryId=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">The Dead End of Regional Occupations</span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Geoffrey Aronson, Miftah 6/23/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">The idea of one nation "occupying" another is of contemporary vintage. Most of world history has concerned itself with victory by one country or tribe over another and the loser's expulsion or assimilation. The French attempted to maintain this age-old tradition well into the 20th century, most notably in Algeria, as did the Nazis in Austria. However, already in the 19th century, Britain's conquest of countries like Egypt and India lead to a hybrid colonial administration aimed at the exploitation and control of subject peoples and loss of their economic and military sovereignty, but that stopped well short of their outright removal. In the Middle East today we have two occupations - in Palestine and Iraq - both of which originated in failed British colonial experiences. Both also were born in blood and treasure - in the former instance a battle for land, in the latter a less tangible if no less real will to power.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=4075&CategoryId=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Shooting at MP's won't Do Any Good</span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Crispin Blunt, Miftah 6/23/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">[Crispin Blunt is a British Member of Parliament and chairman of the Conservative Middle East Council] -- On Friday I enjoyed, if that is the right word, being a first-hand witness to an example of policy failure in action. The Israeli Defence Force deployed on the border between Egypt and Gaza saw fit to open fire on a group of unarmed people inspecting the area, who had arrived in clearly marked UN vehicles. The fact that three of us were British politicians, from the three main parties, and included a Labour Friend of Israel made the event newsworthy. The same treatment had been meted out to representatives of Save the Children 48 hours earlier and, of course, fatally to Tom Hurndall and James Miller last year. The 104 Palestinians who died in Gaza in May alone attracted rather less attention. We were fortunate in that the aim of the fire was to drive us away. While it succeeded, we had already borne witness to the destruction being wrought by the Israelis to people's homes along the border. What is so depressing is that the Israeli people seem prepared to accept policies not only of such moral and legal bankruptcy, but also so self-destructive in the long term. It is the moral high ground that has been abandoned since 1967, and this cannot but be a cancer in the soul and identity of any society. Aside from the moral issue, it surely cannot be sensible to manufacture hatred that will take generations to dissipate. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><img alt="Palestinian villagers face Israeli soldiers during peaceful protests against the construction of the separation wall in the village of Azawiyah south-west of the Palestinian city of Nablus MIFTAH photo 6202004" src="https://www.vtjp.org/images/130new.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: right; margin: 0px 0px 8px 8px; max-height: 300px; min-height: 20px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.ipc.gov.ps/ipc_e/ipc_e-1/eye-e/2004/ipc-eye-06.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Lost Dreams in Deir Al Ghosoon</span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">International Press Center 6/3/2004</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">TULKAREM, Palestine, June 3, 2004 (IPC)-- The construction of the Israeli Apartheid Wall through the lands of the Deir Al Ghosoon Village in Tulkarem province continue to leave scars on the daily life and suffering of the villagers there, increasing the psychological and economic burdens on their shoulders.Most of the villagers in Deir Al Ghosoon have lost parts of their lands or all of them to the Israeli Apartheid Wall. The village, which used to be the largest agricultural area in the province, depended mainly on farming and a large percentage of the population have lost their source of livelihood without any consideration for their legal rights or future prospects.The Israeli Apartheid Wall has so far expropriated 3,000 dunums of land from the village's 7,000 inhabitants, which constituted 20% of the total area of the village.Emad Ghanem, 30, looked in torment at his land that was expropriated by the Israeli occupation; the land that he inherited from his forefathers. 30 dunums have been expropriated from his lands "like 30 pieces of my body have been ripped off," Ghanem said.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://communication.ucsd.edu/911/massdestruction.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0044cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Israeli WMD - Israel's Weapons of Mass Destruction</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">By Neil Sammonds, ZNet 10/11/2002</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">The tenth anniversary of the crash of El Al flight LY1862 in the Netherlands passed virtually unnoticed by the world's media. On 4October 1992, a Boeing 747 airliner of the Israeli airline El Al crashed into apartment blocks at Bijlmermeer, near Schiphol Airport, south-east of Amsterdam, en route from New York to Tel Aviv (MEI 585, 598). At least 47 people were killed and over a thousand local residents fell ill to respiratory, neurological and mobility ailments and experienced a rise in cancer and birth defects.Facing official Dutch and Israeli stone-walling, an independent Dutch nuclear research group discovered that the plane used depleted uranium as ballast. In 1998 the Dutch daily Handelsblad revealed even deadlier material in the cargo: flight LY1862 was carrying 10 tons of chemicals, including hydrofluoric acid, isopropanol and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) --- three of the four chemicals used in the production of sarin nerve gas. A belated Dutch parliamentary enquiry into the crash discovered unpublicized weekly flights from New York to Tel Aviv stopping off at Schiphol, where cargoes were not inspected and --- as the Dutch attorney general testified -- El Al security staff worked for Mossad. In the words of an investigator working on behalf of the Bijlmermeer survivors, Schiphol had become, and continues to be, "a hub for secret weapons transfers". "Invisible" facilities -- The DMMP was supplied by Solkatronic Chemicals Inc. of Morrisville, Pennsylvania, and was destined for the Israeli Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) at Nes Ziona, near Tel Aviv. As MEI noted in 1998, the IIBR is "the Israeli military and intelligence community's front organization for the development, testing and production of chemical and biological weapons". A "senior Israeli intelligence source" told the Sunday Times: "There is hardly a single known or unknown form of chemical or biological weapons which is not manufactured at Nes Ziona." The IIBR is not shown on maps, and access to it was denied even to members of the Knesset's foreign affairs and defence committees, who were concerned about health risks to the neighbourhood.The 1993 report by the US Office of Technology Assessment for Congress states that Israel has "undeclared offensive chemicalwarfare capabilities" and is "generally reported as having an undeclared offensive biological warfare programme". The Sussex- Harvard Information Bank on Chemical and Biological Warfare Armament reports that Israel allegedly used poison gas in the 1960s and early 1980s, chemical warfare against Egyptian forces in <span style="background: rgb(177, 231, 120); font-weight: 700;">1948</span>, and against Palestinians in 1969 and during the first Intifada. The Sunday Times reported in 1998 that Israel's F-16s had been equipped to carry chemical and biological weapons manufactured at Nes Ziona, and that crews were trained to fit an active chemical or biological weapon within minutes of receiving a command.The newspaper also reported that it was at Nes Ziona where research into an "ethno-bomb" was carried out. One of the most disturbing revelations made during the South African Truth and Reconciliation Committee hearings was that the apartheid regime and its ally Israel were cooperating on such a project. Scientists reportedly pinpointed a particular characteristic in the genetic profile of certain Arab communities, particularly in Iraq, and were trying to engineer deadly micro-organisms that attack only those bearing the distinctive genes. The disease could be spread by spraying the organisms into the air or putting them in water supplies.Israel's nuclear weapons programme is better documented than its biological and chemical weapons programme but remains as "invisible" as the Nes Ziona plant. There is no doubt that Israel's nuclear capability was developed from the 1950s at Dimona in the Negev, with French and then American and South African assistance. In 1986 the Moroccan- born Israeli scientist Mordechai Vanunu blew the whistle on the activities at Dimona, claiming it had produced "over 200" nuclear warheads. Five years later a US Strategic Air Command report said Israel had between 75 and 200 nuclear weapons. The Bulletin of Atomic Scienti</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.villagevoice.com/issues/0246/cotts.php" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">It's a Gas, Gas, Gas</a> </div>
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By Cynthia Cotts, Village Voice November 13 - 19, 20</div>
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...The Washington Post and Newsday have tried in vain to determine the exact nature of the gas used in Russia. Maybe Congress should be asking the Pentagon who makes this lethal gas and what countries possess it. After all, Israel used fentanyl gas in 1997. In an assassination attempt widely reported at the time, two Mossad agents approached a Hamas political leader and sprayed a variation of fentanyl into his ear. (The Baltimore Sun mentioned that story recently, but no one else has.) Israel isn't the only U.S. ally with access to secret drug weapons: The Sunshine Project has evidence that the United Kingdom has looked into developing incapacitating gases. On October 31, the Times of London and Financial Times reported that the British government admits doing such research in the past, but says the research has now stopped. (Don't look for the U.K. connection in the U.S. media.) .....</div>
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<a href="http://www.jmcc.org/news&media/editorial.htm" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">This damned, racist wall</a> </div>
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Jerusalem Media and Communication Centre/Palestine Report 6/16/2004</div>
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FOR RESIDENTS of Jerusalem, the week was dominated by the start of construction of a concrete wall which will split the neighborhoods of Dahiet Al Barid and Al Ram down the middle and off from Jerusalem, leaving an estimated 80,000 residents isolated from Jerusalem and the medical and educational services there, as well as from their jobs and places of worship. In two days, one entire side of the road that runs from the Qalandia checkpoint into Jerusalem -- the side of the road that ferries traffic in that direction -- was torn up from the checkpoint to Dahiet Al Barid. Some three-four kilometers worth of tarmac was destroyed. Residents of the neighborhoods have been fighting the construction in Israeli courts. On June 10, the Israeli High Court decided to hold an emergency session on the construction after a petition was filed on behalf of residents that they had not been given sufficient notice or information on the construction and had not been provided with maps of its route. On June 13, the High Court ruled that while the actual infrastructure of the wall ]-- leveling of roads and pavements could continue -- the placing of the eight-meter high concrete blocks would have to wait. Hundreds of people held noon prayers on what had become a dirt road in Al Ram on June 11, in protest of the construction. "Anyone who helps build this damned, racist wall, or supplies material for building it is a sinner...a traitor, and should be shunned, or made to leave our country," said Sheikh Tayseer Al Tamimi, who preached Friday's sermon. On the same day, Jerusalem's Grand Mufti Ikrima Sabri, issued a fatwa against any Palestinians helping Israel build the wall, and branded them "traitors." But the beginning of construction of that section of Israel's West Bank barrier was completely overshadowed by the beginning of construction on another part, around the Ariel settlement deep in the West Bank. Construction of the Ariel segment began last week, and residents of the nearby Palestinian village of Al Zawiyah have been informed that 4,500 acres of their land is being confiscated by the Israeli occupation authorities. This segment of the barrier will cover an area some 3.5 kilometers long and 100 meters wide and will run between Ariel and Salfit. Protests have been ongoing in the region, since residents of Al Zawiyah and neighboring villages took to the streets on June 10. On that day, more than 120 residents, according to Al Quds newspaper, suffered tear gas inhalation, as the Israeli army tried to break up demonstrators. The following days saw a repeat of those events and in five days of demonstrations at least 200 have been injured and dozens detained, including an American peace activist. By June 12, accusations that the Israeli army used illegal nerve gas started surfacing. On June 14, town officials told Al Ayyam newspaper that the Israeli occupation troops were using an illegal substance that caused nerve spasms and that several cases had been transferred to Nablus hospitals. The construction near the illegal settlement also brought international protests, even from the US. The administration of George W Bush has said that it does not object to the barrier in principle, but believes that it should be on, or very close to, the Green Line. "We accept Israel's right to build a fence for security, but when the route goes deep into the West Bank, it has political dimensions, and we have concerns about that," said Paul Patin, a US embassy spokesman, quoted by the New York Times on June 15. Also on June 15, US State Department spokesperson Richard Boucher said the American position that the barrier is problematic because it defines permanent boundaries, confiscates Palestinian territories and makes daily life more difficult for civilians is very clear. Boucher said this stance has been presented to Israel. But US protests notwithstanding, according to Israeli press reports on June 16, the building of this segment of the barrier is part of a promise Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon has extended to Israeli Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu for his support for the unilateral withdrawal plan from Gaza. The construction around Ariel as well as the Immanuel and Kedumim settlements is slated to be finished before May 2005, ahead of any withdrawal from Gaza. In fact, Israel is considering moving settlers slated for evacuation from Gaza to expanded West Bank settlements despite US objections, the Israeli daily Maariv reported on June 15. The newspaper said Israeli Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz had ordered plans drawn up for hundreds of new homes at the Gush Etzion bloc for use by 7,500 Gaza settlers. A senior Israeli security source confirmed to the newspaper that the Gush Etzion idea was "being studied," but said it had not yet received approval. On June 14, the Israeli army started removing some barricades around the West Bank, saying a security "re-evaluation" had deemed it possible. Some 40 dirt barricades were removed and the iron gate on the Tulkarm-Nablus road was also taken away. But the security "reevaluation" did not stop the violence. One person was killed in an Israeli army incursion into the Balatah refugee camp in Nablus on June 15. The incursion came four hours after an earlier incursion during a funeral injured three mourners. The wounded had been attending the funerals of commander of Fateh's military wing, Al Aqsa Brigades, Khalil Abu Marshoud, and Awad Abu Zeid, of no affiliation, who were killed on June 14 when missiles from Israeli helicopters blew up the taxi they were in. Another Aqsa Brigades activist was injured in the attack. Three people were killed on June 10, including a 14-year-old boy in Nablus, and a stone-throwing youth in Beit Fajjar. An Aqsa Martyrs Brigades activist was killed in Jenin. On June 12, the Palestinian Center for Human Rights released a report counting 177 assassinations since the Intifada, killing a total of 374 people. Of those, only 239 were the actual targets. Of the 135 others, 45 were children, 14 women and 18 elderly men. Seven hundred and eighty seven people were injured in these attacks.-Published 16/6/04 (c)Palestine Report<a href="http://www.palestinereport.org/article.php?article=398"> http://www.palestinereport.org/article.php?article=398</a></div>
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<a href="http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article1796.shtml" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">What gas is Israel using?</a> </div>
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By Jennifer Loewenstein and Angela, Electronic Intifada 10/9/2003</div>
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Here is a disturbing ordeal that has not yet been mentioned in any mainstream US papers or media. It exposes some shocking aspects of Israel's treatment of Palestinian political prisoners, including the use of a gas that impacts the nervous and respiratory systems. It should be noted that Israel has denied using nerve gas against Palestinians, even though one account of its use has already been documented in James Longley's searing film, "Gaza Strip."The source of the following information, Muhammad Burgal, a Palestinian lawyer and member of the Israeli Bar who lives in London, but is currently visiting East Jerusalem, is reliable. His brother Mukhles, a prisoner, was one of the victims of a gas attack in Ashkelon prison last week. (Muhammad was able to visit his brother in prison on August 4th.)Mukhles Burgal was sentenced to life in 1988. He had recently been moved from Shatta to Ashkelon prison. There, he was kept in a crowded room with 14 other prisoners. The guards kept conducting unnecessary searches every five minutes. There may have been other accompanying forms of harassment, which Muhammad can clarify.In response, the prisoners mounted a protest and put a mattress against the door to minimize the guards' harassment. Alarmed by this act of defiance, about 50 guards forced their way into the crowded cell, spraying two canisters of a some type of gas. Some of the 14 prisoners passed out. Mukhles did not lose consciousness. They were all beaten with long sticks, including the ones who had lost consciousness.Muhammad reports that his brother Mukhles has 16 stitches in his head following the gassing and beating. He has been moved to Ramle prison for medical treatment. One of the other prisoners has a similar number of stitches in his head, and another prisoner has a very bad injury to his eye. According to Muhammad, there is a risk that he may lose it.The effects of the gas were severe muscle spasms and an overwhelming sensation of not being able to breathe.Of the 14 prisoners attacked by the guards, four have life sentences. Apart from Mukhles, there was 'Emad Asfour, Mahmoud Zaghal, and Yahia Ramadan. Journalists or human rights organizations seeking more information about this incident can reach Muhamamd Burghal in East Jerusalem at 00972 54 211-031.Angela Gaff is a British lawyer and human rights activist; Jennifer Loewenstein is a writer and human rights activist. They filed this report from London.Related Links: Transcripts of interviews, Khan Younis IDF February 2001 gas attack. Interviews with patients, doctors, ambulance drivers and others describing this incident in detail. These interviews were recorded by James Longley during production of his documentary film, Gaza Strip.</div>
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<a href="http://www.fromoccupiedpalestine.org/node.php?id=919" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">Bombing Syria: A strategy for self-defense</a> </div>
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By Jennifer Lowenstein, FromOccupiedPalestine.org 10/9/2003</div>
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...But in Gaza City, Hamas leader Abdel Aziz Rantisi spoke on Al-Jazeera after relieving his newest bodyguard of duty. Rantisi offered to give himself up to Israeli authorities at Erez if they promised to leave Hamas' spiritual leader, Sheikh Yassin, alone. Rantisi now faces a life sentence in an Israeli prison close to Nes Tsiona. Family members might be allowed to visit him, we are told, but have been cautioned to purchase gas masks before entering any ward since prison guards, practicing state-of-the-art subduing techniques on their prisoners, routinely spray an agent similar to nerve-gas into the prison cells before beating up unrepentant convicts. [The Israeli Supreme Court recently ruled that these guards, however, must not kill any unconscious victims as that constituted cruel and unusual punishment inconsistent with the Jewish State's humanitarian track record. Pundits in the US have uniformly lauded this case as yet another example of Israel's moral and legal superiority over its Arab neighbors and even some western European nations.]....</div>
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<a href="http://www.imemc.org/opinion/october/laura-gordon.htm" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">Eyewitness account of the invasion of Rafah</a> </div>
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By Laura Gordon, International Middle East Media Center 10/14/2003</div>
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Then the streets started screaming and we were running almost without thinking, down the edges of the street around the people who had lost their fear, around donkey carts loaded full, ran until we fround a corner to turn into and then we ran past families and children, through narrow streets far enough from the main street not to know the worst, far enough that we were the ones spreading the news that the army had come back.Old men's eyes opened wide and mothers pulled their children inside, casting weary gazes in the direction from where we had come. We found Sea Street and a taxi and headed towards Block J. A machine gun fired from a tank as it entered Yibneh. It was maghreb time. The sun burning a hole in the sky as it fell behind the wall at the edge of town.When we'd come to Yibneh the camp was already in exodus mode. Donkey carts piled high with furniture, men removing the doors of their homes from the hinges, children holding the keys to their homes on neon green keychains, the modern picture of a refugee descended from refugees, meeting exile every other generation. The army had come during the night leaving a city stripped bare, the broken bones of houses like twisted bodies reaching up to heaven. Trees and streets, power lines and water pipes, broken, twisted around each other, uprooted. A graveyard of life things. The real dead had been carried out on stretchers, mostly after lying on the street for hours between tanks and the fearful closed doors of curfew, while the ambulances negotiated with the army to gain access. It was a perfect autumn day, soft clouds dotting a sky blue as swimming pools.The army had come during the night in the sound of thunder rumbling down the border frightening the whole town. It left, not through the streets as it had come, but by creating a path through the homes still standing in Yibneh, demolishing anything in its way and driving over the remains.It left 10 people dead and upwards of 80 injured; over 100 homes demolished and 2,000 people homeless, according to the UN's estimate. And even then, the army left incompletely and provisionally, remaining stationed along the border, and Moshe Allon calling to deploy more reserves. The word on the street is that the army has left just long enough for the frightened families to leave the camp, an empty shell for the army to finish demolishing.That night I stayed with Noura and the family down by Salah el-Deen gate. In the morning we peeked over the balcony. A tank was still sitting by the Block O tower. It didn't stop shooting either. All day in spurts.Most of the dead were teenage boys with more curiosity than fear who went outside just to see what was in their street keeping them inside their homes. They were wheeled out on stretchers to sit in the hospital refrigerators for days, waiting for their family to identify them, some unidentifiable. Held in limbo waiting for the army could leave so their families could bury them. When they did hold funerals it was not in the camp where the army was threatening to reinvade, but far away, in the center of the city, in Hay Il-Ijnena. But not far enough. An Apache dropped a missile on an empty field next to a funeral on the second day of invasion, the funeral for someone who lives in Hay Il-Ijnena, the most expensive part of town, known for its distance from the border. They died when an Apache fired explosive bullets through the roof of his home.When the army entered we were on the roof passing aroung stories and dreams. The Apaches came in like a foreboding signal of the end of the world, dropping fist-sized bombs -- boom boom boom, explosions every several minutes from the planes and the tanks. We spent the night in the office waking with fear and coffee, every bullet sounding like it was coming through our windows. We are in the center of the city. All the shooting comes from the borders, and even if it doesn't reach our walls it shoots in our direction, it sounds awful, like wretching rain.People filled up the hospital and in the morning it was already low on supplies. Nobody could get to the European Gaza Hospital, the only descent facility in the area, where tanks had been parked for days not letting anyone out or in. The dead waited in the refrigerators for identification. The beds were full and overflowing.My friend Adwan was the first to identify his friend since 12 years. 19-year-old Mabrouk, whose name means "congratulations", was shot three times in the head and five in the back while walking home.In the mosque, men gathered for prayer and sharing information. Mohammed came back with news. The sheikh at the library, the one we all know, had been killed while walking down the street, a bullet in the heart. One of the ambulance drivers that drove Rachel Corrie to the hospital had also been killed on his way to rescue the injured. His was one of two ambulances the army shot at that night.Down the street from my friend Feryal in Block J, an eight-year-old boy -- her neighbor's son -- was killed at the door of his home when a tank backed into his home and then shot him as he ran out, and then denied the ambulance entrance for two hours while he bled to death. Feryal was pregnant and expecting her fifth child any day. Four tanks were parked at each corner of her block....I went with the municipality workers to negotiate with the army to let them fix the water and electricity on a street that hadn't had for days. The real heros here are the municipality workers and the ambulance drivers who have lost their fear in order to keep the city together. I spoke from a distance of ten yards with a soldier in an APC, to see if the workers could fix the water system. He gave me a thumbs up sign. He appeared to be trying to understand. Parallel universes colliding. I couldn't believe I was talking with a real person inside this massive machine, I was so hungry for human contact, to put a face with the military machinery. We shouted to each other from opposite sides of a road block the army had put up, the divide was a gulf none of us could cross. I stood for too long, gawking at him, wishing I could talk to him for hours until he left his tank, feeling naive and silly in the afternoon sun.The army had uprooted the entire street. Water was filling the sand everywhere in the places water pipes had been broken. People had run out of food, had no water or electricity for two days at that point. Two women who wanted to bring clothes for their children inside the militarized area were denied entry. The municipality, who wanted to bring food relief to the people in the sealed-off area and to fix the water and electrical systems there, was denied entry.The night before I had slept with Naela's family. The invasion was one day old. Jenin was the word on everyone's lips, Bb'eyn Allah ("God sees").My friend Anees' house was partially demolished. Abu Ahmed, the carob juice vendor, his house was demolished.The army used some kind of nerve gas for the first time in Rafah, leaving people in convulsions for days.And last night, I ran from Yibneh's streets as the army came back in and found my way directly to Feryal's house in Block J, better to be with her under curfew than to worry from outside. The army didn't come as it had before but drove in enough to scare the people into exodus and then shot all night long. I began to mix all loud noises with gunfire, the way I used to when I first arrived here.We slept incompletely. Outside, everything around had been demolished. The morning was still. Families were sitting on the doorsteps of their neighbors' homes gazing at the damage. The area had gone from a crowded lively neighborhood to a strange antique gallery, children rummaging through the best climbing spots of twisted cars and broken homes. A few more weeks and the army will finish its work and "clean" the area -- dig away the dead bones of the city - until nothing remains but a flat, sandy expanse, a military parking lot. Even the ghosts will leave the area, searching for better horizons.Even as I sit by Feryal now in the crowded clinic benches full of pregnant women and screaming children, tanks shoot into the camps. It hasn't stopped all morning or all night, and there are four new injuries. The whole town is frightened, afraid to let out its breath. The sadness is dry and wordless. People are staying in tents on the street, some families have room to take in the new homeless.The army is lying as usual, saying only 10 homes were destroyed and that the people killed were gunmen. Journalists are trying to get here but with difficulty and under the guidelines that they follow military instruction. The ultrasound machine sounds like gunfire to my frightened ears. Feryal looks forward, eyes cynical, sarcastic, watching from a distance.Laura Gordon is a 20-year-old American Jew who came to Israel in December 2002 with the Birthright Israel program and proceeded, three months later, to begin work with the International Solidarity Movement in Rafah. (All Photos by: Rafah Today MM)</div>
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<a href="http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2840.shtml" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">View on the Sea</a> </div>
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By Toine van Teeffelen, Electronic Intifada 6/22/2004</div>
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5 May 2004 -- The view from the Bahai temple on the Carmel mountain of Haifa is on a beautiful day simply beyond description. Green plateaus covered with flowers form a huge, inviting staircase waving down from the mountain towards the sea. The horizon shows little boats imperceptibly moving foreword. The temple itself is surrounded by a large garden with trees and plants that are extremely well taken care off. The little things that deviate from the harmonious order, such as an orange fallen down on the ground, appear like the finishing touch of a painting. We - three Dutch visitors, educators - silently watch, almost with reverence, a spectacular tree out of which colorful hanging plants straddle down along the stem. The tree of life.That morning we had visited a school in Haifa to explore the possibility of Dutch, Palestinian and Israeli schools conducting a computer exchange. One of our interlocutors was an Israeli school student with 'Seeds for Peace' experience, an American sponsored Palestinian-Israeli exchange project. The boy harbored youthful enthusiasm for our newly proposed project. (His teacher gently told him not to speak too fast). He asked whether there was really a need to have the Dutch included. After all, we, the Israelis and Palestinians, had to live together, not the Dutch and Israelis, he said, and why not having contact with the Palestinians directly, face to face, instead of all this distant communication through the Internet? He was aware of the existing inequality in almost any contact between Palestinians and Israelis but thought it could be dealt with, as long as intentions were good. I made the point that good intentions in such exchange projects can be easily undermined....</div>
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<a href="http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/sociology/Israel.htm" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">Book: Bad News from Israel</a> </div>
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Glasgow University Mass Media Unit June 2004</div>
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This is a study of TV new coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and of how this coverage relates to the understanding, beliefs and attitudes of the television audience. The work was undertaken with support from the Economic and Social Research Council whose help we would like to acknowledge. In producing this study out intention was not to 'monitor' the media or to criticise individual journalists. Our intention was to discuss the pressures and structures within which they work to show the effects of those on new content and to examine the role of the media in the construction of public knowledge. It is a very extensive study with an audience sample of over 800 people and a detailed analysis of TV news over a two-year period. This work also raises a series of important theoretical issues in mass communications. The main focus of the book is on giving a clear exposition of our methods and results, but the theoretical concerns are latent and there is a more detailed discussion of them in other work by the Media Group. (For a discussion of issues in popular culture and audience response, including the active audience, resistance and post-modern accounts see Philo, G. and Miller, D. Market Killing Pearson / Longman. 2001). The study suggests that television news on the Israel/Palestinian conflict confuses viewers and substantially features Israeli government views. Israelis are quoted and speak in interviews over twice as much as Palestinians and there are major differences in the language used to describe the two sides. This operates in favours of the Israelis and influences how viewers understand the conflict. The study focused on BBC One and ITV News from the start of the current Palestinian intifada, the Glasgow researchers examined around 200 news programmes and interviewed and questioned over 800 people. The study is unique in that for the first time it brought senior broadcasters together with ordinary viewers to work in research groups, analysing how the news informs people and how it could be improved....</div>
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<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,1242896,00.html" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">The story TV news won't tell</a> </div>
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By Tim Llewellyn, The Guardian 6/20/2004</div>
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For 10 years Tim Llewellyn was the BBC's Middle East correspondent. In this passionately argued polemic he accuses British broadcasters, including his former employer, of systematic bias in covering the Arab-Israeli conflict, giving undue prominence to the views of Jerusalem while disregarding the roots of the crisis -- Since the Palestinians began their armed uprising against Israel's military occupation three years and eight months ago, British television and radio's reporting of it has been, in the main, dishonest - in concept, approach and execution. In my judgment as a journalist and Middle East specialist, the broadcasters' language favours the occupying soldiers over the occupied Arabs, depicting the latter, essentially, as alien tribes threatening the survival of Israel, rather than vice versa. The struggle between Israel and the Palestinians is shown, most especially on mainstream bulletins, as a battle between two 'forces', possessed equally of right and wrong and responsibility. It is the tyranny of spurious equivalence.</div>
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<a href="http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2575.shtml" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">Catch 22: The end of the two-state solution</a> </div>
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By Arjan El Fassed, Electronic Intifada 6/22/2004</div>
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A majority of Israeli Jews - 63.7 percent - believes the Israeli government should encourage Palestinians to leave the country, according to a poll conducted by the Haifa University, which was released yesterday. This poll comes at a time when Ariel Sharon, Israel's Prime Minister is working on his unilateral "disengagement plan". While various governments are trying to influence the process, contribute to security, and debating their own role, they fail to see developments on the ground.Last year, Tony Judt, the Erich Maria Remarque Professor of European Studies at New York University, known for his writings on European history, published a 2,900 essay in the October edition of The New York Review of Books, in which he argues that the "true alternative" facing the Middle East in coming years will be "between an ethnically cleansed Greater Israel and a single, integrated, binational state of Jews and Arabs, Israelis and Palestinians."</div>
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<a href="http://www.jerusalemites.org/ken.htm" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">P10K FORCE Mission</a> </div>
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By Ken O'Keefe, Jerusalemites 6/14/2004</div>
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights: "PREAMBLE - Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,..."P10K FORCE Mission: Step 1 - Expose the Truth/Protect LifeMobilise 10,000 Western Citizens, the P10K Force, to the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) for September 11, 2004 and document all acts of terrorism, as defined by law.Effect a negotiated Hudna (conditional ceasefire from the Militant Palestinian Resistance contingent on P10K presence in the OPT). Call for Israel to honour the Hudna in order to assure security for it's citizens.Step 2 - Compel JusticeHonour the Hudna until together (citizens of Palestine, Israel & the world), we non-violently compel the application of International Law thereby ending the Unlawful Occupation; the root cause of the conflict.Step 3 - Effect Peace"Fight Terrorism" by igniting global respect for Inherent Human Rights. Use the P10K Model to end all oppression (with Iraq as the next priority). Spark the dawn of global Truth Justice & Peace.</div>
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<a href="http://www.ipc.gov.ps/ipc_e/ipc_e-1/e_News/news2004/2004_06/121.html" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">The Palestinian Refugees: An Overview</a> </div>
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International Press Center 6/20/2004</div>
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June 20 marks the World Refugee Day, a day to raise awareness about the plight of refugees and displaced persons, highlight the situation of 'forgotten' refugees and refugee situations, and reinforce the obligation of states to protect refugees. Palestinian refugees and displaced persons today are one of the largest groups of displaced in the world. Throughout the 56th years of the Palestinian refugee issue, the thorniest outstanding issue has been the core of resolving the Israeli - Palestinian conflict, as the outset of the problem began with the displacement of third-quarter millions of the registered Palestinian refugees and the creation of Israel in 1948.</div>
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<a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/avnery06212004.html" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">Irreversible Mental Damage</a> </div>
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By Uri Avnery, CounterPunch 6/21/2004</div>
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Israel's Intelligence Scandal -- Two weeks ago, the international community made a shocking declaration. Giving in to a demand by George Bush, the "Quartet" accepted the "Revised Disengagement Plan" of Ariel Sharon. This means that the United Nations, the European Union, the Russian Federation and the United States confirmed this document. I wonder if any one of the honorable diplomats has read the document with their own eyes.In the first paragraph of the "plan", the following words appear: "Israel has come to the conclusion that at present, there is no Palestinian partner with whom it is possible to make progress on a bilateral peace process." That is to say, the international community has confirmed that the Palestinian people has no right to take part in the determination of its own fate. Everything will be decided by the Government of Israel alone, with the backing of the United States, whose position will be automatically accepted by the other partners of the "Quartet".</div>
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<a href="http://www.palestine-pmc.com/details.asp?cat=4&id=1082" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">Barak's Follies Finally Revealed</a> </div>
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By Samer Elatrash, Palestine Media Center 6/21/2004</div>
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Of the two issues that have preoccupied the Israeli media over the past fortnight, only one has attracted the attention of the North American media: Ariel Sharon's much publicized indictment for corruption charges ended last week after Israel's Attorney General cleared Sharon and his sons of any wrongdoing. The debate following comments by Amos Malka, the former head of the intelligence division of the Israeli army MI-was largely ignored by the media in Canada and the US. Opposition members of the Knesset are calling for an inquiry after the Israeli newspaper Haaretz published an interview with Amos Malka. In the interview, Malka accused Amos Gilad, an advisor to Ariel Sharon who headed MI's research department at the start of the Intifada, of "retroactively rewrit[ing] MI's assessments" to bolster the impression that the June 2000 Camp David negotiations had failed because Yassir Arafat never intended to achieve a peace deal with Israel.</div>
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<a href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=5&article_id=5453" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">Sharon's Palestinian 'state' - in the eyes of the beholder</a> </div>
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By Akiva Eldar, Daily Star 6/21/2004</div>
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In winter 2001, shortly before Ariel Sharon defeated Ehud Barak in elections for prime minister, I had the opportunity to personally hear Sharon's vision of a Palestinian state. Sharon removed a large map of Israel from a corner cabinet in his modest Likud headquarters office in Tel Aviv and pointed to the areas he proposed to annex to Israel. Moving from north to south, the pointer in his hand went from the Ariel bloc deep in the West Bank to greater Jerusalem, and from there to the Etzion bloc and Hebron. Then the pointer hovered over the Jordan Valley, from Bet Shean to the Dead Sea. These regions, Sharon explained, were vital to Israel's security. They could not be conceded even in return for the best of peace agreements. I asked Sharon if he knew any Palestinian who would accept a state made up of three enclaves bereft of territorial contiguity. He replied that that problem had preoccupied Mahmoud Abbas when he examined the very same map during one of his visits to Sharon's Sycamore Ranch. "I told him," Sharon related, "that there are places where we drive underneath Palestinian territory, such as the tunnel road to the Etzion bloc. We can implement the same arrangement - tunnels or bridges - in other places as well."<br />
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<a href="http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?040628fa_fact" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">PLAN B: As June 30th approaches, Israel looks to the Kurds</a> </div>
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By Seymour Hersh, The New Yorker 6/28/2004</div>
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In July, 2003, two months after President Bush declared victory in Iraq, the war, far from winding down, reached a critical point. Israel, which had been among the war's most enthusiastic supporters, began warning the Administration that the American-led occupation would face a heightened insurgency---a campaign of bombings and assassinations---later that summer. Israeli intelligence assets in Iraq were reporting that the insurgents had the support of Iranian intelligence operatives and other foreign fighters, who were crossing the unprotected border between Iran and Iraq at will. The Israelis urged the United States to seal the nine-hundred-mile-long border, at whatever cost. The border stayed open, however. "The Administration wasn't ignoring the Israeli intelligence about Iran," Patrick Clawson, who is the deputy director of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy and has close ties to the White House, explained. "There's no question that we took no steps last summer to close the border, but our attitude was that it was more useful for Iraqis to have contacts with ordinary Iranians coming across the border, and thousands were coming across every day---for instance, to make pilgrimages." He added, "The questions we confronted were==Is the trade-off worth it? Do we want to isolate the Iraqis?---Our answer was that as long as the Iranians were not picking up guns and shooting at us, it was worth the price."</div>
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<a href="http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2827.shtml" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">Palestine: Perception and Reality</a> </div>
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Electronic Intifada 6/18/2004</div>
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[edited version of a speech EI's Nigel Parry gave at the "Palestine: Perception and Reality" panel at the 21st National Convention of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee in Washington DC, on Sunday 13 June 2004.] -- I just want to thank the ADC for inviting us here this year. It's been a very good conference this year. What has been especially encouraging is seeing this younger generation of Palestinians using art to communicate realities about the conflict to non-traditional audiences. Comedians Dean Obeidallah and Maysoon Ziyad are doing exactly the kind of thing that we are hoping to do with EI in that, if you do stuff in a non-traditional format, in a creative way, you can reach a whole bunch of people who we don't have the ears of at the moment but hope to.I've also been impressed by the honesty and directness with which people are communicating the realities of the conflict. Last night, poet Suheir Hammad read a moving and razor sharp poem inspired by images we have seen in the last months -- Abu Ghraib and the suffering of people in Rafah.</div>
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<a href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=440508" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">T</a><a href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=440508" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">he death of facts in the Land of Darkness</a> </div>
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By Gideon Samet, Ha'aretz 6/18/2004</div>
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We can't be certain of anything anymore. Even guesswork has become difficult. About Sharon's plan, his son's business dealings, about the quality of the State Prosecutor's Office and the motives of Edna Arbel and Menachem Mazuz, about the real abilities of the head of Military Intelligence or those of the man who headed the research section in this sensitive institution. One can't tell if it means "yes" when the National Religious Party says "no," and even when the Labor Party answers "no" for the time being. The facts are drowning behind an asphyxiating wall of spins and suspicious, even dark, intent. Under normal conditions, which are as far removed from here as the facts themselves, such mess in the daily life of a country would result in depression and protest. For us, mess is what makes the nation go round. Why should one know, for sure, whether the Sharon family is OK, when some scandalous, ugly quarrel is available over this pressing question? Who wants to know clearly whether the Palestinians may have been willing to negotiate? It is best to stick the answer between the geysers of blood spurting from the semi-entertaining cockfight between the heads of Military Intelligence. Turmoil and scandal are a good deal for a street that does not really care to face up to the truth. The ones who first understood the passing of the facts, this national desire to feed on doubt, were Benjamin Netanyahu and his rival in the art of spin championship, Ariel Sharon. It is no coincidence that the two, both after and in spite of everything, continue to lead on all blockbuster lists of the battle for the leadership. <br />
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<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,1223525,00.html" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">'Its best use is as a doorstop'</a> </div>
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By Brian Whitaker, The Guardian 5/24/2004</div>
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Brian Whitaker explains why a book packed with sweeping generalisations about Arabs carries so much weight with both neocons and military in the US -- Consider these statements: "Why are most Africans, unless forced by dire necessity to earn their livelihood with 'the sweat of their brow', so loath to undertake any work that dirties the hands?" "The all-encompassing preoccupation with sex in the African mind emerges clearly in two manifestations ..." These statements, I think you'll agree, are thoroughly offensive. You would probably imagine them to be the musings of some 19th century colonialist. In fact, they come from a book promoted by its US publisher as "one of the great classics of cultural studies", and described by Publisher's Weekly as "admirable", "full of insight" and with "an impressive spread of scholarship". The book is not actually about Africans. Instead, it takes some of the hoariest old prejudices about black people and applies them to Arabs.[Seymour Hersh:] "The Patai book, an academic told me, was 'the bible of the neocons on Arab behaviour'. In their discussions, he said, two themes emerged - 'one, that Arabs only understand force, and two, that the biggest weakness of Arabs is shame and humiliation'." Last week, my own further enquiries about the book revealed something even more alarming. Not only is it the bible of neocon headbangers, but it is also the bible on Arab behaviour for the US military. <br />
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<a href="http://www.rense.com/general38/cldou.htmx" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; left: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;" target="_blank">Mossad & Moving Companies - Masterminds Of Global Terrorism?</a> </div>
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By Laura Knight-Jadczyk, Rense.com 6/9/2003</div>
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The other day I was scanning the news reports and came across a rather mundane item that really got me to thinking. It simply read: Cloudcroft, New Mexico Police Chief Stops Israelis With Suspicious Cargo...Well, don't that just beat all? Yet another "moving company" with Israeli drivers with bad papers, and nobody even noticed... Well, I noticed. Not only did I notice, I remembered a strange story about a similar event: On May 7, 2002, local police authorities pulled over a Budget rental truck in Oak Harbour, Washington near the Whitney Island Naval Air Station. The driver and his passenger were Israeli nationals, one of which had entered the country illegally. The other had an expired visa. Tests performed on the vehicle revealed that there were traces of TNT on the gearshift and RDX plastic explosives on the steering wheel. But no actual explosives were reported to have been found in the truck. [Fox News, 5/13/02]</div>
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StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-38900907052287215492017-01-13T12:45:00.001-05:002017-01-13T12:45:25.571-05:00 November 2, 2003, AFP - The Washington Times, Arrested oil tycoon passed shares to banker, <div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
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November 2, 2003, AFP - The Washington Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429184734/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2003/nov/2/20031102-111400-3720r/">Arrested oil tycoon passed shares to banker</a>, <div>
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<b> LONDON (Agence France-Presse) — </b>Control of Mikhail Khodorkovsky’s shares in the Russian oil giant Yukos have passed to renowned banker Jacob Rothschild, under a deal they concluded prior to Mr. Khodorkovsky’s arrest, the Sunday Times reported. </div>
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Voting rights to the shares passed to Mr. Rothschild, 67, under a “previously unknown arrangement” designed to take effect in the event that Mr. Khodorkovsky could no longer “act as a beneficiary” of the shares, it said. </div>
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Mr. Khodorkovsky, 40, whom Russian authorities arrested at gunpoint and jailed pending further investigation last week, was said by the Sunday Times to have made the arrangement with Mr. Rothschild when he realized he was facing arrest. </div>
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Mr. Rothschild now controls the voting rights on a stake in Yukos worth almost $13.5 billion, the newspaper said in a dispatch from Moscow. </div>
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Mr. Khodorkovsky owns 4 percent of Yukos directly and 22 percent through a trust of which he is the sole beneficiary, according to Russian analysts. </div>
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From the figures reported in the Sunday Times, it appeared Mr. Rothschild had received control of all Mr. Khodorkovsky’s shares. </div>
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The two have known each other for years “through their mutual love of the arts” and their positions as directors of the Open Russia Foundation, Yukos’ philanthropic branch, it said. </div>
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Russian authorities Thursday froze billions of dollars of shares held by Mr. Khodorkovsky and his top lieutenants in Yukos — throwing control of the country’s largest oil company into limbo and causing frenzied selling on financial markets. </div>
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Russian prosecutors said owners of the shares are still entitled to dividends and retain voting rights, but can no longer sell their stakes. </div>
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They said the freeze was necessary as collateral for the $1 billion that Mr. Khodorkovsky and his associates are accused of misappropriating during the 1990s.</div>
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Mr. Rothschild is the British head of Europe’s wealthy and influential Rothschild family, and runs his own investment empire.</div>
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StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-2890713054954811682017-01-12T22:49:00.003-05:002017-01-12T22:50:35.027-05:00October 18, 1919, New York Times, Ford Assets $332,998,121.; More Than Doubled in Two Years. According to Annual Report, <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: medium;">October 18, 1919, New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0DE6D9123AE03ABC4052DFB6678382609EDE">Ford Assets $332,998,121.; More Than Doubled in Two Years. According to Annual Report</a>, Annual report for year ended July 31. Special to The New York Times,</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Assets of the Ford Motor Company have increased more than 100 percent in the last two years, according to a report of the fiscal year ending July 31, just issued.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The company's assets on that date were $332,998,121, as compared with $303,749,409 on July 31, 1918, and $163,970,002 on July 31, 1917.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Surplus profits are $227,586,581 for the last fiscal year, compared with #175, 242,728 for 1918 and $131,000,905 in 1917, on capital stock of $2,000,000. This is equivalent to $11,379.30 a share. It is generally understood that Henry and Edsel Ford paid the minority stockholders @12,500 a share for their stock when purchased last Summer.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Under liabilities are listed $2,000,000 of capital stock, $24,097,322 accounts payable, $73,174,630 floating debt---a new figure due to borrowing for stock purchases---while nothing is reserved for depreciation. Accrued expenses are $7,139,579.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">August 25, 1999, BBC News, Europe; <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/europe/newsid_429000/429669.stm">Bid to bridge Nazi slave fund row</a>,</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Wednesday, August 25, 1999 Published at 10:30 GMT 11:30 UK </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">World: Europe: Bid to bridge Nazi slave fund row</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Volkswagen is among the companies which used slave labour</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Talks aimed at bridging the gap between compensation demanded by former Nazi slave labourers and the sum on offer resume in Bonn.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">But the reported demands by Holocaust survivors for a $20bn fund were "very far removed from reality", Germany's chief negotiator Otto Graf Lambsdorff told German television on Tuesday.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Graf Lambsdorff: $20bn "very far removed from reality"</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Without giving concrete figures, he said any settlement would not lie "in the middle" between the $20bn sought by the victims' lawyers and the $1.7 bn proposed by the firms contributing to the fund.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">But US Deputy Treasury Secretary Stuart Eizenstat, who is co-hosting the talks, was hopeful that a compromise could be reached between the two sides.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"This is the first session where we're talking about money," he said. "I think we'll narrow the differences."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">On Thursday the governments of Israel and east European countries are due to join the talks.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Top companies</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">There are 16 firms - some of the giants of German industry - offering the $1.7bn dollar compensation package. Amongt them are BMW, BASF, DaimlerChrysler, Volkswagen, Siemens and Deutsche and Dresdner Banks.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">But lawyers representing the survivors say that with more than one million claimants on their books, less than $2bn is simply not enough.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">A concentration camp victim shows her identification tattoo</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">For their part, the companies want a guarantee that if a deal is signed they will be protected from any further claims and that has proved a sticking point.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The survivors have maintained that German industry was central to the so-called Final Solution and that many firms actually profited from the Holocaust - a claim industry has always denied.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A spokesman for the companies acknowledged that they had a moral duty to help, but they bore no legal responsibility. The spokesman said the blame lay with the Nazi government.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Germany has already paid more than DM100bn ($54bn) to Holocaust victims for their suffering, but back pay for slave labour was left to the companies to resolve.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Running out of time</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The German Government had originally hoped to have an agreement by 1 September - the 60th anniversary of the start of World War II. The companies also pledged in February to have a fund in place by next week.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Meanwhile, the number of Holocaust survivors is continually reducing as elderly victims die before the compensation issue is resolved.</span></div>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-7130145613072947252017-01-12T09:54:00.002-05:002017-01-12T10:24:41.438-05:00Choose An Account<br />
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<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-42094728375723484732015-03-09T18:33:00.000-04:002015-05-02T03:17:28.842-04:00Adm. William J. Crowe Jr.,<br />
<br />
In framing Bruce E. Ivins, the government germ-warfare scientist, for responsibility for the 2001 anthrax "mailings," which reputedly claimed five lives, and undisputedly terrorized the civilian nation, intelligence-agency narrators rely on two main aspects, as evidenced in David Willman's Los Angeles Times article, <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/02/nation/na-anthrax2">Suspect stood to gain from anthrax panic</a>, published three days after Ivins' demise, when the coast was clear.<br />
One motive attributed to Ivins was first proffered by Nicholas Kristof in January 2002 when the agenda was pinning the atrocity on Ivins' former colleague Steven Hatfill. Let's call this defense the "innocent attention whore clamoring for a larger slice of the pie" justification. As Willman put it of Ivins in 2008: <br />
<blockquote>
One former senior official with Ivins' employer, the <b>U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases,</b> whom the FBI questioned at length about Ivins, said he believed his former colleague wanted more attention -- and resources -- shifted to biological defense.<br />
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"It had to have been a motive," said the former official, who suspects that Ivins was the culprit. "I don't think he ever intended to kill anybody. He just wanted to prove 'Look, this is possible.' He probably had no clue that it would aerosolize through those envelopes and kill those postal workers."</blockquote>
There are two major things wrong with this point of view. First---in the years leading up to September 11th, and the October Anthrax Fest that followed, the media record is filled with an escalating drumbeat of manufactured bioterror threats. Apparently, the specialized horror budgets were spiking too--albeit, not in the insane "move the decimal point over till I say when" way which marked the later Bush presidency, but certainly flush enough so that Ivins wouldn't have to take the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention to heart. Secondly, Ivins was an over-twenty-year man in 2001. Various reports have him with 28 to 36 years in service when he "retired" in 2008. (Ivins' Wikipedia entry quotes this Los Angeles Times article, which wrongly says Ivins had been working at Fort Detrick for 18 years. Ivins <a href="https://archive.today/8rQ5G">obituary in the Frederick News-Post</a> reports on his career, only that "Dr. Ivins was a scientist for 36 years, at USAMRIID at Fort Detrick.")<br />
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Could researching deadly germs really be so engrossing that he could overlook decades of government bureaucracy and petty office politics and not dream of that villa in Fort Meyers? <br />
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The second motive was financial---Ivins "stood to gain financially from massive federal spending in the fear-filled aftermath of those killings," because he held in partnership two patents on anthrax vaccine components. The narrative has to tread carefully here, because Ivins never did benefit from the new "massive federal spending." Apparently, Ivins had a hand-shake agreement with one of two biotechnology companies, VaxGen, which had "won a federal contract worth $877.5 million." But here the narrative goes completely screwy: <br />
<blockquote>
One executive who was familiar with the matter said that, as a condition of its purchasing the vaccine from the Army, VaxGen had agreed to share sales-related proceeds with the inventors.</blockquote>
But wasn't VaxGen supposed to <i>sell</i> vaccine to the Army? And if VaxGen was simply acting as a fabricator of an Army invention which was to be sold back to the Army as consumer then doesn't much of the onus of its failure to "deliver its batches on schedule" fall on Dr. Ivins' shoulders?<br />
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Likewise, Ivins' second patent---actually a "patent pending," required that "the Pentagon's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency commit[..] $12 million for additional testing of the experimental additive," which doesn't speak of much presumptive inventorship. <br />
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But Ivins was always helpful:<br />
<blockquote>
He also played a lead role in helping a private company, <b>BioPort,</b> win regulatory approval to continue making the vaccine required for U.S. service personnel deployed to Iraq, Afghanistan and other regions.</blockquote>
However, it took five or six years after BioPort had privatized the state-owned manufacturer before they could turn out their first acceptable dose of vaccine. As the New York Times wrote at the time of the sale in 1998<br />
<blockquote>
The rickety plant, which has been run by the Michigan Department of Community Health, has lost millions of dollars annually for years. So in 1996 Michigan decided to sell it to the highest bidder. No one was seriously interested, even after the Pentagon announced it would pay for a $1.8 million renovation.</blockquote>
Then in 2001, with the vaccine still not forthcoming, the Times fumed that the Defense Department had "invested $126 million in the Lansing plant over the last decade."<br />
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"We are jumping from vaccinating 150,000 in the Gulf War to 2.4 million on shaky ground,'' said Col. Redmond Handy, a reserve officer. </blockquote>
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July 8, 1998, AP Online, <a href="http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1998/Vaccine-Lab-Sale-Wins-St-Approval/id-210f5ccc29f286c6c05b2ac65dba82cf">Anthrax vaccine lab sale wins state approval</a>, </blockquote>
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Before we get into the topic of who <i><span style="font-size: large;">really</span></i> "stood to gain from anthrax panic," I think it imperative we understand our jumping off point, which helps explain why the totally inexperienced, and totally entitled men behind the BioPort incorporation had such a hard time of it.<br />
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">December 22, 1990, <b>The Washington Post</b>, <a href="http://www.mvrd.org/avn/sonnie/news/22dec90_washpost.htm">FDA Consents to Use Of Unapproved Drugs On U.S. Desert Troops</a>, by Curt Suplee.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> <i>The Food and Drug Administration yesterday altered a long-standing regulatory policy, making it possible for U.S. troops serving in the Persian Gulf to be given experimental drugs without their consent.</i></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> The new "interim rule," established at the request of the Defense Department, is intended to provide flexibility in countering the effects of chemical and biological weapons. Published in the Federal Register yesterday, the policy went into effect immediately because of "the urgency created by current military operations in Operation Desert Shield."</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> The policy gives the FDA authority to <b>permit administration of "investigational drugs and biologics" without obtaining the "informed consent" of soldiers</b> if the commissioner of food and drug deems that such consent "is not feasible" in battlefield conditions. …<a href="https://archive.today/OSs5q">Archived</a></span></div>
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July 8, 1998, New York Times, <a bb8f3d4b7ec76="true" ccd22cd95389572f="true" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/08/us/company-led-by-top-admiral-buys-michigan-vaccine-lab.html">Company Led by Top Admiral Buys Michigan Vaccine Lab</a>, by Judith Miller, <br />
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The State of Michigan yesterday approved the sale of the nation's only licensed manufacturer of anthrax and rabies vaccine to a company led by <span style="color: red;">Adm. William J. Crowe Jr.</span>, a former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Ambassador to Britain until last year.<br />
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The sale of the <span style="color: red;">Michigan Biologic Products Institute</span>, the last state-owned vaccine laboratory in the United States, gives Admiral Crowe's newly formed company, the <span style="color: red;">BioPort Corporation</span>, an inside track on at least $60 million in Pentagon contracts for anthrax vaccine to protect the nation's 2.4 million members of the armed forces and reservists against an anthrax attack.<br />
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The <span style="color: red;">ri</span><span style="color: blue;">ck</span><span style="color: magenta;">e</span><span style="color: #38761d;">ty</span> plant, which has been run by the Michigan Department of Community Health, has lost millions of dollars annually for years. So in 1996 Michigan decided to sell it to the highest bidder. No one was seriously interested, even after the Pentagon announced it would pay for a $1.8 million renovation.<br />
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<i>The situation changed in December 1997 </i>when the Clinton Administration <b>threatened</b> to go to war over Baghdad's intransigence in giving free access to United Nation's inspectors. <span style="color: red;">Defense Secretary William S. Cohen</span> announced that all American troops and reservists would get anthrax shots -- a first for the military.<br />
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March 6, 1998, CNN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070624225701/http://www.cnn.com/US/9803/06/pentagon.anthrax/">Pentagon recalls 200,000 anthrax vaccines destined for Gulf</a>,<br />
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<b>WASHINGTON (CNN) --</b> <i><span style="color: red;">A shipment of 200,000 doses of anthrax vaccine destined for U.S. troops in the Persian Gulf was stopped because it apparently had frozen during shipment, destroying its effectiveness, CNN has learned. <br />
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At $3.50 per dose, the shipment is valued at some $700,000, defense officials said. It is not clear when the temperature change took place. </span></i><br />
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The problem was discovered about two weeks ago. Another shipment of 200,000 doses was sent shortly thereafter to replace the damaged batch, so the inoculation of troops in the Gulf could take place on schedule, to protect them against the potentially lethal germ-warfare agent. <br />
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The first in a series of shots is to be administered to troops next week.<br />
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Officials, speaking on the condition they not be named, said the vaccines were shipped from <b>Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania</b>, to Germany en route to the Middle East. <br />
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In Germany, someone noticed that at least one of the 20,000 vials had suffered a radical temperature change, apparently freezing and rendering the doses useless. <br />
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<span style="color: red;">Army Surgeon Lt. Gen. Ronald Blanck</span> sent specialists to Germany to examine the shipment to see if any of it could be salvaged. The results of their examination are not yet available, the officials said. <br />
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CNN Military Affairs Producer Chris Plante contributed to this report.<br />
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July 8, 1998, AP Online, <a href="http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1998/Vaccine-Lab-Sale-Wins-St-Approval/id-210f5ccc29f286c6c05b2ac65dba82cf">Anthrax vaccine lab sale wins state approval</a>, by Greta Guest, Associated Press Writer, <b></b>602 words, <a href="https://archive.today/8O9JN">Archived</a>, <br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
<b><span class="dateline" id="dateLine">LANSING, Mich.</span> (AP) -- </b>The sale of the nation's only licensed maker of anthrax and rabies vaccine passed its final state hurdle, with approval of a deal to sell the state-owned laboratory to a company led by a former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.<br />
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A state board voted unanimously Tuesday to allow the sale to newly formed <b>BioPort Inc.</b>, which has bid $25 million to buy the <b>Michigan Biologic Products Institute.</b> Payment would be made in a combination of cash, secured notes, product donations and royalties.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
Among those attending the State Administrative Board's meeting was <span style="color: red;">retired Adm. William J. Crowe Jr., former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the Reagan administration</span> and director of <b>Intervac L.L.C.,</b> a pharmaceutical investment firm based in Maryland.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
<i>The company almost certainly stands to benefit from President Clinton's expansion of the Pentagon's anthrax vaccination program to include all 2.4 million U.S. military personnel.</i></div>
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<br />
Once the sale is closed, BioPort plans to negotiate with the Pentagon to make enough vaccine for the inoculations at an estimated cost of $130 million, including funds to renovate the aging lab.</div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
"We've got a lot of hard work ahead of us,'' said Crowe. "The heart and soul of this business is the U.S. government. That is our No. 1 priority.''<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
Crowe, 73, was the U.S. ambassador to Britain from 1994 to 1997 and served as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1985 to 1989.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
The board approval was BioPort's last state hurdle. Michigan would be responsible for any contamination found during its environmental study of the 60-acre Lansing site. Once that process is finished, the sale contracts could be completed.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
The lab has drawn international attention as the only source of anthrax vaccine in the nation. It opened in 1926 and is the last state-owned vaccine lab in the United States.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
<span style="color: red;">Gov. John Engler</span> said he was pleased the aging lab that for years has been losing millions of dollars would go into private hands, where it is expected to prosper.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
Crowe's <b>Intervac </b>is the major investor in <b>BioPort,</b> with 58 percent. Other partners are <b>Neogen Corp.,</b> a Lansing-based food safety research and development company, with 10 percent ownership, and the lab's managers led by <span style="color: red;">Director Robert Myers,</span> who have a 32 percent stake, according to BioPort documents.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
The offer includes $3.25 million in cash at closing, $12.1 million in secured notes, $4.6 million in rabies vaccine and immune globulin donations to the state and $5 million in royalties over five years.</div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
BioPort plans to keep the lab in Lansing and its 170 employees.</div>
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<br />
<span class="updated dtstamp" title="1999-03-24T21:36:15Z">March 24, 1999, </span><span class="updated dtstamp" title="1999-03-24T21:36:15Z">Associated Press, </span><span class="updated dtstamp" title="1999-03-24T21:36:15Z"><a href="http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1999/Pentagon-Questioned-Over-Anthrax/id-95edd5f063734c736cba3a4f4421c3e8">Pentagon Questioned Over Anthrax</a>, </span><span class="updated dtstamp" title="1999-03-24T21:36:15Z"> by Michael Tucker, Jr., <a href="https://archive.today/aoFzC">Archived</a>, <br />
4:36 PM ET</span><br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
<span class="dateline" id="dateLine">WASHINGTON</span> (AP) -- Pentagon officials came under sharp questioning Wednesday about plans to inoculate 2.4 million members of the armed forces against anthrax.</div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
"Why this vaccine?'' <span style="color: red;">Rep. Christopher Shays, R-Conn</span>., asked at a hearing of the House Government Reform's subcommittee on national security.</div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
Up to 200 service members have refused to take the vaccine. The Pentagon has said that 220,000 have been vaccinated.</div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
"Anthrax is the primary biological warfare threat faced by U.S. forces,'' Sue Bailey, assistance defense secretary for health affairs, told the panel. <span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">She said the anthrax vaccine was tested by the Food and Drug Administration and found safe, a determination confirmed by an independent review.</span></div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
"There have been no long-term side effects reported with the FDA-licensed anthrax vaccine,'' which has been in use since 1970, she said.</div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
Shays said there was a lack of trust in the Pentagon program and he said the military's efforts to counter concerns "seem heavy-handed and one-sided, glossing over legitimate concerns about the safety and efficacy of the vaccine, minimizing adverse reaction reports, and blaming the Internet for fanning dissent.''</div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
Also testifying were many critics of the mandatory policy adopted by the Pentagon.</div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
"We are jumping from vaccinating 150,000 in the Gulf War to 2.4 million on shaky ground,'' said <span style="color: red;">Col. Redmond Handy, a reserve officer.</span></div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
"By implying we are protected from anthrax may place many soldiers in more danger,'' said <span style="color: red;">Capt. Thomas Rempfer,</span> who quit the National Guard after completing a report on the anthrax vaccine.</div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
It was the first of several hearings the committee plans on this issue and the committee plans to call the FDA to testify next.</div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
"We will follow it until we are sure medical force protection means assuring the long-term health of U.S. forces not just short-term mission capability,'' Shays said.</div>
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June 29, 1999, AP Online, <a href="http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1999/Anthrax-Inoculation-May-Be-Delayed/id-fa010050c20c9cc5d8a5e0c919639508">Anthrax Inoculation May Be Delayed</a>, by Catherine Strong, Associated Press Writer, 700+ words, <a href="https://archive.today/rdn0u">Archived</a>, <br />
<b> </b><br />
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
<span class="dateline"><br />
</span> <span class="dateline" id="dateLine">WASHINGTON</span> (AP) --The program to vaccinate all 2.4 million military troops with the anthrax vaccine as protection against biological warfare may be delayed while the only c</div>
<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
<br />
BioPort Corp. of Lansing, Mich., the sole producer licensed for manufacture of the vaccine in the United States, is experiencing a cash-flow crisis, a congressional memo says.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
The House Government Reform Committee's national security subcommittee has scheduled a hearing today on the Defense Department's reliance on the company.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">"The Pentagon is locked in a dependent relationship with a new, unproven company,''</span> according to <span style="color: red;">Rep. Christopher Shays, R-Conn.</span>, the panel's chairman. He said the Pentagon <span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">"may have misjudged the financial and technical capabilities of the company to perform under the contract.''</span><br />
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</span></div>
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In a memo sent last Friday to members of his panel, Shays said the General Accounting Office and recent reviews by the Defense Contract Audit Agency indicate the company has "a cash flow crisis.''<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;">"Without more extraordinary Defense Department assistance, BioPort appears financially incapable of capitalizing and sustaining a highly technical, heavily regulated manufacturing process,''</span> Shay's memo said.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
<span style="color: red;">Defense Secretary William Cohen</span> last year ordered all 2.4 million active duty and reserve troops to get the anthrax vaccine as protection against biological warfare. Nearly 300,000 service members have been immunized so far, though there have been scattered cases of some troops refusing the inoculations out of safety concerns.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
Last year, <b>the Pentagon awarded BioPort a contract valued at $29 million</b> to produce the vaccine against anthrax, which can be used as a weapon when spores are released into the air and people inhale them.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
To make the vaccine, BioPort is seeking an advance payment of $10 million --<b> an approximately five-fold increase in the per-shot price to about $20</b> -- and permission to sell up to 300,000 doses each year on the open market.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
In testimony prepared to be delivered before the House panel, <span style="color: red;">Fuad El-Hibri</span>, president and chief executive of BioPort, said "the prices paid by the Defense Department for (the anthrax vaccine) are significantly below'' the company's costs for producing it "and what is necessary for BioPort to operate as a viable entity.''<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
A spokeswoman for BioPort, <span style="color: red;">Kelly Rossman-McKinney</span>, said BioPort's move to restructure the deal was reasonable. <i>Before the company went private last year, it was</i> selling shots well below cost and the state of Michigan was losing about $5 million subsidizing the lab, she said.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
BioPort was formerly a state-owned facility called the <i>Michigan Biologics Products Institute</i>. In March 1997, the Food and Drug Administration warned the facility that steps would be taken to revoke its production licenses, including for anthrax vaccine, if it did not correct quality control deficiencies and manufacturing violations.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
<span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">In March 1998, the plant was closed for $1.8 million in renovations and a $15 million expansion funded by the Defense Department.</span></div>
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In September, <b>BioPort purchased</b> the facility. The new vaccine manufactured by BioPort is not expected before late 1999, congressional aides said.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
Rossman-McKinney said the plant now has good quality control.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
The Pentagon agreed to take on legal liability if the vaccine harms anyone under a deal <span style="color: red;">Army Secretary Louis Caldera</span> approved last fall.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
The Defense Department described the arrangement as routine and a cost saver. Without government protection from lawsuits, the company would have to buy expensive outside insurance, with the cost passed on to the government as part of the contract price, said <span style="color: red;">Army Col. Dick Bridges</span>, a Pentagon spokesman.<br />
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<div class="ap_para ap_para-9bf7aa2f91f146d7aaeb7f63e8be1255 entry-content">
With nearly 900,000 shots administered so far, the vaccine has produced just 79 "adverse reactions,'' the Pentagon said.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-size: x-small;">July 1, 1999, <b><a class="" href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" id="pubByLineLink" rel="" target="">The Washington Post, </a></b><a href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-611865.html">Anthrax Vaccine Firm in Trouble; Pentagon's Inoculation Program Supplier Near Bankruptcy</a>, by <a class="link" href="http://www.highbeam.com/Search?searchTerm=author%3a%22Bradley+Graham%22&orderBy=Date+DESC" id="" rel="nofollow" target="">Bradley Graham</a>, </span></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">The only U.S. company that produces <b>anthrax</b> vaccine has run into serious financial trouble, imperiling a Pentagon program launched recently to immunize all U.S. troops against the deadly germ warfare agent.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Top officials from BioPort Corp. said yesterday that renovation delays and other transition problems after their purchase of the vaccine production facility from the state of Michigan have pushed the company close to bankruptcy. Unless the Pentagon agrees to more than triple the price it pays for the vaccine--from $3.50 to about $10 per dose--company officials suggested they have little hope of meeting the terms of a $29 million contract with the Defense Department.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">The fact that the contract is proving untenable only months after BioPort took over the plant last autumn drew expressions of alarm and exasperation from Rep. … </span>><br />
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September 20, 1999, <i>Insight on the News</i>, Vol. 15, No. 35, <a href="https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-55927014/why-bioport-got-a-shot-in-the-arm">Why BioPort Got a Shot in the Arm</a>, by Timothy W. Maier, <br />
<b>Article excerpt</b><br />
<br />
Allegations of ethical misconduct surround the start-up company that has become a multimillion-dollar supplier of anthrax vaccine to the Pentagon. <br />
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Coming seemingly from nowhere, the Lansing, Mich.-based biotech company in its first year of existence landed a multimillion-dollar contract for perhaps the greatest weapon ever employed by the military: an anthrax vaccine. But it hasn't come easily. Rocked by allegations of ethical misconduct, financial chaos and dangerously sloppy management practices involving two former Michigan lab directors who were hired by BioPort Corp., the company now finds itself the target of a federal probe. <br />
<br />
Republican Rep. Walter Jones Jr. of North Carolina, a member of the House Armed Services Committee, requested the Defense Department's, or DOD's, inspector general to investigate the Pentagon's financial relationship with BioPort. "I believe we have a skunk," Jones tells Insight. "I just can't find out where the odor is." <br />
<br />
The federal probe comes on the heels of the Pentagon announcing it doubled the sole-source contract to purchase the vaccine, from $25.7 million to $49.8 million, in an effort to help stabilize the financially troubled company. Under the new contract, BioPort will provide about 2.3 million fewer doses than previously requested, for a total of about 5.3 million doses. The Pentagon says the expected deliveries still will be enough to administer the vaccine to all those who need it. <br />
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But the terms of the deal are raising questions: The Pentagon also agreed to advance BioPort $18.7 million to cover its debts. BioPort claimed unless the Pentagon paid the up-front money, military authorities would not have enough vaccine to inoculate all 2.4 million U.S. troops. <br />
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Jones calls the $18.7 million advance disturbing. "Why is the taxpayer doing it, if it is not mandated?" he asks. <br />
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In a letter Jones sent to DOD Inspector General Donald Mancuso, he says, "While I understand the need to revisit contracts between the government and its suppliers, I am increasingly concerned about the nature of the relationship between DOD and BioPort Corporation.... [D]espite serious questions regarding the overall viability of BioPort, the federal government has chosen to more than double the value of its existing contract. <br />
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"If a company is to be the sole producer of a vaccine for every member of our armed forces, it is imperative that every aspect of the relationship with that company be sound," Jones continued. "Failure to follow that principle jeopardizes the health and safety of the men and women in our military, as well as that of their families." <br />
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Jones cited recent congressional testimony from the Government Accounting Office that BioPort is having financial difficulties, along with a DOD audit that indicated "substantial doubt that BioPort will be able to continue performing its contract." <br />
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The financial mess BioPort finds itself in also has caught the eye of the state of Michigan. Officials there wonder whether BioPort can make an $8.7 million payment by Sept. 4, according to a source familiar with the deal that turned the former state-owned lab over to BioPort for a total price tag of about $24 million. <br />
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The advance funds from the Pentagon cannot be used to make the Sept. 4 payment under the terms of the contract signed with the state. BioPort says it has every intention of making its payment deadline as it has on its previous payments. The only technical violation reported against the company is that BioPort has yet to honor product commitments to the state. Part of the state deal called for BioPort to provide rabies vaccine and plasma derivatives. But because BioPort has yet to get Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, approval to run their new lab, they haven't been able to provide the rabies vaccine. Even if BioPort fails to make the Sept. 4 payment, Michigan likely would grant an extension because, as one employee says, "The state doesn't want the bricks back. … ________________________________________________________________________________<br />
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May 5, 2000, BBC News, <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_738000/738071.stm">Twenty years free of smallpox</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/EGjsx">Archived</a>,<br />
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June 12, 2000, Insight on the News, <a href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62741736.html">Anthrax Vaccine Supplier Bioport May Be Investigated</a>, <br />
<b>Article excerpt</b><br />
<div>
<span style="color: red;">Democratic Michigan state Rep. Lling Brewer</span> has introduced a state resolution demanding Congress initiate a criminal investigation of <b> BioPort Corp.</b>, now the sole supplier of the anthrax vaccine for 2.4 million American troops. <br />
Michigan once produced the anthrax vaccine but sold its facility and plant to BioPort last year for $24 million. Brewer initiated a state ethics investigation concerning the sale but that probe failed to unearth any crimes.<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> Brewer had complained that two board members of BioPort used to work for the state of Michigan and could have had inside information about the bidding process. </span>He told Insight in September that "the buyers became sellers and the sellers became buyers" (see "Why BioPort Got a Shot in the Arm," Sept. 20, 1999). <br />
Brewer also objected that BioPort's chief executive officer was <span style="color: red;">Faud El-Hibri</span>, <i>who helped facilitate the purchase of anthrax vaccine for Saudi Arabia, which had been unable to obtain it from the U.S. government.</i> Even more surprising to Brewer was that<b> there was no national-security review of the BioPort sale. </b>… </div>
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October 6, 2001, New York Times, <a ccd22cd95389572f="true" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/06/health/06VACC.html">Military's Sole Supplier of Anthrax Vaccine Still Can't Make It</a>, by Stephen Kinzer, <a ccd22cd95389572f="true" href="https://archive.today/HH1Bo">Archived</a>, <a ccd22cd95389572f="true" href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/hkmj">diigo</a>, <br />
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October 6, 2001, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/06/health/06VACC.html">Military's Sole Supplier of Anthrax Vaccine Still Can't Make It</a>, by Stephen Kinzer, <a href="https://archive.today/HH1Bo">Archived</a>, <br />
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LANSING, Mich., Oct. 5 — With concern growing over the possibility of biological weapons being used against Americans, anthrax vaccine should be pouring out the door of the only laboratory in the United States licensed to make it. <br />
<br />
But although the laboratory is working frantically to meet government standards so it can begin producing the vaccine, it has failed to do so. As a result, the government program aimed at vaccinating all American soldiers against anthrax is at a standstill. <br />
<br />
On Monday, National Guard sentries arrived to guard the plant, which is owned by BioPort Corporation, but the sole supplier of anthrax vaccine to the military <b><span style="font-size: small;">has not produced a single dose since 1998, when it bought the plant from the state. </span></b><br />
<br />
Problems have plagued BioPort from the beginning. It failed Food and Drug Administration inspections in 1999 and 2000; inspectors cited problems including poor documentation and improper procedures in the room where the vaccine was packaged. Corporate managers hope to begin producing anthrax this year, but that depends on the outcome of a third F.D.A. inspection, which has not yet been scheduled. <br />
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At a hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee last year, <span style="color: red;">Senator Tim Hutchinson, Republican of Arkansas,</span> <b><span style="font-size: small;">called BioPort's record "an unmitigated disaster."</span></b> Mr. Hutchinson said its failures were<b><span style="font-size: small;"> "costing the American taxpayer millions and millions of dollars and jeopardizing the safety of our troops who we're not able to provide that anthrax vaccination." </span></b><br />
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Others say that problems are not all the fault of the laboratory, which started life as the Michigan Biologic Products Institute before it was bought by BioPort. <br />
<br />
"There's a lot of criticism of BioPort," said <span style="color: red;">Tara O'Toole, deputy director of the Center for Civilian Biodefense Studies at Johns Hopkins University, </span>"but to be fair,<b><span style="font-size: small;"> there's also a lot of talk that the Defense Department significantly underfunded the whole effort </span></b>and didn't give it the priority it deserved." <br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">"In retrospect,"</span></b> Ms. O'Toole said,<b><span style="font-size: small;"> "the whole notion of turning this over to a new contractor instead of an established pharmaceutical company looks questionable." </span></b><br />
<br />
Plant officials say that since the terror attacks last month on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, their 220 employees have been working with new fervor. <br />
<br />
"Our commitment has deepened measurably," said <span style="color: red;">Kim Brennen Root, a BioPort spokeswoman</span>. "People are getting up every morning thinking: `I know what my job is. I know what I have to do and I have a very clear purpose.' " <br />
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The only other plant that produces anthrax vaccine, Ms. Root said, is in Britain. <br />
<br />
Many experts believe that if terrorists were to launch an attack using biological agents, anthrax would be among their most likely choices. Although anthrax is said to be difficult to produce and spread in large doses, an enemy that managed to do so could inflict considerable damage. A 1993 government study found that spraying just 220 pounds of aerosol anthrax over Washington could kill up to three million people. <br />
<br />
The Soviet Union was known to have experimented with military uses of anthrax, as have about 10 other countries, including North Korea and Iraq. Some reports say that Osama bin Laden, whom Bush administration officials describe as head of the world's principal terror network, has also taken an interest in chemical and biological warfare. <br />
<br />
"It's a good bio-terror weapon and even better for biological warfare, and it's lying on the ground in places like Afghanistan" said <span style="color: red;">William Dietrich, an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School</span> who is researching the anthrax bacterium. "If you have a collection of soldiers you want to kill without infecting your own population or soldiers," Professor Dietrich said, "anthrax has good properties with regard to that. If you can produce it and disperse it on a battlefield, you can kill a lot of people very quickly. It's a very terrible, high-fatality kind of illness that we don't have enough tools in our arsenal to stop." <br />
<br />
In the Persian Gulf war, when what is now the BioPort plant was still run by the State of Michigan, thousands of American soldiers were given an anthrax vaccine made here. Some later charged that it contributed to the mysterious illnesses, sometimes referred to as gulf war syndrome, that afflicted some veterans of the conflict. In recent years, more than 400 soldiers have been disciplined for refusing to take the anthrax vaccine, and others have complained of adverse reactions. Supporters of the vaccination program, however, say no credible evidence has been produced to show that it causes serious side effects. <br />
<br />
The vaccine BioPort wants to produce involves six shots over 18 months. Critics have called this approach impractical and unreliable, urging BioPort researchers to concentrate on developing a new one. <br />
<br />
"They've got a pretty profound problem," said <span style="color: red;">Lawrence Halloran, staff director of the House Subcommittee on National Security</span>,<b><span style="font-size: small;"> which investigated BioPort after it fell behind in its efforts to provide the vaccine to the military.</span></b> "They can't demonstrate within any range of certainty that their vaccine is scientifically valuable." <br />
<br />
Even if the company passes its next Food and Drug Administration inspection and is allowed to resume production, the first several million doses will be assigned for military use. <br />
<br />
In recent days more than 1,200 people, including many doctors, have called BioPort asking to buy anthrax vaccine. They are transferred to a recording that says, "All the stockpile that currently exists is owned by the Department of Defense. At this time there is no opportunity for any commercial sales." The government has said it has no plans to vaccinate civilians. <br />
<br />
The Defense Department is BioPort's only customer, and<b><span style="font-size: small;"> it has invested $126 million in the Lansing plant over the last decade.</span></b> Military commanders say they want to immunize all 2.4 million active and reserve troops against anthrax but have so far managed to begin immunizing only about 500,000, mostly those in the Persian Gulf. There is no figure on the number who have received the full course of vaccination. <br />
<br />
Michigan began producing anthrax vaccine in 1970, selling it to small numbers of animal handlers, mill workers and others who might be exposed to the disease. After the gulf war, demand grew. <br />
<br />
In 1998, the state sold the plant to BioPort, a newly formed company whose most prominent board member is <span style="color: red;">Adm. William J. Crowe Jr., a former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and former ambassador to Britain. </span><br />
<br />
Some Lansing residents opposed the plant's privatization in 1998 and have been sharply critical of it since. <br />
<br />
"They have never met their responsibilities," said <span style="color: red;">Lingg Brewer, a former state legislator from Lansing.</span> <b><span style="font-size: small;">"They bought the company at a fire-sale price with the help of political connections, and since then they have not been able to make any vaccine that meets F.D.A. standards. They're doing a lot of chest-thumping about protecting the nation's interest, but they're actually unwitting allies of our enemies because of their incompetence and their greed." </span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;">Robert Kramer, president of BioPort</span>, who has been at odds with Mr. Brewer for years, rejected his charges. <br />
<br />
"Mr. Brewer has made the same claims over and over again, and they have all been discounted by courts, by Congress and by appropriate state and federal agencies," Mr. Kramer said. "I find it unconscionable that at a time when our country is uniting around our military and the national assets that serve it, he will continue to make his irresponsible and unsubstantiated allegations. He is doing a disservice to the 220 employees of BioPort and, more importantly, to his country." <br />
<br />
Concerns about BioPort are especially acute as officials in Washington begin reassessing the country's readiness to fend off biological attacks<b><span style="font-size: small;">. One group of senators has introduced a bill calling for $1.4 billion to improve defenses against this form of terrorism. </span></b><br />
<br />
The National Guard soldiers took up positions at BioPort on Monday and quickly installed a series of low concrete barriers near the front gate and began unrolling barbed-wire fencing. <b><span style="font-size: small;">But until then the plant was separated from public streets by no more than a chain-link fence that a child could climb over. </span></b><br />
<br />
"It's a joke," said a woman working at a state office building across the street. "We're nervous. Anything could happen." <br />
<br />
_________________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
March 6, 1998, CNN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070624225701/http://www.cnn.com/US/9803/06/pentagon.anthrax/">Pentagon recalls 200,000 anthrax vaccines destined for Gulf</a>,<br />
March 11, 1998, CNN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117132036/http://archives.cnn.com/HEALTH/9803/11/bioterrorism/">Scientists: U.S. must prepare for biological warfare</a>,July 8, 1998, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/08/us/company-led-by-top-admiral-buys-michigan-vaccine-lab.html">Company Led by Top Admiral Buys Michigan Vaccine Lab</a>, by Judith Miller, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/wd4r">diigo</a>, <br />
January 14, 2000, CNN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117132036/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/US/01/14/airforce.anthrax/">Air Force officer faces court-martial for refusing anthrax shots</a>,<br />
February 17, 2000, CNN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117132036/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/02/17/anthrax.vaccine.02/index.html">Pentagon vows to continue anthrax vaccinations</a>,<br />
July 7, 2000, Reuters, <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jul/07/news/mn-49085">Delay Possible in Anthrax Inoculation</a>,<br />
July 10, 2000, CNN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117132036/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/US/07/10/anthrax.shortage.02/">Pentagon to limit anthrax shots in face of vaccine shortage</a>,<br />
July 12, 2000, CNN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117132036/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/12/anthrax.hearing/index.html">Senate panel examines Pentagon anthrax vaccine shortage</a>,<br />
October 2, 2001, Los Angeles Times,<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2001/oct/02/news/mn-52348"> Fearing Bioterrorism, U.S. Orders Early Delivery of Vaccine</a>, by Aaron Zitner,<br />
October 6, 2001, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/06/health/06VACC.html">Military's Sole Supplier of Anthrax Vaccine Still Can't Make It</a>, by Stephen Kinzer, <a href="https://archive.today/HH1Bo">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/hkmj">diigo</a>, <br />
October 17, 2001, Rense.com, <a href="http://www.rense.com/general15/3wwho.htm">Guess Who Owns BioPort - The Only US Anthrax Vaccine Producer?</a>,<br />
October 18, 2001, Los Angeles Times,<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2001/oct/18/business/fi-58643"> Gains in Vaccine, Drug Stocks May Be Short-Lived</a>, by Charles Piller,<br />
October 19, 2001, Los Angeles Times,<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2001/oct/19/news/mn-59098"> U.S. Plagued by Chronic Shortage of Key Vaccines</a>, by Charles Ornstein and Charles Piller,<br />
October 20, 2001, Los Angeles Times,<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2001/oct/20/news/mn-59482"> Anthrax Vaccine Producer in U.S. Hit With Lawsuit</a>, by Robert L. Jackson, <br />
October 28, 2001, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/27/business/27PROF.html">The Quick Dollar: Anthrax Brings Profiteers Out in Force</a>, by Leslie Kaufman and Constance L. Hays, Archive Today, <br />
November 2, 2001, Los Angeles Times,<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/02/news/mn-64610"> U.S. Panel Calls for Vaccine Center</a>, by Charles Ornstein,<br />
November 4, 2001, The New York Times, <a href="http://www.fromthewilderness.com/timeline/2001/nyt110401.html">A Muscular Lobby Tries to Shape Nation's Bioterror Plan</a>, by Leslie Wayne and Melody Petersen, <a href="https://archive.today/0pTa1">Archive Today</a>,<br />
November 7, 2001, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/07/business/07POST.html">Postal Service Is Expected to Ask U.S. for Bailout</a>, by Anthony DePalma with Claudia Deutsch, <a href="https://archive.today/BvR9M">Archive Today</a>,<br />
November 8, 2001, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/08/business/08VACC.html">The Treatments: 3 Smaller Companies Say Their Vaccines Are Cheaper</a>, by Keith Bradsher, <a href="https://archive.today/GXLa2">Archived</a>, <br />
November 8, 2001, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/08/national/08ATEX.html">Excerpts From Postal Worker's 911 Call</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/8Ia4S">Archived</a>, <br />
November 10, 2001, AP - Tampa Times, <a href="http://www.sptimes.com/News/111001/Worldandnation/US_health_officials_c.shtml">U.S. health officials combat spread of smallpox fears</a>, <br />
December 20, 2001, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/20/politics/20SECR.html">Classified Information: Bush Gives Secrecy Power to Public Health Secretary</a> , by Alison Mitchell, <a href="https://archive.today/QDUYZ">Archived</a>, <br />
February 1, 2002, Los Angeles Times,<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2002/feb/01/news/mn-25831"> FDA OKs Anthrax Vaccine Distribution</a>, by Charles Ornstein, <br />
March 11, 2003, Los Angeles Times. <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2001/oct/02/news/mn-52348">Fearing Bioterrorism, U.S. Orders Early Delivery of Vaccine</a>, by Aaron Zitner,<br />
April 17, 2003, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/17/business/bayer-agrees-to-pay-us-257-million-in-drug-fraud.html">Bayer Agrees To Pay U.S. $257 Million In Drug Fraud</a>, by Melody Petersen, <br />
November 25, 2005, Newsday,<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2005/nov/25/nation/na-vaccine25"> Anthrax Vaccine Costs High, Yet Uncertainties Are Many</a>, by Thomas Maier,<br />
March 17, 2006, Sun Sentinel - Washington Post, <a href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-03-17/NATIONAL/0603161193_1_vaxgen-new-anthrax-vaccine-million-doses">Anthrax Vaccine A Year Behind Schedule</a>, by Justin Gillis, <br />
May 11, 2006, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2006/may/11/business/fi-vaxgen11">U.S. Wants More Tests of VaxGen's Anthrax Vaccine</a>,<br />
November 4, 2006, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2006/nov/04/business/fi-vaxgen4">VaxGen's anthrax vaccine hits snag</a>,<br />
December 21, 2006, Bloomberg News,<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2006/dec/21/business/fi-vaxgen21"> VaxGen loses vaccine contract</a>,<br />
April 6, 2007, Bloomberg News, <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/06/business/fi-briefsx6.3">VaxGen settles with U.S. over canceled contract</a>,<br />
October 19, 2007, Washington Post,<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/19/local/me-crowe19"> William J. Crowe Jr., 82; former joint chiefs head often criticized U.S. policy</a>, by Patricia Sullivan,<br />
December 2, 2007, Los Angeles Times,<a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/02/nation/na-anthrax2"> New anthrax vaccine sunk by lobbying</a>, by David Willman, Times Staff Writer<br />
December 2, 2007, Los Angeles Times, FEAR Inc.: A Times Investigation: <a href="https://web.http//www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-anthrax2dec02,0,4913303.story">New anthrax vaccine doomed by lobbying</a>, by David Willman, America's sole supplier faced oblivion if its rival's product was adopted. It was time to call on political connections. <a href="https://archive.today/IKT8O">Archived</a>,<br />
July 31, 2008, Frederick News-Post, Obituary, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116092203/http://www.fredericknewspost.com/sections/local/obit_detail.htm?obitID=24497">Dr. Bruce Edwards Ivins</a>, <br />
August 2, 2008, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080817132223/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-anthrax2-2008aug02,0,3650657.story">Anthrax scientist Bruce Ivins stood to benefit from a panic</a>, by David Willman The suspect in deadly mailings, who killed himself this week as the FBI closed in, could have collected patent royalties on an anthrax vaccine. <a href="https://archive.today/FjSel">Archived</a>,<br />
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<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-33040412299641706012015-02-21T21:41:00.001-05:002015-03-09T00:01:21.699-04:00Image Upload "Duality"<br />
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<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-47264422308368033832014-11-21T13:16:00.001-05:002014-11-21T15:22:29.306-05:00Wycliffe Bible Translators, <br />
<span style="font-size: large;">CIA's "Bible Lesson on Spying"</span><br />
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This CIA study, "A Bible Lesson on Spying," appeared in the Winter 1978 issue of the agency's classified spy journal, Studies in Intelligence. The study reviews the ethical and strategic lessons of spy missions ordered by Moses and Joshua to scope out the "Promised Land."<br />
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<i>One more round with espionage by Moses and Joshua</i><br />
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<b>A BIBLE LESSON ON SPYING</b><br />
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<b>John M. Cardwell</b><br />
For the past few years the Central Intelligence Agency has come under considerable scrutiny. Major issues have been raised regarding oversight and control, the intent being to insure accountability and legality. With the advent of the Carter administration, the issue of morality has also become a major concern. Today the CIA and the nation are confronted by a perplexing situation: how can we engage in secret operations with oversight of these operations lying essentially in the public domain (Congress) and conduct inherently insidious spying activities that also must also conform to traditional non-spying standards of ethical conduct and morality.<br />
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In an effort to seek some solutions to these problems, it is natural that we should explore historical precedents to determine what lessons and insights the past might offer. One rich source of information that should not be overlooked in the Holy Bible. The purpose therefore of this discussion is to explore the issue of spying as it occurs in the Bible and examine the lessons it might offer. Perhaps new perspectives can be found that will offer guidance regarding how "...one Nation, under God..." should go about the business of spying.<br />
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The subject of spying appears in numerous places throughout the Old and New Testament.(1) Spies were used by the Israelites against their adversaries, and on occasion various factions within the tribes of Israel used spies against each other. In the New Testament, spies were used by the political forces opposed to the emerging Christian movement and by members of the early Christian church to protect itself. There are many additional incidents in which individuals clearly engaged in espionage activities but are not normally referenced using those terms. For example, Judas could be described as having been a secret agent for the Sanhedrin because of his role in the betrayal of Jesus.<br />
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Spying as an activity is not treated as an issue in either the Old or the New Testaments and is discussed or mentioned only as an event worth reporting. As a consequence, the lessons to be learned from examining the scriptures must be inferred in the context of narrative experiences. Guidance to be derived from the study of biblical spying events is therefore subjective and dependent upon the approach and depth from which inferences are drawn. In this discussion, however, the objective has been to emphasize the facts and keep interpretations to a minimum.<br />
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The earliest mention of spying in the Old Testament occurs in the story of Joseph.(2) After Joseph had been sold by his brothers into bondage and had later maneuvered himself into a position of influence in the Egyptian government, his<br />
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(1) All references cited in this article can be found in the <i>Holy Bible,</i> Revised Standard Version, Thomas Nelson and Sons, New York, 1959.<br />
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(2) Genesis 42:6-17<br />
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<i><b>Biblical Spying</b></i><br />
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brothers came to Egypt to buy food during a famine. They were brought before Joseph but did not recognize him. Joseph, however, did recognize them, and in an effort to hide his recognition, accused him of coming to Egypt not to buy food but to spy. Evidently spying was an established fact of life, well familiar to Joseph.<br />
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There are only two spying incidents in the Bible in which methods and sources are discussed in any detail, and both occur in the Old Testament. The first incident occurred under the direction of Moses shortly after he led the Israelites out of Egypt.(3)They had camped in the wilderness of Paran near the boundary of the Promised Land, and Moses used spies to determine what the Promised Land was like. The second occurred approximately 40 years later under the direction of Joshua.(4) At that time, the Israelites had completed their sojourn in the desert and were again about to enter the Promised Land. There is a remarkable contrast not only in terms of methods and sources used by these two outstanding biblical leaders, but also in the different administrative procedures governing these two operations and the kinds of people involved. From an analysis of these two operations, biblical experience and perspectives with respect to spying are revealed.(5)<br />
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The children of Israel were divided into 12 tribes, or family groups, each tribe having its own leaders and hierarchy. The society was predominately patriarchal in nature with the leader of each tribe acting as a kind of benevolent dictator or governor over his group. In him was vested the responsibility for providing administrative, legal, military, social, economic, and religious guidance and leadership. Moses was the overall leader and spokesman of the tribes but he exercised final authority only upon the consensus of the people and the leaders of the 12 tribes. Forty years later Joshua occupied roughly the same position as Moses. Both men, therefore, were not absolute rulers of the tribes of Israel. The people could, and occasionally did, reject their leadership.<br />
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Moses conducted the earliest spying operations recorded in the Bible. As previously mentioned, the purpose of this operation was to "spy out" Canaan.(6) He chose 12 prominent individuals, one from each of the 12 tribes, to be his spies and instructed them to go to the Promised Land and learn what the land was like. To provide proof that indeed it was a "land flowing with milk and honey," he instructed his spies to return with samples of fruit. These spies spent 40 days in the Promised Land, returned as instructed with information regarding the cities and the population, and delivered samples of fruit. Upon their return, they reported their findings publicly to Moses and the 12 tribes. They brought back a uniform opinion regarding the cities, number of people, lay of the land, and the fact that the countryside was indeed "flowing with milk and honey." Ten of the spies, however, reported that the people were so physically large and well organized that is an invasion was attempted, the Israelites would be destroyed. They advocated stoning the two spies who said that an invasion should be attempted.<br />
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(3) Numbers 13-14<br />
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(4) Joshua 2<br />
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(5) Intelligence operations by Moses and Joshua have previously figured in "Decision Trees" by Dr. Edwin C. Sapp, <i>Studies XVIII/4,</i> and "Scientific and Technical Intelligence" by Robert M. Clark,<i> Studies XIX/1,</i> pp. 46-47.<br />
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(6) The complete story of the espionage mission can be found in Numbers 13 and Numbers 14:1-10. The consequences are described in Numbers 14:10-34.<br />
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Moses was distraught at the loss of confidence by the Israelites, especially after they had been safely delivered out of Egypt and had successfully crossed the Red Sea. Their attitude brought them dangerously close to losing their status as God's chosen people, but Moses argued successfully on their behalf. They were nevertheless severely punished for their failure. They were told that they would be required to remain in the wilderness one year for every day the spies spent in the Promised Land, that is, 40 years for the 40 days spent spying. They were furthermore told that everyone over the age of 20 would be denied entry into the Promised Land, and that the only exceptions would be the two spies who maintained their faith. Even Moses was told he would not enter the Promised Land, and he did not.(7) Thus the first spying operation discussed in the Bible ended in failure and had disastrous consequences for the population.<br />
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Forty years later the Israelites found themselves again preparing to enter the Promised Land, this time under the leadership of Joshua.(8) Joshua was, by the way, one of the two surviving spies who had participated in the operation conducted under Moses.(9) As before, there was a need to send spies into the Promised Land to get intelligence to support the invasion. Joshua, however, went about things quite differently. He chose two young men whose names are not recorded and instructed them to reconnoiter the city of Jericho.(10) The spies went to Jericho and visited a harlot named Rahab. Although the presence of the spies was reported to the local authorities, Rahab hid the spies and kept them from being captured. She told the two spies that the people had been expecting an Israelite invasion for some time. She reported that -- despite the fact that the city was well fortified and the army well trained -- the people were frightened of the Israelites and had lost the courage to stand up to them. The escape of the Israelites from the Egyptians, their successful crossing of the Red Sea, the subsequent destruction of Pharaoh and his armies, and their exploits during their 40 years of wandering in the desert were well known to the people and had convinced them of the Israelites' superiority. Rahab likewise was convinced that the city would fall and made an agreement with the spies that she would help them leave the city and not reveal what she had told them if in return they would spare her and her family during the attack. The spies agreed and with Rahab's help they successfully escaped capture and eventually made their way back to their own people. The spies reported to Joshua everything that had happened, especially the information given to them by the harlot regarding the fear of the people.<br />
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Using this information, Joshua made plans for the invasion and reported his plan to the 12 tribes. The plan was approved, the invasion proceeded, and the attack, capture, and subsequent destruction of the city of Jericho was successful.(11) Rahab and her family were, as agreed, spared by Joshua during the battle of Jericho.(12)<br />
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The contrast between these two incidents is significant. Moses used 12 people, all amateurs, each with both political and military responsibilities in his own tribe. Each was a prominent individual who is named in the Bible. On the other hand, Joshua apparently used two professional (throughout they were referred to only as "spies") anonymous (their names are not given) people to conduct his mission. Moses' spies brought back reports only of the physical characteristics of the land, whereas Joshua's also reported the attitude of the people. The spies Moses sent made their report<br />
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(7) Deuteronomy 1:37<br />
(8) Joshua 1:1-2<br />
(9) Deuteronomy 1: 38<br />
(10) The mission into Jericho is described in Joshua 2.<br />
(11) Joshua 3, 4, 5, and 6:1-21<br />
(12) Joshua 6:22-25<br />
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openly, and the discussion that followed was conducted in public. Joshua's spies, by contrast, reported only to Joshua, who then made the necessary decisions. Moses' spies, who also would have been principals in any military action to be taken, participated in the decision-making process. Joshua's spies neither had leadership responsibilities nor did they participate in the policy-making decision process. The consequences of these two operations are significantly different. Moses' operation, conducted by amateurs more or less in the public domain, resulted in a weakening of Moses' position of authority, led to a loss of the people's confidence in themselves, and precipitated an extended period of severe national punishment. Joshua's operation, conducted in private by professionals, led to an achievement of national destiny.<br />
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An implicit point is made regarding the procedures used during these two spying operations. It is not specifically stated, but one is left with the impression that the 12 spies sent by Moses more or less went about their business as tourists, and the report they brought back is typical of the kind of thing that a tourist would report. The information reported to Moses consisted both of facts and conclusions drawn by the spies. The negative report given by the majority of the spies, for example, reflected their perception regarding the consequences of military actions, which, if taken, they would be called upon to lead. The people agreed with the negative position, not because of facts reported, but because of the negative interpretation given these facts by individuals of prominence.<br />
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Joshua's spies, on the other hand, went in secret (although they were discovered) and visited a harlot who gave them valuable information regarding the attitude of her people. The spies did not interpret this information but simply reported to Joshua what they had been told. No moral judgment was made regarding the fact that Joshua's spies visited a harlot, nor is the information provided by her judged to be of questionable validity.<br />
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The relationship between Rahab and the spies was evidently amoral. No conditions of "conversion" were imposed in the recruitment, but merely an agreement for conspiratorial silence in exchange for a harlot's office. Joshua made no recorded comment or judgment regarding his spies' recruitment of or the agreement with the harlot. He did, however, honor the agreement, despite the fact that he had not given his prior approval and took no part in making it. After the Battle of Jericho, Rahab joined the Israelites and lived with them. No mention is made of whether or not she continued to practice here old profession. All references to her, in both the Old and New Testament, refer to her only as "Rahab the harlot."<br />
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If there is a lesson to be learned, it would appear that a strong case is made for the conduct of spying activities in secret by professionals, unencumbered by other political or military responsibilities, and that these professionals should report in secret to higher authority who would make policy decisions without debate. Spies should definitely not participate in the policy-decision-making process, nor should they take their cases to the public. When that occurs, although stoning is passé, the people are likely to throw figurative rocks at the wrong people for the wrong reasons.<br />
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It can be argued that the Moses operation suffered from complications that arose because of oversight and political issues. The selection of twelve spies, one from each of the twelve tribes, was probably motivated by political considerations, and the very specific instructions given by Moses to the spies were probably necessary in order to define the specific objectives and procedures in order to obtain approval from the twelve tribes. All the Israelites knew that the operation was to occur, who was going, and what they were to accomplish on the mission. When they returned, their report<br />
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was likewise made in public, the results of which have been noted earlier. It is noteworthy that the spies successfully accomplished all mission objectives. The point at which the Moses operation actually failed can be traced to the negative comments made during the public "mission briefing." Taken overall, it can be argued that the negative report of the spies and the loss of control over the situation was actually stimulated because of too much oversight and the tightly controlled administrative procedures used. In summary, this episode is a classic example of an operation that was successful, but in which the "patient" died.<br />
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The contrasts offered by the Joshua operation are startling. Joshua certainly did not have an oversight problem, nor did he worry about defining a politically acceptable mission scenario. His spies were sent in secret, were given absolutely minimal instructions, "Go, view the land, especially Jericho," and reported back only to Joshua. The operational scenario could hardly have been predicted, and if it could, it is questionable that it would have been met with approval. Joshua handled all administrative matters alone, provided flexible and responsive support to his spies by keeping their bargain, and made the necessary judgments required to successfully lead his people to victory. From a purely administrative point of view, the Joshua mission was a nightmare; nevertheless, the operation can only be judged as an unqualified success. <br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001001001338/http://www.parascope.com/ds/articles/ciaBibleStudy.htm">More on the CIA's "Bible Study"</a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-large;">Holy Spooks!</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b>CIA's "Bible Lesson on Spying"</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">by Jon Elliston</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Dossier Editor</span><br />
<a href="mailto:pscpdocs@parascope.com" style="background-color: white;">pscpdocs@parascope.com</a><br />
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<span style="background-color: white;">In times of crisis, some people turn to a higher power for solace and guidance. When the Central Intelligence Agency's public standing hit the skids in the mid-1970s, one officer delved into scripture for insight on the ethics of "inherently insidious spying." The result, a study called "</span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001018085100/http://www.parascope.com/ds/articles/ciaBibleStudyDoc.htm" style="background-color: white;">A Bible Lesson on Spying</a><span style="background-color: white;">," suggested that even though the agency was under fire for operating in extreme secrecy, it would probably have to continue its clandestine ways.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">How did the Holy Bible become the source material for this odd bit of espionage analysis? A select group of Americans in the intelligence community knew the answer; they had access to the CIA's classified spy journal, </span><i style="background-color: white;">Studies in Intelligence.</i><span style="background-color: white;"> The Fall 1978 issue carried the study, which was authored by one John M. Cardwell (or someone using that name as a pseudonym; disguised authorship was common in the CIA publication).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">The author began the study by taking note of the CIA's tribulations stemming from the "considerable scrutiny" of its operations in the media and in Congress. The agency, which had operated almost exclusively in secret since its founding in 1947, had finally been called to task for its assassination plots, mind control programs, domestic spying, foreign political manipulations and other skullduggery. The CIA was entering a difficult new era, one that would probably entail far greater public awareness of intelligence operations.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">"Today the CIA and the nation are confronted by a perplexing situation: how can we engage in secret operations with oversight of these operations lying essentially in the public domain (Congress) and conduct inherently insidious spying activities that must also conform to traditional non-spying standards of ethical conduct and morality," the study said.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">The word of God might clear up that question, the author reasoned: "Perhaps new perspectives can be found [in the Bible] that will offer guidance regarding how '... one Nation, under God...' should go about the business of spying."</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<span style="background-color: white;">The study was a unique entry in the CIA's spy journal, but it was neither the first nor last time that America's spies dabbled in religion. In fact, the CIA has infiltrated and utilized religious groups in operations in dozens of countries. Religious sentiments, Christian and otherwise, have been manipulated in many a CIA propaganda operation. Documented examples of such operations abound. To name just a few:</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<ul style="background-color: white;">
<li>In the early 1960s, the agency secretly rallied Catholic leaders in Latin America against Cuba's revolutionary government and used the fish, an ancient sign of Christian resistance, as the symbol for anti-Castro rebellion.<br />
</li>
<li>During the Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon administrations the CIA funneled political action funds through church authorities in Chile, as part of efforts to oppose leftist leader Salvador Allende.<br />
</li>
<li>To keep tabs on dissident movements and social activists in Bolivia, the CIA gathered intelligence from Protestant missionaries working among the poor there.<br />
</li>
<li>In the early 1980s, the Nicaraguan contras, a CIA-backed rebel group, dropped leaflets bearing the images of Jesus Christ and the Pope along with messages exhorting the reader to choose between the church and communism.</li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white;">The CIA Bible study skirts discussion of the propriety of such operations, focusing exclusively on the ethical and strategic implications of spy operations ordered by prominent Old Testament figures Moses and Joshua. These operations are apparently the "only two spying incidents in the Bible in which [intelligence] methods and sources are discussed in any detail," the study concluded.</span><br />
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CIA-backed Nicaraguan contras attempted to politically manipulate religious sentiments with leaflets bearing the image of Jesus Christ. (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001018085100/http://www.parascope.com/ds/articles/libertadorBig.jpg">Click here</a> to view enlargement.)</td><td width="16"><img height="1" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20001018085100im_/http://www.parascope.com/art/tp.gif" width="16" /></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Moses and Joshua were just the type of dramatic leaders you would want in a good spy story. If the Bible is to be believed, the two men had a hand in such momentous events as the freeing of Egypt's Hebrew slaves, a series of miracles in the desert, the receipt of God's Ten Commandments, and the conquest of Canaan, the "Promised Land" said to "flow with milk and honey."</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<span style="background-color: white;">Moses sent twelve spies on a fateful foray into that territory when his people were first plotting their attack. In a straightforward account paraphrased from the Bible text, the CIA study recounts how ten of the twelve returned with foreboding warnings of the strength and size of the adversaries and insisted that the mission to seize Canaan be abandoned. The remaining two dissented and backed the planned invasion.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<span style="background-color: white;">Moses' people listened to the doubting spies, and as a result God banished them to the wilderness for 40 years. The CIA study finds a lesson here: "the Moses operation suffered from complications that arose because of oversight and political issues." Though "the spies successfully accomplished all mission objectives," they were too tied to their tribal constituencies to favor bold military action. In addition, the "oversight" -- the public airing of the spies' fears about the enemy -- had disillusioned the public.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<span style="background-color: white;">"Taken overall," the study says, "it can be argued that the negative report of the spies and the loss of control over the situation was actually stimulated because of too much oversight and the tightly controlled administrative procedures used." For a CIA facing unprecedented monitoring by Congress, the moral of the story seemed to be that the agency was better off in the shadows -- doing as it saw fit, unfettered by public scrutiny.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<span style="background-color: white;">Fast-forward 40 years in the biblical account, and Moses' people are now led by Joshua. They are about to emerge from their nomadic existence and attempt to seize the Promised Land. The first city they will strike is Jericho, and to scope it out Joshua dispatches two spies.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">The agents made it into the city, the Bible says, but word of their presence reached the authorities. On the run, Joshua's spies found safe haven with a local identified as "Rahab the harlot." Not only did she save their lives, she offered valuable intelligence that told Joshua the citizens of Jericho feared his forces. Shortly thereafter Jericho fell to Joshua's troops, and the conquest of the Promised Land was finally underway.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Again the CIA analyst concluded that a Bible tale highlighted the need for firm secrecy: "Joshua's operation, conducted in private by professionals, led to an achievement of national destiny." The study also pointed out that the spying success had depended on Rahab, and that her status as a harlot led to "no moral judgment" by Joshua. The case does make for a fitting comparison, in that the CIA has often argued that it must rely on unsavory foreign agents -- including drug-runners, torturers and murderers -- for the dirty work of intelligence gathering.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<span style="background-color: white;">Is it a sin to spy? Dossier posted the full CIA Bible study online -- so </span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001018085100/http://www.parascope.com/ds/articles/ciaBibleStudyDoc.htm" style="background-color: white;">click here</a><span style="background-color: white;">, give the document your prayerful consideration, and decide for yourself. 0</span><br />
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<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=The+Wycliffe+Bible+Translators%2C+John+Mott+%26+Rockefeller+Connections%3A+UnHoly+Alliances%2C&oq=The+Wycliffe+Bible+Translators%2C+John+Mott+%26+Rockefeller+Connections%3A+UnHoly+Alliances%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.885j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8">The Wycliffe Bible Translators, John Mott & Rockefeller Connections: UnHoly Alliances,</a><br />
<br />
2 Peter 2:1-3 "But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. And many shall follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be evil spoken of. And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not, and their damnation slumbereth not." <br />
<br />
In order to understand the interconnectedness of the Rockefellers, Wycliffe and Cam Townsend, and John Mott, one must understand that missions became a pawn to gain global wealth and control. It should be pointed out that many missionaries, while sincere Christians, may not have understood the implications of how their ministry was operated or who provided the funding and desired direction they took. The desire for wealth and power is not restricted to those mentioned in this article, like J. Howard Pew, Nelson Bunker Hunt, but many more in the oil and commodities industry and others who sought the same things Rockefeller did. <br />
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Authors Colby and Dennett, in Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon, show how John D. Rockefeller Jr. worked with John Mott and later how Nelson Rockefeller and Wycliffe Bible Translators founder Cameron Townsend, worked with the U.S. and foreign governments to secure the resources and 'pacify' indigenous people in the name of democracy, corporate profit, and religion, resulting in massacre and genocide. <br />
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"In the name of God, progress and the struggle of democracy against communism, "Bibleless tribes" were pacified, oil lands and strategic natural resources were secured, and lucrative markets were developed. In the process, hundreds of thousands of tribal people died and many more were uprooted from their homelands....We see Rockefeller gathering political power and building a vast business empire in Latin America, working with the CIA, developing close friendships with famous Latin American politicians and businessmen, and increasingly advocating military dictatorships, while Townsend's missionaries are used to pacify native populations in frontiers rich in oil and rare minerals or subject to guerrilla insurgencies. Seeking to hasten the Second Coming, Townsend pursues a fanatical effort to reach every Bibleless tribe with the Word, even to the point of saving their souls by destroying their cultures and allying with the dictators who oppress them..." <br />
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This is really no different than what was discussed in the article <a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/bantu.htm">"What Happened in Africa?"</a>. From Thy Will Be Done Acknowledgments : p.xvi " ...In the Amazon basin countries, the conquest followed the general trend of exploring for oil, rubber [etc.]...and U.S. competition with other big powers...All this was assisted by a foreign aid system which was gradually crafted over thirty years by Nelson Rockefeller, beginning as Roosevelt's Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs during World War II and as Truman's foreign aid architect. <br />
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"The missionaries came in on the cultural, social, and political side of the conquest, their leader influenced by Rockefeller philanthropies and a counterinsurgency network shaped by Nelson Rockefeller's development goals.Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) was hired by military dictatorships and civilian governments, often headed by Nelson's allies, to pacify the tribes and integrate them into national economics increasingly being brought into the North American market. SIL used the Bible to teach indigenous people to "obey the government, for all authority comes from God."" <br />
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The massacre and genocide of, for example, the Indians of Cintas Largas, Brazil for the land, minerals and wealth of the land was for the most part officially ignored until 1968, although well documented today. According to Colby and Dennett, "the disastrous impact of missionary activity" remained officially ignored. 'in reality those in command of these Indian Protections posts are North American missionaries--they are in all the posts--and they disfigure the original Indian culture and enforce acceptance of Protestantism.' But officials of the American Fundamentalist missionary organization that worked with SPI [Service for the Protection of the Indian] among the tribes---the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL), known in the United States by its less scientific alias, the Wycliffe Bible Translators--denied that any genocide took place. The head of SIL's branch in Brazil disclaimed all reports of genocide, and the founder of SIL, William Cameron Townsend, denied any knowledge of the massacres at all." [Colby, p.3-4] <br />
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It should be noted that secular evaluation of Christian activities always carries a certain amount of bias against what is done, particularly the sharing of the Gospel, which is the mainstay of Biblical obedience. There is a danger of condemning those who love the Lord when evaluating the very ungodly associations and practices entered into by some claiming to be of the Lord. <br />
<br />
Our test of what is true and right must be based on Biblical truth as well as facts. We are to "Prove all things." Far to often people hear the words Christian missionary and feel that they are indeed supporting something of the Lord. Only God knows hearts. However, as will be discussed, if someone becomes Biblically disobedient in their endeavor to serve God, it must be questioned if what they are doing actually is of God. <br />
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Although many verses remind us to "be patient" and wait for God to work out His perfect plan, often impatience causes a Christian to act in ways that are contrary to Scripture. Impatience and being mindful of earthly things may produce or reveal opportunities which seem to be of God, but are not. Opportunities and open doors do not always mean these are for us. We earnestly need to be heavenly minded, checking that what is happening aligns with the Scriptures that were provided so that we might know what God would have us do. For example, dishonesty to further the Gospel, no matter the desired end result, goes against the Scriptures such as: <br />
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Romans 12:17 "Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide things honest in the sight of all men." <br />
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2 Corinthians 8:21 "Providing for honest things, not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of men." <br />
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1 Peter 2:12 "Having your conversation honest among the Gentiles: that, whereas they speak against you as evildoers, they may by your good works, which they shall behold, glorify God in the day of visitation. 13 Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake: whether it be to the king, as supreme;" <br />
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Unholy Alliances <br />
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2 Corinthians 6:15 <br />
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"And what concord hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel? <br />
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SIL was founded in 1934, although Cam Townsend originally encountered difficulties in being allowed to proselytize. The endorsement by Dr. Frank Tannenbaum of Columbia University, gave Townsend the in he needed with the Mexican authorities. Tannenbaum had conducted studies sponsored by the Social Science Research Council and the Brookings Institution-a liberal think-tank--both of which were Rockefeller funded. <br />
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<a class="GCUXF0KCPF" href="https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=23873592#editor/target=page;pageID=704489745896683692;onPublishedMenu=pages;onClosedMenu=pages;postNum=0;src=pagename">The Summer Institute of Linguistic Connection SIL and the CIA</a><br />
<br />
See: <a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/topiccnp.htm">The Council for National Policy</a><br /><br />Selected Organization/Media/Project Index<br /><br /><a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/cnporganizations.htm">http://www.seekgod.ca/cnporganizations.htm</a> <br /><br />Luke 6:26 <br /><br />"Woe unto you, when all men shall speak well of you! for so did their fathers to the false prophets." <br /><br />Whether it was misguided zeal, pride, impatience for God to work, or calculated Biblical disobedience, Cam started SIL under pretense and deceit, gaining entrance to Mexico, for example, by having his students claiming to be linguistic investigators rather than missionaries whose goal was to translate the Bible into native tongues. <br /><br />By joining the liberal Linguistic Society of America, which became the official sponsor of Townsend's group, Cam was able to funnel donations from mission agencies to WBT, so the appearance and knowledge of their being missionaries was kept hidden. [Colby, p. 65-69] Later, <br /><br />"...the Inter-American Scientific Congress would be described by Townsend's followers as the birthplace of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). It was also the birthplace of SIL's active collaboration with Rockefeller allies." [Colby, p.67-68] <br /><br />The third 'Camp Wycliffe', precursor of WBT, found the missionaries put on salaries to then Mexican President Cardenas. Two of the original ten missionaries refused, offended that they were to be working for a 'self-declared' "revolutionary" government, with the emphasis on linguistics rather than their missionary goals, which goal was to remain hidden. <br /><br />"[Cam's] recruits were being told that they were working for the Mexican government, and under an alleged Communist party sympathizer, at that. "[Colby, p. 73-74] <br /><br />It was through the Linguistic Society of America that Cam entered the "Rockefeller-funded world of indigenismo, an international movement of liberal anthropologists and other social scientists in the Americas." "The penchant for social engineering...peaceful integration, respect for Indian culture, reforms in education..." [Colby, p.67-68] <br /><br />2 Corinthians 6:14 "Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion hath light with darkness?" <br /><br />The collaboration with Rockefeller allies lead to what many later viewed as an attack on Native culture and the forced acceptance of Protestantism, with the World Council of Churches and anthropologists, who were Cam's former allies, providing studies to that effect. <br /><br />In Thy Will be Done, authors Colby and Dennett wrote, "Nelson [Rockefeller] knew, as did much of the nation, that Barry Goldwater had refused to disavow support for the ultrarightist John Birch Society. He also knew...that Goldwater and the Birch Society were both heavily funded by <a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/pew.htm">J. Howard Pew</a>, owner of one of Standard Oils major rivals, the Sun Oil Company." [Colby, p. 453-454] Wycliffe Bible Translators received large funds of money from Nelson Rockefeller, Crowell Trust [Quaker Oats], the Glenmeade Trust [Pew] and the Lilly Foundation, the liberal Ford Foundation and others. [p. 569]. <br /><br />2 Corinthians 6:15 "And what concord hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel?<br /><br />16 And what agreement hath the temple of God with idols? for ye are the temple of the living God; as God hath said, I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people." <br /><br />Eventually, some countries officially called for the expulsion of SIL missionaries, although, unofficially in many cases, they were allowed to stay. Part of the problem which resulted in SIL's later public denunciation lay with groups such as the CIA using missionaries as informants. Although against policy, some collaborated with the CIA, and in some cases, it's counterinsurgency survey's in such places, for example, as Vietnam. Some documented data about various people groups collected by SIL and other mission groups was given to the CIA database. Documentation reveals a pattern of SIL helping various dictatorships or military governments control the 'natives' in return for furthering Townsend's goal of getting Bibles to all tribes, believing he was ushering in the return of Christ. Sara Diamond wrote in Spiritual Warfare, <br /><br />"Over the years, WBT/SIL's close relationship with U.S. government officials and allied foreign leaders has earned the missionaries a reputation as "assets" of the CIA. In the Philippines in the early 1950's, for example, WBT/SIL representative Richard Pittman befriended Ramon Magsaysay, the politician the CIA promoted after it's defeat of the Huk guerrillas. Once Magsaysay was installed as Philippine president, he awarded WBT/SIL a contract to work on the islands. [It should be noted that the Rockefellers fund a Magsaysay Scholarship] <br /><br />In Vietnam during the early 1960's, when the CIA trained the indigenous Montagnards to fight the Vietnamese National Liberation Front, it was the Summer Institute of Linguistics, with a grant form the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), [a CIA funded front] that supplied ethnographic information to U.S. forces and trained the Montagnards to read and write. To practice their reading skills, the CIA gave the new literates booklets on how to use M-16 rifles and blow up bridges. <br /><br />"...Wycliffe serves an ideological function that is decidedly conservative and pro-capitalist. In Mexico...the translators in 1978 prepared a dictionary for the Tzotzil people of Mayan Indian ancestry...WBT/SIL's Tzotzil-Spanish dictionary eliminated the Spanish and indigenous words for ideological concepts that threaten the status quo: class, community, conquer, exploitation, bossy, oppression, repression, revolution, revolutionary, rebellion..." [Diamond, p. 218-219] <br /><br />Cam Townsend had been won over to the modernist thought long before WBT emerged. Townsend, although apparently accepting God's Word in the Bible without question, owed his beliefs to his father. Pursuit of the Promised Land, and belief of his Bible, "and a stubborn belief that honesty, temperance and a prairie-born populist justice would somehow, someday, prevail." were instilled in Cam. However, the Promised Land is not of this world and the concept that "populist justice" would prevail, echoes the concept of Dominionist theology, as is the idea of "ushering in the Second Coming of Christ.". <br /><br />2 Corinthians 6:17 Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you," <br /><br />Thy Will Be Done, reveals that the real source of Cam Townsend's inspiration and beliefs was John Mott. <br /><br />But in spite of Cam's lifelong reverence for the Word, his work had come under growing scrutiny by his mission elders over the past five years. Locked in battle with modernists abroad as well as at home, Cam's fundamentalist superiors were doubtful about his doctrinal purity. [p. 42] <br /><br />And they had reason to be.... Even his inspiration for becoming a missionary had been John Mott. Mott had delivered a passionate speech before Cam and other students at Occidental College on "evangelizing the world in this generation." [pp. 42-43] <br /><br />In 1930, The Laymen's Foreign Missions Inquiry, convened by John D. Rockefeller Jr. and John Mott, surveyed Asia and issued a report in 1932 entitled, Rethinking Missions.Rethinking Missions provided the beginnings of "contextualizing" the Gospel, and the concept that the focus of missions should be on day to day living and through secular education, health improvement to make good workers and so on. <br /><br />"Rethinking Missions recommended reforms that few Fundamentalists could accept: an end to segregation from Asian cultures and appreciation of elements in Asian faiths that were kindred to Christ's message; more quiet lessons of examples and programs in education, medicine, and agriculture and less evangelical proselytizing; more cooperation and efficiency to reduce the wasteful overlap of programs; and most important, a gradual transfer of power to indigenous churches. <br /><br />'....another young Fundamentalist missionary could understand Mott's call for indigenous control over institutions founded by foreign missionaries. And he had learned the values of the Rockefeller philanthropies for his own mission. In the years ahead, he would ally himself with Bell, his funder, J. Howard Pew of Sun Oil Company (SUNOCO) and <a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/fuller1.htm#graham">Billy Graham</a> to build America's largest and most politically controversial missionary organization, the Summer Institute of Linguistics...[He was] inadvertently serving the interests of Nelson Rockefeller as "the Apostle of the Lost Tribes." [Colby p.40] <br /><br />The man was William Cameron Townsend, founder of Wycliffe Bible Translators (WBT), which was known internationally as the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). Townsend's associations did not end with the Rockefellers and John Mott, nor did SIL's, as we've seen they are officially Partnered with UNESCO. <br /><br />In 1967, CNP's <a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/cnp.ho.htm#nhunt">Nelson Bunker Hunt</a> provided Cameron Townsend, property in Dallas for a new international translation center for Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) and the Wycliffe Bible Translators. Hunt also funded CNP's <a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/cnp.m.htm#mcateer">Ed McAteer</a>, who sat on Wycliffes' board.. <br /><br />"Ed McAteer, was the...real organizing force behind the politicized Fundamentalist movement. McAteer had the glib tongue of his profession, substituting Christ for soap in his market analysis. He was more than a friend of Cam Townsend; he was a major figure on the board of Wycliffe Associates, which was now a powerhouse of resources for SIL, providing it and JAARS [Jungle Aviation & Radio Service founded by Townsend in 1963] with construction skills, money, promotion and overnight stays for furloughed translators on fund-raising tours. In return, testimonies from returned translators, films, books, and slide shows parlayed surrogate travels around the world for suburban believers. Special trips to the jungle bases allowed the more affluent faithful actually to partake in adventure for God. The sheer human energy amassed by wealthy SIL backers like North Carolina's James A. Jones, one of the largest contractors for military bases in Vietnam, and oilman Nelson Bunker Hunt of Texas. "Bunker Hunt had helped me considerably," McAteer freely offered. <br /><br />"Wycliffe Associates' "500 Club" was designed to offer the richer members a way out of service through cash; $500 or more each year was all it took to get a special certificate of membership. Some gave much more. Texas's corporate leaders were prominent in helping Cam build SIL's International Linguistics Center near Dallas; the Linguistics Center's board meeting was one of those special occasions where a Rockefeller business partner like Trammel Crow could rub shoulders with an ultrarightist like Nelson Bunker Hunt. But they were the old core of supporters. The real power in the Wycliffe Associates was its thousands of newer members, spreading the influence of SIL across the country, and the influence of Wycliffe Associates in Cam's organization. <br /><br />"Promoting and leading this base of support into politics was McAteer's forte. During the Carter administration, his name began to appear among New Right circles in Washington, D.C., connected with North Carolina's <a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/cnp.h.htm#helms">Senator</a> <a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/cnp.h.htm#helms">Jesse Helms</a>. It was McAteer who brought <a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/cnp.f.htm#falwell">Jerry Falwell</a> into this crowd, helping Falwell build the Moral Majority. Then, in 1979, McAteer organized the <a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/cff.htm#rel">Religious Roundtable</a>. Well-funded, McAteer pulled together many of the Fundamentalist leaders of the nation to back the candidacy of Ronald Reagan. Cam was on of those who followed McAteer into the founding meeting of the Religious Roundtable...Cam's base of support in the homeland and his top financial backers left him little choice. He was, at the end of his career, trapped by the Far Right Fundamentalist base on which he had built Wycliffe's success at home...." [Colby & Dennett, pp 570, 804-5] <br />
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See: <a href="http://www.seekgod.ca/donors.htm">Major Donors to SIL/WBT</a> to see some of the many corporate donors who had a financial stake in SIL's opening the door for their ventures. The Apostle Peter wrote: <br />
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2 Peter 2:1 But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction.<br />
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2 And many shall follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be evil spoken of.<br />
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3 And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not, and their damnation slumbereth not.<br />
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4 For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment;<br />
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5 And spared not the old world, but saved Noah the eighth person, a preacher of righteousness, bringing in the flood upon the world of the ungodly;<br />
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6 And turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrha into ashes condemned them with an overthrow, making them an ensample unto those that after should live ungodly;<br />
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7 And delivered just Lot, vexed with the filthy conversation of the wicked:<br />
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8 (For that righteous man dwelling among them, in seeing and hearing, vexed his righteous soul from day to day with their unlawful deeds;)<br />
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9 The Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptations, and to reserve the unjust unto the day of judgment to be punished: <br />
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<b>Resources</b><br />
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Colby, Gerard & Charlotte Dennett,Thy Will be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil, Harper Collins, 1995.<br />
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Diamond, Sara. Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Christian Right, MA: South End Press, 1988.<br />
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42. Cairns, Earle E., Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church, p. 490, Zondervan Publishing House, Revised Edition, 1970, orig. 1954<br />
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43. Eugene A. Nida; Bible Translations: An Analysis of Principles and Procedures, with Special Reference to Aboriginal Languages; p.50-51; N.Y. Publisher, American Bible Society. 1947<br />
<br />
45. The Greek New Testament, The Fourth revised edition. Editors: Barbara Aland & Kurt Aland; Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, Ruth M. Metger; Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, United Bible Societies, Stuttgart, Germany, 1994.<br />
<br />
Patrick, James R., Research Manual:America 2000/Goals 2000, Citizens for Academic Education, 1994<br />
<br />
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, Power & Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981, New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983, p. 289<br />
<br />
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, BETWEEN TWO AGES: AMERICA'S ROLE IN THE TECHNETRONIC ERA, Viking Press, 1971; reprinted edition, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1982<br />
<br />
Spenner, Joe, Rockefeller-- Regionalism The Shadow Behind Oregon's LCDC, 1992<br />
<br />
Copyright . All articles are the sole property of SeekGod.ca and Vicky Dillen <br />
______________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
http://www.akha.org/content/missiondocuments/sil.html<br />
<br />
Ed McAteer was also a member of the board of Wycliffe Bible Associates, a lay ministry which was created to support the work of Wycliffe Bible Translators, an evangelical organization that raises funds and recruits missionaries to do the work of the <a href="http://www.sil.org/">Summer Institute of Linguistics</a>. Bill Bright served on the board of the International Linguistics Center in Dallas, which was an associate group of SIL. The Summer Institute of Linguistics was established in 1936 by William Cameron Townsend as a scientific, nonsectarian organization specializing in language studies, literacy work and "other services." 32. An expose of SIL's corruption by Rockefeller money mentions Cam Townsend's role in founding the Religious Roundtable with Ed McAteer.<br />
<br />
"In 1979, after Nelson Rockefeller had passed from living humanity into history, Cam had gathered with other members of Christian Fundamentalism to form the Religious Roundtable. . . Cam was one of those who followed McAteer into the founding meeting of the Religious Roundtable. If he had any reservations about where this would lead SIL and how it would play in Latin America . . ., Cam's base of support in the homeland and his top financial backers left him little choice. He was, at the end of his career, trapped by the Far Right Fundamentalist base on which he had built Wycliffe's success at home." 33.<br />
<br />
In this massive volume, <i>Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil</i>, authors Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett present the disturbing evidence of Rockefeller's use of American missionaries, and in particular, the Summer Institute of Linguistics, who cooperated in conducting surveys, transporting CIA agents and indirectly assisting in the genocide of tribes in the Amazon basin.<br />
<br />
"At the heart of this story are two intensely ambitious and ultimately tragic figures: Nelson Rockefeller, scion of the liberal Standard Oil family, and William Cameron Townsend, founder of the ultraconservative Wycliffe Bible Translators. Although leaders of opposing camps, both found common cause against fascism and the communism, with ironic, fateful results. <br />
<br />
"We see Rockefeller gathering political power and building a vast business empire in Latin America, working with the CIA, developing close friendships with famous Latin American politicians and businessmen, and increasingly advocating military dictatorships, while Townsend's missionaries are used to pacify native populations in frontiers rich in oil and rare minerals or subject to guerrilla insurgencies. Seeking to hasten the prophesied Second Coming, Townsend pursues a fanatical effort to reach every Bibleless tribe with the Word, even to the point of saving their souls by destroying their culture and allying with the dictators who oppress them. <br />
<br />
"Rockefeller and Townsend contributed more than any other Americans to the conquest of the Amazon that now threatens to destroy the 'lungs of the planet,' the rain forests. Their systematic campaign of colonization was a chilling foretaste of American intervention in the Third World that has become so common today we take for granted repeated forays in the name of democracy and the securing of valuable resources." 34.<br />
<br />
Colby and Dennett also describe the vital role of <span style="color: red;">Ed McAteer </span>in bringing together wealthy liberal and conservative patrons to fund and direct the Wycliffe organization which, in the name of Christ, was assisting Nelson Rockefeller in the conquest of Latin America:<br />
<br />
"Yet, of all the principles building the Religious Right into a cohesive political force, the most important was perhaps the least known. Edward McAteer was the Colgate-Palmolive salesman who was the real organizing force behind the politicized Fundamentalist movement. McAteer had the glib tongue of his profession, substituting Christ for soap in his market analysis. He was more than a friend to Cam Townsend; he was a major figure on the board of Wycliffe Associates, which was now a powerhouse of resources for SIL, providing it and [<span style="color: red;">Jungle Aviation and Radio Services</span>] with construction skills, money, promotion, and overnight stays for furloughed translators on fund-raising tours. In return, testimonies from returned translators, films, books, and slide shows parlayed surrogate travels around the world for suburban believers. Special trips to jungle bases allowed the more affluent faithful actually to partake in adventure for God. The sheer human energy amassed by Wycliffe Associates was impressive, <span style="color: red;">but the financial core was fueled by reliable wealthy SIL backers like North Carolina's James A. Jones, one of the largest contractors for military bases in Vietnam, and oilman Nelson Bunker Hunt of Texas. 'Bunker Hunt had helped me considerably,' McAteer freely offered.</span><br />
<br />
"Wycliffe Associates '500 Club' was designed to offer the richer members a way out of service through cash; $500 or more each year was all it took to get a special certificate of membership. Some gave much more. Texas's corporate leaders were prominent in helping Cam build <span style="color: red;">SIL's International Linguistics Center near Dallas; the Linguistics Center's board meeting was one of those special occasions where a Rockefeller business partner like Trammel Crow could rub shoulders with an ultra-rightist like Nelson Bunker Hunt</span>. But they were the old core of supporters. The real power in Wycliffe Associates was its thousands of newer members, spreading the influence of SIL across the country, and the influence of Wycliffe Associates in Cam's organization." 35.<br />
<br />
As Ed McAteer's applied his advertising and public relations skills to finance the Summer Institute of Linguistics, these techniques would serve him well in organizing a base of support for the election of Ronald Reagan:<br />
<br />
"Promoting and leading this base of support into politics was McAteer's forte. During the Carter administration, his name began to appear among New Right circles in Washington, D.C., connected with North Carolina's Senator Jesse Helms. It was McAteer who brought Jerry Falwell into this crowd, helping Falwell build the Moral Majority. Then, in 1979, McAteer organized the Religious Roundtable. Well funded, McAteer pulled together many of the Fundamentalists leaders of the nation to back the candidacy of Ronald Reagan. 36.<br />
____________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.akha.org/content/missiondocuments/sil.html">Wycliffe Bible Translators</a>, by The Akha Heritage Foundation<br />
<br />
<b>WYCLIFFE BIBLE TRANSLATORS</b><br />
<br />
Ed McAteer was also a member of the board of Wycliffe Bible Associates, a lay ministry which was created to support the work of Wycliffe Bible Translators, an evangelical organization that raises funds and recruits missionaries to do the work of the <a href="http://www.sil.org/">Summer Institute of Linguistics</a>. Bill Bright served on the board of the International Linguistics Center in Dallas, which was an associate group of SIL. The Summer Institute of Linguistics was established in 1936 by William Cameron Townsend as a scientific, nonsectarian organization specializing in language studies, literacy work and "other services." 32. An expose of SIL's corruption by Rockefeller money mentions Cam Townsend's role in founding the Religious Roundtable with Ed McAteer.<br />
<br />
"In 1979, after Nelson Rockefeller had passed from living humanity into history, Cam had gathered with other members of Christian Fundamentalism to form the Religious Roundtable. . . Cam was one of those who followed McAteer into the founding meeting of the Religious Roundtable. If he had any reservations about where this would lead SIL and how it would play in Latin America . . ., Cam's base of support in the homeland and his top financial backers left him little choice. He was, at the end of his career, trapped by the Far Right Fundamentalist base on which he had built Wycliffe's success at home." 33.<br />
<br />
In this massive volume, <i>Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil</i>, authors Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett present the disturbing evidence of Rockefeller's use of American missionaries, and in particular, the Summer Institute of Linguistics, who cooperated in conducting surveys, transporting CIA agents and indirectly assisting in the genocide of tribes in the Amazon basin.<br />
<br />
"At the heart of this story are two intensely ambitious and ultimately tragic figures: Nelson Rockefeller, scion of the liberal Standard Oil family, and William Cameron Townsend, founder of the ultraconservative Wycliffe Bible Translators. Although leaders of opposing camps, both found common cause against fascism and the communism, with ironic, fateful results. <br />
<br />
"We see Rockefeller gathering political power and building a vast business empire in Latin America, working with the CIA, developing close friendships with famous Latin American politicians and businessmen, and increasingly advocating military dictatorships, while Townsend's missionaries are used to pacify native populations in frontiers rich in oil and rare minerals or subject to guerrilla insurgencies. Seeking to hasten the prophesied Second Coming, Townsend pursues a fanatical effort to reach every Bibleless tribe with the Word, even to the point of saving their souls by destroying their culture and allying with the dictators who oppress them. <br />
<br />
"Rockefeller and Townsend contributed more than any other Americans to the conquest of the Amazon that now threatens to destroy the 'lungs of the planet,' the rain forests. Their systematic campaign of colonization was a chilling foretaste of American intervention in the Third World that has become so common today we take for granted repeated forays in the name of democracy and the securing of valuable resources." 34.<br />
<br />
Colby and Dennett also describe the vital role of Ed McAteer in bringing together wealthy liberal and conservative patrons to fund and direct the Wycliffe organization which, in the name of Christ, was assisting Nelson Rockefeller in the conquest of Latin America:<br />
<br />
"Yet, of all the principles building the Religious Right into a cohesive political force, the most important was perhaps the least known. Edward McAteer was the Colgate-Palmolive salesman who was the real organizing force behind the politicized Fundamentalist movement. McAteer had the glib tongue of his profession, substituting Christ for soap in his market analysis. He was more than a friend to Cam Townsend; he was a major figure on the board of Wycliffe Associates, which was now a powerhouse of resources for SIL, providing it and [Jungle Aviation and Radio Services] with construction skills, money, promotion, and overnight stays for furloughed translators on fund-raising tours. In return, testimonies from returned translators, films, books, and slide shows parlayed surrogate travels around the world for suburban believers. Special trips to jungle bases allowed the more affluent faithful actually to partake in adventure for God. The sheer human energy amassed by Wycliffe Associates was impressive, but the financial core was fueled by reliable wealthy SIL backers like North Carolina's James A. Jones, one of the largest contractors for military bases in Vietnam, and oilman Nelson Bunker Hunt of Texas. 'Bunker Hunt had helped me considerably,' McAteer freely offered.<br />
<br />
"Wycliffe Associates '500 Club' was designed to offer the richer members a way out of service through cash; $500 or more each year was all it took to get a special certificate of membership. Some gave much more. Texas's corporate leaders were prominent in helping Cam build SIL's International Linguistics Center near Dallas; the Linguistics Center's board meeting was one of those special occasions where a Rockefeller business partner like Trammel Crow could rub shoulders with an ultrarightist like Nelson Bunker Hunt. But they were the old core of supporters. The real power in Wycliffe Associates was its thousands of newer members, spreading the influence of SIL across the country, and the influence of Wycliffe Associates in Cam's organization." 35.<br />
<br />
As Ed McAteer's applied his advertising and public relations skills to finance the Summer Institute of Linguistics, these techniques would serve him well in organizing a base of support for the election of Ronald Reagan:<br />
<br />
"Promoting and leading this base of support into politics was McAteer's forte. During the Carter administration, his name began to appear among New Right circles in Washington, D.C., connected with North Carolina's Senator Jesse Helms. It was McAteer who brought Jerry Falwell into this crowd, helping Falwell build the Moral Majority. Then, in 1979, McAteer organized the Religious Roundtable. Well funded, McAteer pulled together many of the Fundamentalists leaders of the nation to back the candidacy of Ronald Reagan. 36.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
October 13, 2005. Inter Press Service, <a href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/1013-04.htm">Venezuela to Expel U.S. Evangelical Group</a>, by Humberto Márquez<br />
<br />
CARACAS - Venezuela will expel the U.S. evangelical group New Tribes Mission, which has been active in indigenous communities along the southern border with Colombia and Brazil since 1946, President Hugo Chavez announced Wednesday.<br />
<br />
"They will leave Venezuela," said the president. "They are agents of imperialist penetration. They gather sensitive and strategic information and are exploiting the Indians. So they will leave, and I don't care two hoots about the international consequences that this decision could bring."<br />
<br />
New Tribes, an evangelical organisation that has long had close ties with the U.S.-based Summer Institute of Linguistics, is active in a number of countries in Asia and Latin America, and in Venezuela has focused its efforts on the Yanomami, Ye'kuana and Panare indigenous groups and other ethnic communities in the southern part of the country.<br />
<br />
The Summer Institute of Linguistics was founded in 1934 with the declared purpose of translating the Bible into indigenous languages.<br />
<br />
Chavez was delivering collective land titles, boat motors, vehicles and credits to indigenous communities in the plains region in southern Venezuela on Wednesday, the date he had declared "day of indigenous resistance," when he made the surprising announcement on the New Tribes Mission in a nationally broadcast speech.<br />
<br />
"I have seen reports and videos on the activity of these New Tribes. We don't want them here; we all form part of an old tribe," Chavez quipped.<br />
<br />
Since the 1970s, New Tribes has drawn heavy criticism from many quarters, including leftist political groups, environmentalists, indigenous organisations, academics, Catholic Church leaders and even members of the military. The controversial group has been accused of prospecting for strategic minerals on behalf of transnational corporations and of the forced acculturation and conversion of indigenous people.<br />
<br />
Sociologist and environmentalist Alexander Luzardo, who 20 years ago published a report on the New Tribes Mission's operations in the Amazon jungle, welcomed Chavez's decision.<br />
<br />
He told IPS that the decision "complies with what is stipulated in the constitution of 1999, which establishes indigenous peoples' right to self-determination and to respect for their beliefs, values and customs.<br />
<br />
He also said the expulsion of the group would be in line with the recommendations of numerous government and parliamentary reports that had warned about the group's activities in Venezuela.<br />
<br />
"New Tribes has westernized indigenous people by force, while spreading a sense of shame and guilt, disguised as teaching the gospel: they taught the Panares that Satan had turned into a Panare Indian and that they were guilty of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ," said Luzardo.<br />
<br />
However, New Tribe missionary Richard Bruce said in an interview with the local press four years ago that "we want to respect the way of life and customs of indigenous peoples, not change them overnight. This is not a corner of the United States."<br />
<br />
During the group's most active period, roughly 20 years ago, New Tribes missionaries from the United States numbered close to 200, said Luzardo. They were mainly concentrated in Tama-Tama, a spot where several rivers meet in the heart of the southernmost Venezuelan state of Amazonas.<br />
<br />
This area is believed to be rich in minerals like uranium. For many years, New Tribes built airstrips and modern installations that contrasted sharply with the rustic constructions in the indigenous communities they ministered to.<br />
<br />
The now defunct National Identity Movement, which grouped together cultural, environmental and indigenous organisations in the 1980s, maintained that New Tribes acted as a cover for the prospecting of geological and mineral wealth coveted by corporations that provided funding for the Summer Institute of Linguistics. These included General Dynamics, a defence industry contractor, and Ford.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, the demands made at the time for the expulsion of the New Tribes Mission from Venezuela eventually faded into oblivion, as did public concern over the activity of the group, which has also experienced divisions in recent years, Luzardo commented.<br />
<br />
But that changed with the announcement made by Chavez, who noted that "while indigenous people live in extremely difficult conditions, New Tribes have power plants, radio systems and airstrips well maintained with tractors and mowers, where planes fly in from abroad without going through any kind of customs check."<br />
<br />
His reference to the potential consequences of the measure is likely due to the fact that New Tribes belongs to the Evangelical Council of Venezuela and could accuse the government of religious persecution.<br />
<br />
But it is also an organisation based in the United States, and the Venezuelan and U.S. governments have been caught up in an escalating political and diplomatic confrontation for the last two years.<br />
<br />
What's more, in August, U.S. televangelist Pat Robertson publicly called for the Venezuelan leader's assassination, and last Sunday accused Chavez of providing funding to Osama bin Laden, leader of the Al Qaida terrorist network.<br />
<br />
Chavez stressed that "we are not going to run roughshod over anyone, we will give New Tribes time to pack up their things and go."<br />
<br />
Although Luzardo believes the measure is a positive one, he added that "just today there were new indigenous protests, because Chavez is opening up indigenous lands to coal mining (in northwestern Venezuela) by other 'new tribes', this time from Brazil," an allusion to joint ventures formed for this purpose by Venezuelan and Brazilian companies, whose activities are scheduled to begin next year.<br />
Copyright © 2005 IPS-Inter Press Service.<br />
____________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
WEB POSTED 05-15-2001<br />
<img src="http://www.finalcall.com/images/perspectives.gif" /><br />
<br />
May 15, 2001, The Final Call, <a href="http://www.finalcall.com/perspectives/sudan_cia05-15-2001.htm">On The CIA And Christian Missionaries</a>, by Cedric Muhammad,<br />
<br />
<img border="0" src="http://www.finalcall.com/images/belogo.gif" /><br />
by Cedric Muhammad<br />
-Guest Columnist-<br />
<br />
<b>Related links:</b><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blackelectorate.com/archives/050701.asp">On Slavery In The Sudan</a><a href="http://www.blackelectorate.com/archives/050801.asp"><br />
</a>BEC, 05-15-2001<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blackelectorate.com/archives/050801.asp">E-Letter To The Washington Post and William Raspberry</a> BEC, 05-08-2001<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.finalcall.com/international/sudan05-01-2001.htm">Sharpton calls on U.S. leadership to solve the civil war in Sudan</a> FCN 05-01-2001<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.finalcall.com/columns/akbar/2000/sudan11-14-2000.htm">America's failed policy in the Sudan </a>FCN 11-14-2000<br />
<br />
Sudan.net<br />
<a href="http://www.sudan.net/">News, Culture and History</a><br />
<br />
<img border="0" src="http://www.finalcall.com/images/startquote.gif" /> Establishing a direct link between missionaries, US AID, the CIA and other intelligence agencies like the NSA, is not a very difficult task. The question for the Black electorate, in the Western Hemisphere and Africa is how such a history impacts on the monopoly of thought that Christian Solidarity International has obtained over the issue of the Sudan, influencing members of the US Congress and the British parliament, as well as White Conservatives and Black Civil Rights leaders? <img border="0" src="http://www.finalcall.com/images/endquote.gif" /><br />
<br />
The recent emergence of the relationship between the mainstream media, elected officials, White conservatives, Black civil rights leaders, a Sudanese opposition group (SPLA/M), and a Christian human rights organization, Christian Solidarity International (CSI), caused us to reflect over a long history of covert relationships between US and foreign intelligence agencies and Christian missionaries. One of the best examples of such was the relationship between the famous Wycliffe Bible Translators and the CIA. The relationship was documented in a book, Thy Will Be Done, written in the 1990s.<br />
<br />
According to Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett, the association between the intelligence community and Christian missionaries predates the public emergence of the CIA. In Thy Will Be Done,they write of the Wycliffe Bible Translator's (also known as the Summer Institute of Linguistic -SIL) and its founder William Cameron Townsend's (also known as "Cam") association with the intelligence community.<br />
<br />
"This was not the first time that SIL had served U.S. government intelligence purposes during the war. In 1942, after discussions in Washington with "some men who are interested in furthering good will between our countries", Cam specifically requested SIL's Mexico City office to solicit reports from "any of our workers who may have observed efforts on the part of anyone to make the Indians think that Americans are not their friends." Cam's directive ended with a message, "Please give my regards to Mr. Lockett in case you should see him in this connection." Thomas Lockett, commercial attaché', was Cam's confidential contact at the embassy after Ambassador Daniels departed in 1941. Lockett carried out intelligence missions for Washington, identifying suspected Nazi sympathizers and their companies for (Adolf) Berle and (Nelson) Rockefeller. SIL was one of his intelligence sources.<br />
<br />
"SIL had helped gather anthropological information on the Tarascan Indians that ended up in Nelson Rockefeller's intelligence files. The files contained cross-references to reveal behavioral patterns among Indian peoples in everything from socialization (including aggressive tendencies) and personality traits, drives, emotions, and language structure, to political intrigue, kinship ties, traditional authority, mineral resources, exploitation, and labor relations. Rockefeller called these data the Strategic Index of Latin America."<br />
<br />
While the majority of SIL or the Wycliffe Bible translators work with the intelligence agencies took place in Latin America they also worked hand in hand with the CIA in Asia,<br />
<br />
"As souls ascended to heaven in the flight against Satan, many clergy became direct collaborators with the CIA. One member of the Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA) was proud of this collaboration. William Carlsen, a missionary in northeastern Thailand, considered it " a privilege to share information with responsible agencies of the government where they seek us out." Carlsen gave an eight-hour briefing to the CIA on Thailand's tribal areas when he returned home for a furlough. Most C&MA missionaries did likewise, according to a CIA source. Most of the information gleaned was about people, their actions, opinions, and grievances."<br />
<br />
Interestingly, the link between the CIA and missionary groups was quite often the US Agency for International Development (AID). This is written of in great detail in Thy Will Be Done:<br />
<br />
" William Cameron Townsend watched the controversy over the CIA's use of missionaries with curiosity and growing alarm. The CIA's penetration of religious missions, an issue previously overlooked by the media, was now, in 1975, making international headlines.<br />
<br />
" The story had been building since 1970, when Dr. Eric Wolfe, chair of the American Anthropological Association's ethics committee, explained how anthropologists had been manipulated through the Chiang Mai Tribal Research Center in northern Thailand, which was funded through the Agency for International Development (AID). He also revealed that American missionary organizations had been drawn into this counterinsurgency operation as well.<br />
<br />
"That June, President Nixon's director of AID, John Hannah, had admitted publicly that AID had funded CIA operations in Laos, and subsequent revelations pointed to CIA-AID collaboration in Ecuador, Uruguay, Thailand and the Philippines. These revelations could hurt all missionary efforts, but the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) was particularly vulnerable. Cam Townsend had been aggressively pursuing government funding for his Bible translators for decades, first from foreign governments and then from his own government. The amendment to the 1949 Federal Property and Administrative Services Act that allowed religious missions to take surplus U.S. government property abroad had even been called "Townsend's bill" in some congressional circles. By the 1960s, SIL was receiving a hefty income from AID indirectly through foreign governments that received U.S. foreign aid or directly through AID-funded programs in bilingual education and agricultural development cooperatives. This income was supplemented by surplus military equipment, including helicopters that were retired from Vietnam and donated to SIL. Evangelized pilots of these choppers became soldiers for Christ in the tradition of Dawson Trotman's Navigators. In Peru, after the nationalization of Standard Oil, the head of the U.S. Embassy's AID office even became a member of SIL."<br />
<br />
Establishing a direct link between missionaries, US AID, the CIA and other intelligence agencies like the NSA, is not a very difficult task. The question for the Black electorate, in the Western Hemisphere and Africa is how such a history impacts on the monopoly of thought that Christian Solidarity International has obtained over the issue of the Sudan, influencing members of the US Congress and the British parliament, as well as White Conservatives and Black Civil Rights leaders?<br />
<br />
<a href="http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/ap/20010503/pl/us_sudan_1.html">And finally, what does all of this have to do with President Bush's new appointment to head US AID, Andrew Natsios and his decision, this month, to make Mr. Natsios the special humanitarian coordinator to monitor aid deliveries in Sudan?</a><br />
<br />
We were intrigued by President Bush's recent emphasis on making sure that aid deliveries reached the people of the Sudan as opposed to being stolen and misappropriated by the Sudanese government. We were interested in President Bush's comments because it has been documented by many human rights groups and even the US government that it has been the SPLA, the Sudanese opposition group, that has been foremost in stealing foreign aid, food and resources before they reach the Sudanese people. Again, human rights groups have documented this information and provided it to the White House and members of the US Congress. But Republicans and Democrats alike, have done and said nothing.<br />
<br />
Not surprisingly, Christian Solidarity International, who works hand in hand with the SPLA in arranging its "slavery redemptions", has been silent on such abuses, as have all of those in the anti-slavery coalition in America. The missionary and human rights work of Christians in the Sudan seems to dovetail rather nicely with the foreign policy objectives of the US and Britain in that part of Africa.<br />
<br />
A coincidence?<br />
<br />
Will <a href="http://www.usaid.gov/about/bio_asn.html">Andrew Natsios'</a> work in the<a href="http://www.usaid.gov/hum_response/ofda/99annual/africa24_sudan.html"> Sudan </a>continue US AID's tradition of "counterinsurgency" work? And what is there to be learned of the relationship between US AID and CSI?<br />
<br />
There is so much more to this "slavery" in the Sudan issue than most imagine…<br />
<br />
(Cedric Muhammad is the Publisher of <a href="http://www.blackelectorate.com/">BlackElectorate.com</a>, a publication that focuses on the dynamics of Black culture, economics and politics.)<br />
____________________________________________________________________________ <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Wycliffe and the CIA</b></span><br />
<br />
<i><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030612015909/http://csf.colorado.edu/pen-l/feb99/1127.html">NELSON ROCKEFELLER and Evangelism in the Age of Oil, </a></i>by Gerard Colby with Charlotte Dennett [Harper Collins, 1995] 960 pages<br />
<br />
Reviewed by Carmelo Ruiz<br />
<br />
Carmelo Ruiz is a Puerto Rican journalist and research associate at the institute for Social Ecology, email is e@igc.apc.org at Goddard College, Vermont.<br />
<br />
Connect: email: carrneloruiz@hotmailcom<br />
<br />
In 1976, reporters Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett traveled to Brazil as part of a journalistic team to write stories about the work of Christian missionaries in the Amazon basin.<br />
<br />
High on Colby and Dennett's list of priorities was to learn about a mysterious missionary organization called the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). This outfit, also known as the Wycliffe Bible Translators, had gotten kudos from both conservatives and liberals for translating the Bible into hundreds of indigenous languages in Central and South America and helping native peoples cope with the intrusion of Western civilization into their lives.<br />
<br />
However, Colby and Dennett had heard of a darker side to SIL.<br />
<br />
Numerous critics had alleged that SIL was the vanguard of the destruction of both the rainforests and their native inhabitants.<br />
<br />
They had heard from Latin American acquaintances that SIL was, in military fashion, a scouting party that surveyed the Amazonian hinterlands for potential sources of opposition to natural resource exploitation (read cattle ranching, clearcutting and strip mining) among native peoples and that it employed a virulent brand of Christian fundamentalism that relied on linguistics to undermine the social cohesion of aboriginal communities and accelerate their assimilation into Western culture.In addition to all this, numerous articles in the Latin American press accused SIL of being funded by the American intelligence community.<br />
<br />
That last charge sounded particularly believable, since the authors' trip took place in the wake of recent revelations by the Church Committee of the US Senate, which investigated the activities of US intelligence agencies. It bears mentioning that Colby was by then no stranger to corporate and political intrigue. In 1974, writing as Gerard Colby Zilg, he published Dupont: Behind the Nylon Curtain, a 600+ page tome that narrated the Dupont family's corrupt history, from its profiteering on gunpowder sales to its manufacture of ozone-depleting gases. However, don't expect to see it in bookstores. When a Dupont PR representative said the book was scurrilous and actionable, publisher Prentice Hall was intimidated into letting Dupont go out of print. (In 1984, an expanded and updated 900 page-long edition of the book was published, which included, among other things, the Dupont's little-known connection to the Nicaraguan contras. Unfortunately, it met the same fate as the previous edition.)<br />
<br />
Dennett was also a veteran journalist, having recently been stationed in Beirut, where she covered the civil war then raging in Lebanon. The authors found SIL a veritable empire whose missionary activities spanned every country in the Amazon basin, with a network of bases that look more like picket-fenced American suburbia than the frontier outposts for the global economy that they actually are. SIL even has its own air force and communications system, the Jungle Aviation and Radio Service (JAARS), which permits it to act virtually independently from the governments of the countries where it operates. After years of research, Colby and Dennett found a number of irrefutable links between SIL and US counterinsurgency operations. Among these, SIL agressively denied that the native peoples of Brazil and Guatemala were being slaughtered by the military regimes of their countries; it allowed its base in the Ecuadoran Amazon to be used by Green Berets who were combing the Western Amazon for signs of armed insurgency; and it assisted the Peruvian air force, which had napalmed the Mayoruna and Campa Indians.<br />
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If Colby and Dennett had limited themselves to just exposing SIL, Thy Will be Done would still have been a formidable journalistic achievement. But the authors went on to research the American institutions, private and governmental, that provided support for SIL's mission. These included Standard Oil of New Jersey; the Pew family, creators of the Sun Oil Company (Sunoco) and the Pew Charitable Trusts, the US Agency for International Development, and the US military through its donations of surplus military equipment. Although they could find no smoking gun directly linking the CIA to SIL, they did find several circumstantial and indirect links, such as financial support from a foundation that was later exposed as a CIA front and the fact that JAARS's top pilot, Lawrence Montgomery, was on the >Agency's payroll.<br />
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In the course of their investigation, the authors learned that SIL had a big debt to institutions and individuals associated with the Rockefeller family. SIL founder William Cameron (Cam) Townsend was inspired by the antihookworm and antimalaria campaigns of the Rockefeller Foundation and the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission, and his linguistics methods owed much to the work of linguist Edward Sapir of the University of Chicago, an institution that was also supported by the Rockefeller Foundation. Another influence on Townsend was Mexican anthropologist Manuel Gameo, whose interdisciplinary studies on native peoples were sponsored by the University of Chicago, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund and the Social Science Research Council. The last two were run by Beardsley Ruml, a member of the inner circle of the Rockefeller family. One thinker who had a great influence on Townsend's approach to native cultures was John Mott, one of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.'s most trusted envoys. Mott was a millenarian who hoped to evangelize the world in his generation, but rather than embracing fundamentalism, he rejected it in favor of a broad-minded science-based approach. In a report he co-authored in 1932 called Rethinking Missions, Mott called for more cultural tolerance and social concern on the part of missionaries working abroad and less reliance on vociferous evangelical proselytizing. Such an approach, he argued, would win more converts in the long run and neutralize the nationalistic and communist revolts then brewing in what years later would come to be called the Third World.<br />
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The authors follow Nelson Rockefeller's consuming interest in Latin America: his days in Venezuela working for Standard Oil subsidiary Creole Petroleum, where he developed his concepts of corporate social responsibility; his tenure as coordinator of the CIAA; his brief stint as Assistant Secretary of State, in which he was a key behind-the-scenes player in the international negotiations that led to the founding of the United Nations and the Organization of American States; his formation of IBEC, his service to the Eisenhower administration as special assistant for cold war strategy, a position in which he was briefed on top secret CIA operations, including coup d'etats and the infamous MKULTRA mind control experiments, his membership in president Nixon's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board at a time when the CIA was destabilizing Salvador Allende's democratic socialist government in Chile, and much more.<br />
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Of special interest to Colby and Dennett were a series of by-invitation-only seminars hosted by Nelson under the sponsorship of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF) in Quantico naval base during the Eisenhower administration. The Quantico seminars, known officially as the RBF Special Studies Project, advocated increased military spending and a more confrontational policy towards the Soviet Union. The participants included men who would later become instrumental in developing the Kennedy administration's counterinsurgency doctrine, such as Eugene Rostow, Edward Lansdale, Paul Nitze, Adolf Berle, McGeorge Bundy, Walt Rostow, Henry Kissinger and Dean Rusk (who was then president of the Rockefeller Foundation and would become Kennedy's Secretary of State).<br />
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The book only skims through Nelson's deeds as governor of New York, although it does mention his ignominious performance during the Attica prison uprising. Colby and Dennett focus instead on his presidential ambitions, which came to a climax with his botched attempt to beat Barry Goldwater to the 1964 Republican presidential nomination, and his international activities, such as his disastrous 1969 tour of the Americas. Nelson's crowning political achievement was getting appointed to the vice presidency of the United States in 1974. Unelected Vice President Rockefeller was then called on by unelected President Ford to chair a commission to investigate CIA abuses. As the authors point out, no one could have been less qualified for that last job.<br />
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Those who may feel tempted to dismiss Thy Will be Done's conclusions as conspiracy theory will have a hell of a time trying to refute the book's arguments and conclusions. The 830 pages of text, 92 pages of footnotes and bibliography and dozens of charts, graphs, photographs and maps eloquently document and support every single charge made by the authors. It is precisely in order to placate the skeptics that Colby and Dennett adopted this mindbogglingly exhaustive approach. In spite of this, the book is amazingly readable and does not come across as stuffy and academic.<br />
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Those who read books on American foreign policy in search of titillating revelations of sensational CIA covert operations while neglecting to study the social, political and historical context in which they are embedded will find this book a difficult, even annoying, read. Conspiracy buffs may have an encyclopedic knowledge of CIA intrigues and scandals, but they're not interested at all in doing the hard intellectual work of learning about the nature of the system of corporate profit and exploitation which intelligence agencies were created to serve. They will undoubtedly be frustrated by the book's scholarly dose of anthropology, linguistics and history, and will probably skim through the pages in search of startling revelations of covert intrigue and secret wars. The authors' implicit message to the self-proclaimed conspiracy researchers is clear: that all the muckraking investigative journalism in the world will not bring about social change if it is not accompanied by a critical analysis of the economic, political and historical context of the times we're living.<br />
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Upon a superficial examination, one would tend to think that the book will appeal to the Bible-thumping, right-wing populists of the John Birch fringe who despise the Rockefellers. This band of the American political spectrum, which has been known to publicize bizarre allegations of a Rockefeller--orchestrated plot to create a socialist world government, will be baffled and perplexed by one of Thy Will be Done's chief conclusions: that they've been had. According to Colby and Dennett, far from being a threat to the Machiavellian power of the Rockefellers, the Christian fundamentalists were extremely useful in furthering the global designs of the heirs of the Standard Oil fortune.<br />
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On the other hand, left-leaning liberals will find the book's conclusions even harder to swallow, since the Rockefeller philanthropies (which include the Rockefeller Foundation, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Rockefeller Family Fund) are among the main funding sources of liberal political activism in the US, including civil liberties, feminism and the environmental movement. Beneficiaries of Rockefeller charitable giving in recent years have included groups like Essential Information, the ACLU, the Ms. Foundation, the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, Environmental Action, the Student Environmental Action Coalition, the Center for Responsive Politics, the NAACP who are much more likely to say, "Wait, you're being a little unbalanced. Sure, they've done terrible things in the past, but they're funding some really terrific stuff nowadays." As much as one may try to rationalize the embarrassing predicament of taking money from the ultra-rich to finance social change, the question remains: What are the prospects for an American progressive agenda when it is heavily dependent on funding from a philanthropic system that owes its fortune to commercial activities that destroy ecosystems worldwide, erode biological diversity and create a holocaust for indigenous peoples? Colby and Dennett do not pose that question to readers, but it will certainly hover ominously over the mind of any American reader whose political beliefs are at least five degrees to the left of National Public Radio or The New Republic.<br />
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Thy Will be Done is a very challenging and deeply disturbing book. Although much lip service has been paid to the concept of holistic thinking, Colby and Dennett do actually put together the pieces of the macabre puzzle of the destruction of the Amazon rain-forest and the genocide of its indigenous dwellers and reach conclusions that are unsettling for conservatives and liberals alike. All or most environmentalists agree that the destruction of the Amazon rainforest can't be seen as separate from a host of social, political and economic factors in South America as well as in industrialized countries like the US, but it takes nothing less than a book like Thy Will be Done to show what this actually means.<br />
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Copyright 1991 - 2006 The Akha Heritage Foundation<br />
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<br /><a href="http://www.akha.org/content/missiondocuments/sil.html">Wycliffe Bible Translators</a>, by The Akha Heritage Foundation<br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br />WYCLIFFE BIBLE TRANSLATORS</b></span><br /><br />Ed McAteer was also a member of the board of Wycliffe Bible Associates, a lay ministry which was created to support the work of Wycliffe Bible Translators, an evangelical organization that raises funds and recruits missionaries to do the work of the <a href="http://www.sil.org/">Summer Institute of Linguistics</a>. Bill Bright served on the board of the International Linguistics Center in Dallas, which was an associate group of SIL. The Summer Institute of Linguistics was established in 1936 by William Cameron Townsend as a scientific, nonsectarian organization specializing in language studies, literacy work and "other services." 32. An expose of SIL's corruption by Rockefeller money mentions Cam Townsend's role in founding the Religious Roundtable with Ed McAteer.<br /><br />"In 1979, after Nelson Rockefeller had passed from living humanity into history, Cam had gathered with other members of Christian Fundamentalism to form the Religious Roundtable. . . Cam was one of those who followed McAteer into the founding meeting of the Religious Roundtable. If he had any reservations about where this would lead SIL and how it would play in Latin America . . ., Cam's base of support in the homeland and his top financial backers left him little choice. He was, at the end of his career, trapped by the Far Right Fundamentalist base on which he had built Wycliffe's success at home." 33.<br /><br />In this massive volume, <i>Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil,</i> authors Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett present the disturbing evidence of Rockefeller's use of American missionaries, and in particular, the Summer Institute of Linguistics, who cooperated in conducting surveys, transporting CIA agents and indirectly assisting in the genocide of tribes in the Amazon basin.<br /><br />"At the heart of this story are two intensely ambitious and ultimately tragic figures: Nelson Rockefeller, scion of the liberal Standard Oil family, and William Cameron Townsend, founder of the ultraconservative Wycliffe Bible Translators. Although leaders of opposing camps, both found common cause against fascism and the communism, with ironic, fateful results. <br /><br />"We see Rockefeller gathering political power and building a vast business empire in Latin America, working with the CIA, developing close friendships with famous Latin American politicians and businessmen, and increasingly advocating military dictatorships, while Townsend's missionaries are used to pacify native populations in frontiers rich in oil and rare minerals or subject to guerrilla insurgencies. Seeking to hasten the prophesied Second Coming, Townsend pursues a fanatical effort to reach every Bibleless tribe with the Word, even to the point of saving their souls by destroying their culture and allying with the dictators who oppress them. <br /><br />"Rockefeller and Townsend contributed more than any other Americans to the conquest of the Amazon that now threatens to destroy the 'lungs of the planet,' the rain forests. Their systematic campaign of colonization was a chilling foretaste of American intervention in the Third World that has become so common today we take for granted repeated forays in the name of democracy and the securing of valuable resources." 34.<br /><br />Colby and Dennett also describe the vital role of Ed McAteer in bringing together wealthy liberal and conservative patrons to fund and direct the Wycliffe organization which, in the name of Christ, was assisting Nelson Rockefeller in the conquest of Latin America:<br /><br />"Yet, of all the principles building the Religious Right into a cohesive political force, the most important was perhaps the least known. Edward McAteer was the Colgate-Palmolive salesman who was the real organizing force behind the politicized Fundamentalist movement. McAteer had the glib tongue of his profession, substituting Christ for soap in his market analysis. He was more than a friend to Cam Townsend; he was a major figure on the board of Wycliffe Associates, which was now a powerhouse of resources for SIL, providing it and [Jungle Aviation and Radio Services] with construction skills, money, promotion, and overnight stays for furloughed translators on fund-raising tours. In return, testimonies from returned translators, films, books, and slide shows parlayed surrogate travels around the world for suburban believers. Special trips to jungle bases allowed the more affluent faithful actually to partake in adventure for God. The sheer human energy amassed by Wycliffe Associates was impressive, but the financial core was fueled by reliable wealthy SIL backers like North Carolina's James A. Jones, one of the largest contractors for military bases in Vietnam, and oilman Nelson Bunker Hunt of Texas. 'Bunker Hunt had helped me considerably,' McAteer freely offered.<br /><br />"Wycliffe Associates '500 Club' was designed to offer the richer members a way out of service through cash; $500 or more each year was all it took to get a special certificate of membership. Some gave much more. Texas's corporate leaders were prominent in helping Cam build SIL's International Linguistics Center near Dallas; the Linguistics Center's board meeting was one of those special occasions where a Rockefeller business partner like Trammel Crow could rub shoulders with an ultrarightist like Nelson Bunker Hunt. But they were the old core of supporters. The real power in Wycliffe Associates was its thousands of newer members, spreading the influence of SIL across the country, and the influence of Wycliffe Associates in Cam's organization." 35.<br /><br />As Ed McAteer's applied his advertising and public relations skills to finance the Summer Institute of Linguistics, these techniques would serve him well in organizing a base of support for the election of Ronald Reagan:<br /><br />"Promoting and leading this base of support into politics was McAteer's forte. During the Carter administration, his name began to appear among New Right circles in Washington, D.C., connected with North Carolina's Senator Jesse Helms. It was McAteer who brought Jerry Falwell into this crowd, helping Falwell build the Moral Majority. Then, in 1979, McAteer organized the Religious Roundtable. Well funded, McAteer pulled together many of the Fundamentalists leaders of the nation to back the candidacy of Ronald Reagan. 36.<br />______________________________________________________________________________<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-71923206814496828162014-11-18T16:55:00.004-05:002014-11-18T16:55:46.094-05:00October 9, 2001, La Voz de Aztlan, Anthrax Terrorists may be Zionists. by Hector Carreon,October 9, 2001, La Voz de Aztlan, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011108165538/http://www.aztlan.net/anthrax.htm">Anthrax Terrorists may be Zionists</a>. by Hector Carreon,<div>
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<a href="https://archive.today/liBoZ">Archived</a>,<br /><div>
<br />Los Angeles, Alta California - October 9, 2001 (ACN) - On Monday July 9, 2001, we received a handwritten letter in our mail box addressed to the publisher of La Voz de Aztlan. The letter had no return address but had a July 5, 2001 U.S. postal mark from Santa Clarita, California. July 5, 2001 was on the week that the second largest Jewish publication in the United States, the Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles published a very negative article about our publication because we had written a series of pro-Palestinian and anti-Zionist editorials. The one page letter contained a small amount of a yellowish white substance and the text of the letter alluded to the fact that Jews had an illustrious history in biological research that included the development of the Salk vaccine. The letter ended with "Unfortunately, if Hitler was alive today he would pin a medal on you. Unfortunately during World War II the Arabs also supported Hitler. Racism and hatred destroy!"<br /><br />A few minutes after opening and reading the letter, I started sneezing and coughing and became ill with flu like symptoms. I connected the commencement of the symptoms with the suspicious white substance in the envelope and proceeded to place the letter and envelope in a plastic zip lock bag. Within hours I was able to see my doctor and he put me on 30 days of antibiotics. I have had recurring flu like symptoms ever since.<br /><br />A few days ago a similar situation occurred in Boca Raton, Florida where, according to news reports, a letter was sent to the offices of a news service with a white soapy substance that killed at least one person. Another person in the office tested positive for Anthrax spores in his nostrils. The laboratory engineered Anthrax spores came in the mail in an envelope that included a "Star of David" charm according to an Associated Press news article released today. The FBI is presently conducting an investigation and very little information has been released concerning this case.<br /><br />Everyone is assuming that Islamic terrorists are to blame for the Boca Raton Anthrax incident. We believe that the terrorists are actually Zionists. The reason is that we have just experienced a second act of terrorism that has compelled us to open an investigation with our local police department. On September 27, 2001 we received an e-mail with a message to shut down our website within 48 hours because of our anti-Zionist content or face the consequences. At first we dismissed the threat as another crackpot because we receive many run of the mill threats weekly. The next day, however, I personally received a second threat and this time the person gave my correct home address and said that he will be making a visit soon if we did not shut down our website. On September 29 the person with a yahoo.com e-mail address sent another e-mail saying that he knew every step I made and that he has been close to me already without me even knowing. A few days ago this same person sent a recent photograph of myself as an e-mail attachment in "gif" format taken with a telephoto lens. This last act led us to take this threat seriously and we have now met with the Whittier Police Department. A case file has been opened and Detective Rivera has been assigned to the investigation. Tomorrow, October 10, 2001 we will turn over the sealed "letter and envelope" we received on July 9, 2001 for a viral/bacterial analysis.<br /><br />Both incidents of terrorism against La Voz de Aztlan have been from Zionists. The envelope sent to the Boca Raton news service with the "Star of David" charm appears to also come from Zionists. They, the Zionists, want to silence us because they do not like what we write. Everyone is assuming that the dangers we face is from Islamic terrorists, but our experience has been different. We fear Zionist terrorists more. They have been trying to take away our constitutional right of freedom of political expression through acts of terrorism. They are utilizing acts of intimidation to try to silence and shut down La Voz de Aztlan.<br /><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011108165538/http://www.aztlan.net/starofd.htm">"Star of David " AP source</a>,</div>
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StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-73856141604253832112014-11-18T16:25:00.000-05:002014-11-18T16:25:56.325-05:00October 9, 2001, Associated Press, FBI investigating how co-worker became exposed to anthrax, by Amanda Riddle, October 9, 2001, Associated Press, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020407043533/http://aztlan.net/starofd.htm">FBI investigating how co-worker became exposed to anthrax</a>, by Amanda Riddle, Associated Press Writer<br /><br />BOCA RATON, Fla. (AP) Federal officials suspect foul play rather than an environmental source is at the root of two Florida anthrax cases that have left one man dead and hundreds of co-workers getting tested for the disease. The FBI sealed off the offices of American Media Inc., where both men worked. During the night, a stream of unmarked cars entered the adjoining parking lot, where agents peeled off layers of blue and purple gloves and washed their hands with water from a fire truck.<br /><br />The Palm Beach County Health Department tested 743 people connected to the building on Monday and expected 100 others Tuesday, said Alina Alonso, the department's director of clinical services.<br /><br />How the bacterium got into the newspaper's office remained unknown. But federal investigators have eliminated the obvious environmental sources of anthrax, said Barbara Reynolds, a spokeswoman for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.<br /><br />In Washington, Florida Sen. Bob Graham met with CDC Director Jeffrey Koplan. "I asked Dr. Koplan what would be the likelihood that such a disease could have occurred without human intervention. His words were, `Nil to none,"' Graham said.<div>
<br />The concern raised by the death Friday of Sun photography editor Bob Stevens intensified after anthrax was found in the nose of a second employee and on an office computer keyboard.<br /><br />Because of the second case, Dr. Landis Crockett, director of disease control for the Florida Department of Health, said foul play was a likely explanation.<br /><br />Employees who waited for hours to be tested and receive antibiotics said the hassle was worth it.<br /><br />"I may be able to sleep better tonight because I've gotten a head start," said Joanie Cox, 21, a free-lance writer for The Star tabloid. "I just want everybody to be safe."<br /><br />On Tuesday, White House spokesman Ari Fleischer said the federal government is continuing to investigate. "It's not unusual at times like this for false alarms to go off," he said. "Nevertheless, it will be the continuing, ongoing position of the federal government to investigate, to make all means available, to be helpful."<br /><br />Anthrax cannot be spread from person to person, but all 300 people who work in the AMI building and anyone who spent more than an hour inside since Aug. 1 were advised to visit health officials.<br /><br />The second anthrax exposure involved a mailroom employee identified by co-workers as 73-year-old Ernesto Blanco. Officials said he had anthrax bacteria in his nose, but he has not been diagnosed with the disease.<br /><br />Blanco was tested for anthrax because he happened to be in a Miami-area hospital for what co-workers said was an unrelated heart problem. He was in stable condition, authorities said.<br /><br />Only 18 cases of inhalation anthrax were reported in the United States during the 20th century, the most recent in 1976 in California. More common is a less serious form of anthrax contracted through the skin.<br /><br />Antibiotics can treat anthrax, although the rare, inhalation form that killed Stevens, 63, is particularly lethal. Untreated, 90 percent of victims die within days.<br /><br />Anthrax can be contracted from farm animals or soil, but the bacterium is not normally found among the wildlife or livestock in Florida. Stevens was described as an avid outdoorsman and gardener.<br /><br />The anthrax bacterium normally has an incubation period of up to seven days, but could take up to 60 days to develop.<br /><br />Newsweek magazine reported on its Web site Monday that the American Media office received a "weird love letter to Jennifer Lopez" a week before the Sept. 11 attacks. Inside was what was described as a "soapy, powdery substance" and a Star of David charm. The letter was handled by both Stevens and Blanco, according to unidentified workers cited by Newsweek.<br /><br />One law enforcement official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said the FBI is trying to track down the letter but does not believe it is a likely source for the anthrax.<br /><br />The Sept. 11 terrorist attacks have raised fears of bioterrorism across the country, and focused particular concern on the origin of the anthrax here.<br /><br />While investigators searched for clues in the Palm Beach County case, health officials temporarily quarantined buildings in some other communities after receiving unconfirmed reports about the delivery of white powdery substances.<br /><br />A fire station in Weston, 15 miles west of Fort Lauderdale, was quarantined for 12 hours after a man found an envelope sprinkled with white powder inside. The station was reopened Tuesday after authorities concluded the substance was non- toxic, said Todd LeDuc, a Broward County fire rescue spokesman.<br /><br />Two office buildings were sealed in Naples for about three hours Tuesday, detaining more than 100 people. They were allowed to resume work when authorities determined a white powdery substance delivered by courier was non-toxic, said Collier County Emergency Management Director Ken Pineau.<br /><br />"We're taking this pretty seriously," Pineau said, adding "I could probably drop a package of Sweet'N Low and evacuate this building."<br /><br />• Hotline Number: 800-342-3557</div>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-85841636115873313522014-11-16T22:34:00.000-05:002014-11-16T22:34:13.777-05:00John DOE v. William J. CASEY, Director, C.I.A., Appellant.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/796F.2d1508">796 F.2d 1508</a><br />
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41 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. 618,<br />
40 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 36,296, 254 U.S.App.D.C. 282,<br />
55 USLW 2093<br />
<br />
John DOE<br />
v.<br />
William J. CASEY, Director, C.I.A., Appellant.<br />
<br />
No. 85-5291.<br />
<br />
United States Court of Appeals,<br />
District of Columbia Circuit.<br />
<br />
Argued March 13, 1986.<br />
<br />
Decided Aug. 1, 1986.<br />
<br />
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (Civil Action No. 82-02016).<br />
<br />
Barbara C. Biddle, Atty., Dept. of Justice, with whom Richard K. Willard, Acting Asst. Atty. Gen., Joseph E. diGenova, U.S. Atty., and Barbara L. Herwig, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., were on the brief for appellant.<br />
<br />
Mark H. Lynch, with whom Susan W. Shaffer, Washington, D.C., was on the brief for appellee.<br />
<br />
Before EDWARDS, GINSBURG and BUCKLEY, Circuit Judges.<br />
<br />
Opinion for the Court filed by HARRY T. EDWARDS, Circuit Judge.<br />
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Concurring opinion filed by GINSBURG, Circuit Judge.<br />
<br />
Opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part filed by BUCKLEY, Circuit Judge.<br />
<br />
HARRY T. EDWARDS, Circuit Judge:<br />
1<br />
The Central Intelligence Agency ("CIA") appeals from a District Court order requiring the CIA to reinstate a former undercover employee to administrative leave status. The undercover employee--appellee John Doe--was terminated from CIA employment after he informed the CIA of his homosexuality. Doe's employment was terminated by the Director of Central Intelligence ("Director"), acting under section 102(c) of the National Security Act of 1947, which provides that the Director may, in his discretion, terminate the employment of any CIA employee "whenever he shall deem such termination necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States."<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn1">1</a><br />
2<br />
Doe commenced this action in District Court, seeking reinstatement to his old position, or, in the alternative, reinstatement to administrative leave status and a reconsideration of the CIA's decision to terminate his employment. He alleges that he was terminated without adequate procedural protections in violation of CIA regulations, the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA"), and the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment. The District Court ordered Doe reinstated to administrative leave status and directed the CIA to reconsider Doe's termination using procedures that would provide Doe with a meaningful statement of the CIA's reasons and an opportunity to respond.<br />
3<br />
On appeal, the Government argues principally that the CIA's decision to terminate Doe's employment under section 102(c) is not subject to judicial review. Although section 102(c) gives the Director of Central Intelligence broad discretion, we conclude that judicial review is neither precluded by statute nor foreclosed by the absence of judicially manageable standards. We reverse the judgment of the District Court, however, because the court failed to accord sufficient deference to the judgment of the head of the agency. Given the sensitive nature of decisions by the Director of Central Intelligence concerning removal of employees under section 102(c), we hold that an employee must present some concrete evidence of an impermissible basis for his or her termination before a court may require the CIA to explain the reason for that termination. No such evidence was presented by Doe in this case. Nonetheless, because the record is unclear on certain critical points, we remand for further proceedings.<br />
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<b>I. BACKGROUND</b><br />
4<br />
The plaintiff, John Doe,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn2">2</a> had a nine-year career with the CIA. Although he began that career as a clerk-typist, he was eventually promoted, after agency training, to a covert position as an electronics technician. Periodic fitness reports consistently rated Doe as either an excellent or an outstanding employee, and the CIA expressed no dissatisfaction with either Doe's work or his loyalty.<br />
5<br />
On January 28, 1982, Doe voluntarily informed a CIA security officer that he was a homosexual. As a result, the CIA placed Doe on administrative leave on February 2, 1982, pending an investigation of his homosexuality. Under this status, Doe did not report for work, but the CIA continued to pay his salary. On February 12 and 17, Doe was interviewed at length by a polygraph officer about his sexual orientation and possible security violations. After these interviews, which lasted a total of ten hours, the officer told Doe that the polygraph indicated that he had truthfully answered all questions. His answers included statements that he had not had sexual relations with any foreign nationals and had not disclosed classified information to any sexual partners.<br />
6<br />
The polygraph officer prepared a five-page factual report based on the two days of interviews. Doe reviewed this factual report on March 23, 1982, and, in addition, Doe prepared a two-page addendum. On April 14, 1982, a CIA security officer informed Doe that the CIA's Office of Security had determined that the circumstances of his homosexuality posed a security threat, but refused to explain why Doe's homosexuality posed such a danger. Throughout the previous two months of investigation, Doe had received conflicting explanations about the CIA's policy toward homosexuals. While two CIA security officers told Doe that his homosexual activities violated CIA regulations, the Deputy General Counsel of the CIA told Doe's counsel that homosexuality was a security concern that did not inevitably result in termination. Instead, according to the Deputy General Counsel, the CIA considers homosexuality on a case-by-case basis.<br />
7<br />
Doe was asked to resign on April 14, but refused to do so. The Office of Security then recommended to the Director of Central Intelligence that the CIA terminate Doe's employment. On April 20, Doe's counsel delivered a detailed letter to the Director concerning Doe's case, but the CIA made no response.<br />
8<br />
On May 12, 1982, a security officer informed Doe that the Director had terminated his employment effective May 7, 1982. Doe's counsel later received a letter from the Deputy General Counsel of the CIA dated May 11, 1982, confirming Doe's termination:<br />
9<br />
The Director has reviewed the facts of your client's case, your client's memorandum commenting upon those facts, the Office of Security's evaluation of the security significance of those facts, and the statement submitted by you in your client's behalf.<br />
10<br />
After careful consideration of this matter, the Director has deemed it necessary and advisable in the interests of the United States to terminate your client's employment with this Agency pursuant to section 102(c) of the National Security act [sic] of 1947, as amended.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn3">3</a><br />
11<br />
Doe was never told why he was considered a security risk and never had access to the Office of Security evaluations. The Director's decision to terminate Doe's employment was made pursuant to section 102(c) of the National Security Act, which provides:<br />
12<br />
Notwithstanding the provisions of section 7501 of title 5, or the provisions of any other law, the Director of Central Intelligence may, in his discretion, terminate the employment of any officer or employee of the Agency whenever he shall deem such termination necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States, but such termination shall not affect the right of such officer or employee to seek or accept employment in any other department or agency of the Government if declared eligible for such employment by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn4">4</a><br />
13<br />
CIA officials told Doe that the agency would give a positive recommendation on his behalf to any prospective employer; Doe also was advised that if he applied for a job that required a security clearance, the CIA would inform the prospective employer that it had determined that Doe presented a security threat "because of his homosexuality." Moreover, a member of the General Counsel's staff told Doe that he is obliged to inform the CIA whenever he applies for a job that requires a security clearance.<br />
14<br />
Doe then commenced this action in District Court. His complaint alleged that the CIA's decision to fire him because of his homosexuality violated both procedural and substantive protections to which he was entitled by law. To remedy the substantive violations, Doe sought outright reinstatement to his old position with the CIA. For violation of procedural protections, on the other hand, Doe sought a new determination by the Director under fair procedures.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn5">5</a>Doe filed a motion for partial summary judgment on the procedural claims, which were alleged violations of CIA regulations, the APA and the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment. The District Court granted Doe summary judgment on the violations alleged with respect to the CIA regulations and the APA, but declined to reach the constitutional issues. The trial court ordered Doe reinstated to administrative leave status and directed the CIA to reconsider his case using procedures that would provide Doe with a meaningful statement of the CIA's reasons for the termination and with an opportunity to respond.<br />
15<br />
This appeal followed.<br />
<br />
II. ANALYSIS<br />
<br />
A. Preclusion of Review<br />
16<br />
On appeal, the CIA has contended that its decision to terminate Doe's employment is not reviewable under the APA. We conclude that section 102(c) obviously requires that we give deference to the judgment of the Director of Central Intelligence; however, we cannot countenance the CIA's unprecedented attempt to preclude judicial review when it is absolutely clear that the Director's discretion is expressly limited by the terms of the statute that has been cited by the CIA to support the Director's exercise of authority.<br />
17<br />
Under section 701(a) of the APA,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn6">6</a> agency actions are judicially reviewable<br />
18<br />
except to the extent that--(1) statutes preclude judicial review; or (2) agency action is committed to agency discretion by law.<br />
19<br />
In the decades of litigation over the scope of these two grounds for preclusion, the Supreme Court and this court have emphasized in the strongest terms that preclusion is the rare exception and certainly not the norm. Section 701 "creates a strong presumption of reviewability that can be rebutted only by a clear showing that judicial review would be inappropriate."<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn7">7</a> As the Supreme Court most recently explained:<br />
20<br />
We ordinarily presume that Congress intends the executive to obey its statutory commands and, accordingly, that it expects the courts to grant relief when an executive violates such a command.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn8">8</a><br />
21<br />
The presumption of reviewability is firmly rooted even in pre-APA administrative law,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn9">9</a> and is clearly reflected in the legislative history of the APA.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn10">10</a> The compelling reasons for this presumption are well known, and recently have been reiterated in an article by Professor Sunstein:<br />
22<br />
The presumption of reviewability under the APA is based on a set of considerations, loosely captured in the notion of the rule of law, that relate to the perceived need to constrain the exercise of discretionary power by administrative agencies. Judicial review serves important goals in promoting fidelity to statutory requirements and, where those requirements are ambiguous or vague, in increasing the likelihood that the regulatory process will be a reasonable exercise of discretion instead of a bow in the direction of powerful private groups.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn11">11</a><br />
23<br />
In light of the prevailing case law, there is little doubt that, in seeking to overcome the strong presumption of judicial review, the CIA shoulders a very heavy burden. We will address in turn each of the two possible grounds for the preclusion of review.<br />
<br />
1. Preclusion by Statute<br />
24<br />
The first question we consider is whether Congress expressed an intention to preclude review of the Director's decision to terminate the employment of a CIA employee under section 102(c). Fortunately, the Supreme Court has elaborated several principles to guide our inquiry.<br />
25<br />
First, there must be a showing of "clear and convincing evidence" of a congressional intent to negate review before courts may legitimately restrict access to judicial review.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn12">12</a> Although the "clear and convincing evidence" standard is not a rigid evidentiary test,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn13">13</a> a court should not refuse to review agency action if there is substantial doubt that Congress intended to preclude review.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn14">14</a> Rather, at the very least, such an intent to preclude review must be "fairly discernible" in the detail of the legislative scheme.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn15">15</a><br />
26<br />
Second, the Supreme Court has never found a congressional intent to preclude review when the statute at issue specifies a standard that at least purports to limit agency discretion. In Southern Railway Co. v. Seaboard Allied Milling Corp.,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn16">16</a> for example, the Court held that the Interstate Commerce Commission's decision not to suspend and investigate a proposed rate increase was not subject to judicial review primarily because the statute was silent on what factors should guide the Commission's decision. When, however, as in Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn17">17</a> the statute on its face provides a standard limiting agency discretion, the Court "easily" rejects the argument that review is precluded by statute.<br />
27<br />
Simply stated, when agency authority is defined or limited pursuant to a substantive standard, this is highly probative evidence that Congress did not intend to preclude judicial review. Indeed, if the chosen standard is judicially manageable, it is difficult to imagine stronger evidence of an intent not to preclude judicial review. It may be, of course, that the standard chosen by Congress is such that it offers no meaningful basis upon which to judge the agency's exercise of discretion. In such a circumstance, however, the wiser policy is to treat the agency action as "committed to agency discretion" and hence precluded from review by section 701(a)(2). Thus, when Congress has chosen a standard, the preclusion analysis for section 701(a)(2) rather than section 701(a)(1) is appropriate.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn18">18</a><br />
28<br />
Third, the structure of a statutory scheme sometimes may support a finding that Congress intended to preclude judicial review; however, the Supreme Court has accepted arguments based on structure only in a very limited category of cases involving uniquely complex or otherwise delicately balanced statutory schemes. The best example of this is seen in Block v. Community Nutrition Institute,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn19">19</a> where the Supreme Court relied heavily on the omission of an express provision for participation by consumers in the development of milk-market orders as evidence of an intent to preclude consumers from seeking judicial review only because the statute included specific and detailed provisions for the participation of milk handlers and producers.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn20">20</a> Moreover, the Court took care to emphasize the complexity of the statutory scheme.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn21">21</a> Similarly, in Morris v. Gressette,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn22">22</a> the Court held that the Attorney General's failure to object to a change in voting procedure was precluded from review by the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Central to the Court's decision, however, was the delicate balance between Congress' decision to authorize the Attorney General to impose the "extraordinary remedy" of postponing the effect of state legislation and Congress' desire to prevent undue delay.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn23">23</a> 3] In other cases involving less complicated or delicate statutory frameworks, nearly identical arguments based on the "statutory framework" have been unavailing.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn24">24</a><br />
29<br />
Under our reading of the extant case law, it is abundantly clear that the CIA has failed to carry its burden to establish clear and convincing evidence of a congressional intent to preclude judicial review in section 102(c). The language of the statute itself cannot be fairly read to preclude judicial review, and legislative history is silent on the issue. Most importantly, section 102(c) provides a standard--the termination must be "necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States." As discussed above, Congress' decision to cabin the Director's discretion by the use of this standard is compelling evidence of its intent not to preclude judicial review. Congress could have left section 102(c) terminations unambiguously to the Director's absolute discretion; this, however, Congress chose not to do. Finally, arguments based on the statutory "framework" simply have no force where, as here, there is a single statutory provision unaccompanied by any "scheme" or "framework."<br />
30<br />
The specific arguments made by the CIA are easily rejected. The CIA contends that the statutory language--"notwithstanding the provisions of section 7501 of title 5, or the provisions of any other law"--removes the basis for any and all judicial review. This argument is, at best, strained. Section 102(c) does not prevent the application of all law; instead, it merely replaces one set of standards--the more rigorous efficiency standards normally applied to the termination of federal employees<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn25">25</a>--with a new, more relaxed standard: that the termination be "necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States." The obvious result is that the Director of Central Intelligence has far more discretion in personnel matters than other federal agencies. This relaxation in standard, however, in no way manifests a congressional intent to preclude review altogether.<br />
31<br />
The CIA additionally maintains that the sensitive nature of its work requires that judicial review be precluded. Our inquiry, however, is limited to what Congress intended, not what the CIA finds preferable. Congress could have explicitly precluded judicial review; it did not do so. Or, Congress could have written section 102(c) narrowly to state that "the Director may, in his sole discretion, terminate the employment of any officer or employee of the Agency" (omitting any reference to "necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States"); it did not so limit the language of the statute.<br />
32<br />
Moreover, the CIA is unable to offer any contemporaneous legislative history suggesting that Congress intended to preclude judicial review. The CIA merely points to a Senate Report, written decades after the enactment of section 102(c), which incorrectly states that courts have interpreted section 102(c) as giving unlimited discretion to the Director.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn26">26</a> This Report, however, is simply not relevant to congressional intent in 1947.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn27">27</a><br />
33<br />
The CIA has simply failed to overcome the presumption of reviewability. Neither the statute nor legislative history offer even a hint of a congressional intent to preclude review.<br />
<br />
2. Committed to Agency Discretion<br />
34<br />
Our next task is to determine whether the standard offered by section 102(c)--that terminations be "necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States"--commits the decisionmaking to the Director's judgment absolutely. As with the section 701(a)(1) exception, the section 701(a)(2) exception for action committed to agency discretion by law is a "narrow" exception,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn28">28</a> and we operate under a presumption of reviewability.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn29">29</a> Indeed, even the Government concedes that this presumption of reviewability applies. It simply asserts that that presumption is sufficiently rebutted in this case.<br />
35<br />
In order for the "committed to agency discretion" exception to preclude judicial review altogether, the Government must establish that "the statute is drawn so that a court would have no meaningful standard against which to judge the agency's exercise of discretion."<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn30">30</a> There must, in other words, simply be "no law to apply."<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn31">31</a> The fact that a statute gives an agency broad discretion<br />
36<br />
does not render the agency's decisions completely nonreviewable under the "committed to agency discretion by law" exception unless the statutory scheme, taken together with other relevant materials, provides absolutely no guidance as to how that discretion is to be exercised.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn32">32</a><br />
37<br />
In the instant case, we surely cannot find that section 102(c) offers "absolutely no guidance" as to how the Director of Central Intelligence is to exercise his or her discretion to terminate CIA employees. Obviously, courts must give great deference to the judgment of the Director as to what is "necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States," but the Director's exercise of discretion is still subject to judicial review. Without doubt, for example, the Director could not terminate Black employees simply because they are Black, female employees simply because they are female, or even blonde employees simply because they are blonde.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn33">33</a> Indeed, Government counsel conceded at oral argument that the agency was not prepared to say that constitutional claims, or even claims that the Director acted in excess of his or her statutory authority, are precluded from review.<br />
38<br />
Additionally, section 102(c) requires that an employee be terminated only if the termination advances the interests of the United States. Although the court cannot second-guess the Director's decision that the termination of an employee is advisable in the interests of the United States, we must at least satisfy ourselves that the termination has some relationship to the interests of the United States. Thus, section 102(c) terminations cannot be a result of the mere whim of the Director. Otherwise, the words of section 102(c) would become nothing more than a magical incantation immunizing wholly irrational, vindictive or even blatantly unconstitutional action. Assuredly, therefore, the Director's discretion is not absolute.<br />
39<br />
In similar circumstances, other courts have refused to preclude review. In Barlow v. Collins,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn34">34</a> for example, the Supreme Court held that even a statute authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture "to prescribe such regulations as he may deem proper" did not preclude judicial review. In a justly celebrated decision by the late Judge Friendly, the Second Circuit held that the decision of the Immigration and Naturalization Service not to exercise its discretion to suspend an alien's deportation was subject to arbitrary and capricious review even though the statute in question itself offered no standards for the exercise of that discretion.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn35">35</a> Even in a recent case challenging the Government's selective enforcement of a law--an action arguably subject to a presumption of nonreviewability--the Supreme Court did not refuse to review for First and Fifth Amendment violations.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn36">36</a> Finally, this court in Torpats v. McCone<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn37">37</a> addressed the very statute at issue in this case and--rather than refuse review--upheld the termination of a CIA employee as "within the authority conferred upon [the Director] by Congress."<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn38">38</a><br />
40<br />
We conclude therefore that there is "law to apply." The statute gives broad discretion to the Director, but that discretion is simply not absolute.<br />
41<br />
B. The Alleged Breach of the CIA Regulations<br />
42<br />
On the merits, Doe first claims that a CIA Headquarters regulation imposes independent limitations on the Director's discretion to terminate employees pursuant to section 102(c). Generally, an agency must follow its own regulations, and judicial review is available for claims that agency regulations have been violated.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn39">39</a> At issue here is whether the particular CIA regulation cited by appellee indeed limits the CIA's discretion.<br />
43<br />
We conclude that the CIA regulation does not so limit the Director's discretion. The regulation lists ten circumstances in which employees may be separated from the CIA, the last of which is almost identical to section 102(c):<br />
44<br />
OTHER TERMINATION IN THE INTERESTS OF THE AGENCY. In addition to paragraphs a through i, employees may be terminated if the Director of Central Intelligence determines it necessary and advisable in the interest of the Agency or for other reasons contributing to the efficiency of the Agency.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn40">40</a><br />
45<br />
The regulation also lists procedures that "[n]ormally" will govern separations from the CIA, but cautions that these procedures need not be followed for terminations made pursuant to section 102(c):<br />
46<br />
[Procedures] should be followed insofar as practicable, but there may be circumstances of a case that make these procedures impractical or undesirable, and the case should be handled in a manner conforming to the circumstances. Moreover, to meet the responsibilities placed upon the Agency and pursuant to statutory authority, any employee may be separated immediately and without regard to any suggested procedural steps when the Director of Central Intelligence considers it necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn41">41</a><br />
47<br />
This disclaimer is reiterated later in the regulation:<br />
48<br />
In some other cases, the following modified procedures apply:<br />
49<br />
....<br />
50<br />
(c) Pursuant to statutory authority, the Director of Central Intelligence may separate an employee directly when necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn42">42</a><br />
51<br />
We cannot imagine how the CIA could have more plainly expressed its intent to protect the discretion granted it by section 102(c). Doe's arguments to the contrary are simply without merit. The District Court ruled that the exception for terminations necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States applies only when urgency prevents the application of procedural protections:<br />
52<br />
While section 27m provides that an employee "may be separated immediately and without regard to any suggested procedural steps when the Director ... considers it necessary or advisable in the interest [sic] of the United States" the immediacy and urgency of Doe's employment status is belied by the fact that his voluntary disclosures were made in January 1982, but it was not until five months later--May 1982, that the Director decided to fire him.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn43">43</a><br />
53<br />
This reasoning cannot stand, however, because "immediacy" is not a requirement that must be satisfied before the procedures otherwise provided by the regulations become inapplicable. Rather, if a termination is "necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States," the termination can be made "without regard to any suggested procedural steps" and, in addition, the termination "may" be immediate. The immediate separation discussed in the regulation is an optional course of action available to the Director that he or she need not exercise.<br />
54<br />
The cases cited by Doe and the District Court are equally inapposite. In Ashton v. Civiletti,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn44">44</a> an FBI Handbook informed agency employees that they could "assume that [their] position[s] [are] secure, if [they] continue to do satisfactory work;" and the FBI Handbook contained no exceptions for particular types of terminations as found in the CIA regulations. The court in Ashton did, however, emphasize that--like the CIA--the FBI distinguished between probationary and nonprobationary employees:<br />
55<br />
In the absence of any special definition [of probation], appellant could only be expected to comprehend it in its normal meaning--that he was required to serve an initial proving period in which his performance could be tested and, if his employer was dissatisfied, in which he could be fired without ceremony. A probationary period, of course, would be unnecessary if the employer could dismiss a non-probationary employee at any time and for any reason.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn45">45</a><br />
56<br />
Although the CIA also has a "probationary period," it--unlike the FBI--does give "probation" a "special definition" in its regulation. A termination during this period has its own set of procedures and standards.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn46">46</a> This same regulation, however, explicitly exempts terminations that are "necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States" from any procedural requirements.<br />
57<br />
Similarly, Matlovich v. Secretary of the Air Force<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn47">47</a> is not applicable. In that case, this court ordered the Air Force to explain the termination of a homosexual Air Force airman. The court noted, however, that unlike the CIA, the "Air Force regulation expressly contemplates that exceptions can be made to the general policy of separating homosexuals;"<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn48">48</a> it was because the regulation expressly contemplated such exceptions that we concluded that the Air Force must provide a reasoned explanation for not making such an exception in an individual case.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn49">49</a> The CIA regulation quite simply includes no such explicit exception.<br />
58<br />
We conclude, therefore, that the CIA regulation provides no independent source of procedural or substantive protections. Doe must look to section 102(c) itself or to the Constitution.<br />
<br />
<b>C. Termination of Doe's Employment</b><br />
59<br />
The APA provides the appropriate standard for our review of Doe's termination pursuant to section 102(c). We must uphold the Director's decision unless it is "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law."<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn50">50</a> At the outset it is critical that we emphasize the broad discretion granted the Director of Central Intelligence by section 102(c). The Director is responsible for one of the most sensitive agencies in the federal government; the keen interest of foreign intelligence agencies in the inner workings of the CIA is obvious. Congress accordingly recognized the need for the Director to have broad power to terminate CIA personnel for even the slightest security risk. The necessity for judicial deference to the judgments of the Director is further highlighted by the difficult nature of the decisions the Director must make. Judgments about the security of the CIA require an expertise unique to those in the intelligence community. As the Supreme Court recently noted in CIA v. Sims,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn51">51</a> "[t]he decisions of the Director, who must of course be familiar with 'the whole picture,' as judges are not, are worthy of great deference given the magnitude of the national security interests and potential risks at stake."<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn52">52</a> Moreover, our review must be circumspect because "[i]t is conceivable that the mere explanation of why information must be withheld can convey valuable information to a foreign intelligence agency."<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn53">53</a><br />
60<br />
We conclude, therefore, that although judicial review of the Director's judgments is not precluded, we must apply the arbitrary and capricious standard in the context of this statute which leaves the decision to terminate CIA employment largely to the expertise and judgment of the Director. As a practical matter, therefore, our main concerns will be the arguable infringement of constitutional rights and the possibility that the Director has acted in excess of statutory authority, rather than the wisdom of the termination itself.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn54">54</a><br />
61<br />
Unfortunately, there is great confusion as to precisely what the Director intended to do in this case. We see three possible explanations for the Director's action:<br />
62<br />
(1) The Director may have intended to invoke section 102(c) without giving any reasons at all for the termination of Doe's employment;<br />
63<br />
(2) The Director may have intended to terminate Doe as part of a ban against the employment of all homosexuals; or<br />
64<br />
(3) The Director may have dismissed Doe because Doe's homosexuality presented a security risk.<br />
65<br />
As we discuss below, the resolution of this case depends critically on which of these explanations is applicable. Because of the confusion surrounding the Director's reasoning, we must remand the case to the District Court for further proceedings.<br />
66<br />
1. Invocation of Section 102(c) Without Giving Reasons<br />
67<br />
It may be--albeit unlikely--that the Director terminated Doe's employment for reasons wholly unrelated to Doe's homosexuality. We strongly doubt that this is the case because the CIA displayed no concern about Doe's employment until it was made aware of Doe's homosexuality; and, as we read the record, the clear focus of the CIA's inquiry before the Director decided to terminate Doe's employment was Doe's homosexuality. Because the record is unclear on this point, however, we leave the task of deciding whether the Director fired Doe for other unstated reasons to the District Court.<br />
68<br />
If the Director intends to invoke section 102(c) without giving any reasons at all, a plaintiff must point to something concrete in the record suggesting that section 102(c) is being used as a sham before a court requires the Director to explain his decision to fire the employee. The plaintiff must, for example, point to evidence of an impermissible basis--such as sex, race, hair color, etc.--for the termination. Given the sensitive nature of the CIA's mission, and the risk that merely explaining why information must be withheld "can convey valuable information to a foreign intelligence agency,"<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn55">55</a> we cannot permit a "witchhunt" aimed at discovering the reasons for the invocation of section 102(c). Quite simply, we could endanger national security interests if we were to require the CIA to explain each and every decision to terminate the employment of an employee.<br />
69<br />
We must operate under a presumption that the CIA is acting lawfully and in good faith in any invocation of section 102(c), unless the plaintiff gives adequate reason to believe otherwise. Only if a plaintiff offers a basis for suspicion that the Director terminated the plaintiff's employment for an impermissible reason will we require the Director to justify his or her decision. In the instant case, Doe has not even alleged concrete evidence of an impermissible ground unrelated to his homosexuality for the invocation of section 102(c). Thus, we hold that if the Director intended to invoke section 102(c) without reasons in this case, there are no grounds to reverse the Director's decision to terminate Doe's employment and, correspondingly, no bases for requiring the Director to explain his exercise of discretion under section 102(c).<br />
<br />
2. Bar Against All Homosexuals<br />
70<br />
Alternatively, the Director may have intended to terminate Doe's employment as part of a CIA policy barring the employment of all homosexuals. The record is somewhat confusing on this point. Doe was not immediately discharged by the CIA; instead, he underwent extensive polygraph examination. This suggests that his mere status as a homosexual was not the reason for his later discharge. Furthermore, Doe's counsel was informed by officials in the CIA General Counsel's Office that decisions to terminate homosexuals would be made on a case-by-case basis. On the other hand, however, Doe was told by several security officers that homosexuality violated CIA rules. Thus, it is unclear to us whether Doe's termination reflects a policy of terminating the employment of all homosexuals. We will leave this issue for resolution by the District Court.<br />
71<br />
If the District Court concludes that the CIA intended to bar all homosexuals, there is an arguable claim that can be litigated. Although this circuit's decision in Dronenburg v. Zech,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn56">56</a> and the Supreme Court's recent decision in Bowers v. Hardwick,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn57">57</a> hold that homosexual conduct is not constitutionally protected, they did not reach the difficult issue of whether an agency of the federal government can discriminate against individuals merely because of sexual orientation. At the very least, the CIA would have to justify why such a ban on the employment of all homosexuals was "necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States."<br />
72<br />
3. Termination Because of Doe's Homosexuality<br />
73<br />
Finally, the Director may have dismissed Doe because Doe's homosexuality presented a security risk. Although we do not believe that this would present any colorable substantive constitutional claim, if this were the case Doe may have a claim that the CIA deprived him of his liberty interest in reputation without due process.<br />
74<br />
In Board of Regents v. Roth,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn58">58</a> the Supreme Court concluded that a government employee's liberty interests are impaired when the government makes a charge against the employee that damages "his standing and associations in the community" or "impose[s] on him a stigma or other disability that foreclose[s] his freedom to take advantage of other employment opportunities."<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn59">59</a> An injury to reputation alone, however, is not sufficient to give rise to a colorable liberty interest claim. Instead, a court analyzing a claim of a deprivation of a liberty interest must satisfy itself that a plaintiff has met two requirements. First, the government must have altered the "status" of the employee in some tangible way by, for example, discharging the employee, foreclosing the employee's future employment opportunities, or reducing the employee's rank or pay.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn60">60</a> Second, this change in "status" must be accompanied by injury to the employee's good name, reputation, honor or integrity, or by the imposition of a similar stigma.61<br />
75<br />
There is little question that the first requirement--a change in status--is satisfied in this case. The loss of government employment is the paradigmatic "status change" in liberty-interest jurisprudence.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn62">62</a> Satisfaction of the second requirement is more problematic. In order for Doe to assert the deprivation of a liberty interest, he must establish that the CIA has stigmatized him and that the stigma "has hampered future employment prospects" or injured his good name.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn63">63</a> If the CIA had merely declined to give Doe a security clearance for unspecified reasons, we doubt whether the second requirement would be satisfied. In Molerio v. FBI,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn64">64</a> we held that the decision of the FBI not to hire an applicant because of security clearance problems did not violate the applicant's due process rights:<br />
76<br />
<br />
To receive a "top secret" clearance is assuredly a badge of loyalty; but to be denied it on unspecified grounds in no way implies disloyalty or any other repugnant characteristic--as is shown by the evidence in this case that the mere fact that one has relatives in a hostile country may be considered a basis for denial.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn65">65</a><br />
77<br />
Doe, however, was not denied a security clearance "on unspecified grounds." Instead, the CIA will inform Doe's future employers that he presents a security risk because of his homosexuality. Because Doe himself does not view homosexuality as stigmatizing--and indeed, admits that he is a homosexual--he would have no liberty interest claim if all homosexuals were banned from CIA employment.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn66">66</a> If, on the other hand, the CIA terminated Doe because his homosexuality presented a unique security risk not necessarily presented by all other homosexuals, we must conclude that the statement is sufficiently stigmatizing to give rise to a colorable liberty interest claim. If the CIA alleges that something unique about Doe's sexual conduct makes him undesirable for sensitive government work, the inevitable result is that Doe is foreclosed from employment in the field in which he has been especially trained. As a practical matter, Doe will be unable to obtain employment whenever a security clearance is required.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn67">67</a><br />
78<br />
Even if the CIA deprived Doe of his liberty interest in his reputation, however, our inquiry is not at an end. The due process clause requires that the CIA not deprive Doe of his liberty interest without due process of law. We must therefore determine whether Doe received the process he was due. Doe was entitled to an opportunity to refute the charges and "clear his name."<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn68">68</a> The sole purpose of this "name-clearing hearing" is to do just that--give the employee an opportunity to clear his or her name. This name-clearing hearing need not be formal; the fundamental requirement is that Doe have an opportunity to be heard in a meaningful manner.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn69">69</a> As the Seventh Circuit explained,<br />
79<br />
In its essence, a hearing demands that the person have the right to support his allegations by argument, however brief, and if necessary, by proof, however informal.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn70">70</a><br />
80<br />
We conclude that Doe was given a meaningful opportunity to contest any allegation that his homosexuality presented a security risk--indeed, a meaningful opportunity that Doe and his counsel vigorously pursued. Doe had notice that the CIA was seriously concerned about his homosexuality. The CIA furthermore permitted Doe to examine the polygraph officer's report, and to submit lengthy written arguments on his behalf. Finally, Doe makes no allegation that either the Office of Security or the Director of Central Intelligence were biased.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn71">71</a> In the context of a very sensitive agency such as the CIA, we cannot say that the Constitution requires more.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn72">72</a><br />
<br />
III. CONCLUSION<br />
81<br />
Section 102(c) terminations are subject to judicial review. Because the statute leaves the decision of whether an individual's employment should be terminated as "necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States" largely to the discretion of the Director of Central Intelligence, however, judicial review must be deferential. The District Court erred by showing insufficient deference to the judgment of the Director. However, because the record is unclear on certain critical points that may have a bearing on Doe's claims for relief, we remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.<br />
82<br />
So ordered.<br />
<br />
GINSBURG, Circuit Judge, concurring:<br />
83<br />
The careful reader of the opinions in this case will find that the two sides part company widely only at the last step of the way. First, both sides agree that the "wisdom" of the Director's employment termination decisions is not for courts to judge. Majority Opinion at 1522; see id. at 1521-22 (court presumes Director "is acting lawfully and in good faith" unless plaintiff "point[s] to evidence of an impermissible basis--such as sex, race, hair color, etc.--for the termination"). Second, both sides also agree that there is, indeed, a "role" for the court to play. See Partial Dissent at 1533-34. The dissent, although more reservedly than the majority, recognizes that the court's review legitimately extends to the question whether "the Director has acted in excess of statutory authority." Majority Opinion at 1521; see Partial Dissent at 1533 (acknowledging the court's legitimate function, when its review authority is invoked, "to ensure that the Director acted within the bounds of his statutory authority").<br />
84<br />
The majority, but apparently not the dissent, regards it as the province of the court to entertain arguable claims of constitutional rights. See Majority Opinion at 1521, 1522. While both sides would review to keep the Director within the bounds of ordinary legislation, the dissent, it seems, would not necessarily extend court review to the Director's compliance with the nation's highest law. I find the dissent's stopping point curious, and not persuasively explained. Whether a court may review at all, and how it should rule if it does review, of course, are discrete questions. Cf. Johnson v. Robison, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/yoY/johnson-v-robison/">415 U.S. 361</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/94S.Ct.1160">94 S.Ct. 1160</a> 39 L.Ed.2d 389 (1974) (statute precluding judicial review of Veterans' Administration decisions did not bar court consideration of constitutional claims--Court went on to decide merits against plaintiff).<br />
85<br />
BUCKLEY, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:<br />
86<br />
I concur in sections II(B) and II(C)(3) of the majority opinion, which hold (a) that CIA regulations provide no procedural or substantive rights beyond those granted under section 102(c) of the National Security Act of 1947, 50 U.S.C. Sec. 403(c) (1982); and (b) that as Doe has been accorded all the process that is his due, he has not been deprived of a liberty interest without due process of law. Nevertheless, because the majority ignores the obvious legislative intent in section 102(c) to shield the Director's employee termination decisions from judicial review, I must dissent from the balance of the opinion.<br />
87<br />
As the majority notes, there exists a strong presumption that agency actions are reviewable. See, e.g., Block v. Community Nutrition Inst., <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z4f/block-v-community-nutrition-institute/">467 U.S. 340</a>, 349, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/104S.Ct.2450">104 S.Ct. 2450</a> 2456 81 L.Ed.2d 270 (1984). Judicial review is unavailable, however,<br />
88<br />
to the extent that--(1) statutes preclude judicial review; or (2) agency action is committed to agency discretion by law.<br />
89<br />
Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. Sec. 701(a) (1982). Disregarding Supreme Court case law and this court's own precedent, the majority overstates both the conclusiveness of the presumption of reviewability and the difficulty of establishing the section 701(a) exceptions. Furthermore, by ignoring the plain meaning and objectives of section 102(c), the majority manages to avoid what should be the obvious conclusion that that statute both precludes judicial review within the meaning of section 701(a)(1) and commits termination decisions to the nonreviewable discretion of the Director of the CIA ("Director") within the meaning of section 701(a)(2).<br />
<br />
<b>I. STATUTORY PRECLUSION</b><br />
<br />
A. The Standard for Finding Preclusion<br />
90<br />
To support its holding that judicial review of a section 102(c) termination decision is not precluded by statute, the majority relies on cases such as Dunlop v. Bachowski, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/ytN/dunlop-v-bachowski/">421 U.S. 560</a>, 567, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/95S.Ct.1851">95 S.Ct. 1851</a> 1857 44 L.Ed.2d 377 (1975), Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/ybX/citizens-to-preserve-overton-park-inc-v-volpe/">401 U.S. 402</a>, 410, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/91S.Ct.814">91 S.Ct. 814</a> 820 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971), and Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/xWB/abbott-laboratories-v-gardner/">387 U.S. 136</a>, 140, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/87S.Ct.1507">87 S.Ct. 1507</a> 1510 18 L.Ed.2d 681 (1967), which speak of a "strong presumption" of reviewability, overcome only by "clear and convincing evidence" of congressional intent to preclude review. Since issuing these opinions, however, the Supreme Court has made significant refinements in its preclusion analysis which, in its reliance on the older precedents, the majority has failed to apply.<br />
91<br />
In Block v. Community Nutrition Inst., <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z4f/block-v-community-nutrition-institute/">467 U.S. 340</a>, 104 S.Ct. 2450, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/81L.Ed.2d270">81 L.Ed.2d 270</a> (1984), the Supreme Court reversed this court's holding that an agency action was subject to judicial review. In finding judicial review unavailable, the Court articulated three refinements of its earlier analysis. First, the Court emphasized that the presumption of reviewability is rebuttable:<br />
92<br />
The presumption favoring judicial review of administrative action is just that--a presumption. This presumption, like all presumptions used in interpreting statutes, may be overcome by ... reliable indicator[s] of congressional intent.<br />
93<br />
Id. at 349, 104 S.Ct. at 2456. Second, the Court indicated some permissible sources from which to infer such intent:<br />
94<br />
Whether and to what extent a particular statute precludes judicial review is determined not only from its express language, but also from the structure of the statutory scheme, its objectives, its legislative history, and the nature of the administrative action involved.<br />
95<br />
Id. at 345, 104 S.Ct. at 2454. Finally, the Court described the evidentiary standard to be applied in determining the existence of a congressional intent to preclude review:<br />
96<br />
In the context of preclusion analysis, the "clear and convincing evidence" standard is not a rigid evidentiary test but a useful remainder to courts that, where substantial doubt about the congressional intent exists, the general presumption favoring judicial review of administrative action is controlling.<br />
97<br />
Id. at 351, 104 S.Ct. at 2457. This presumption is overcome, however,<br />
98<br />
whenever the congressional intent to preclude judicial review is fairly discernible in the statutory scheme.<br />
99<br />
Id. (citations omitted).<br />
100<br />
Subsequent Supreme Court cases have reaffirmed the Block analysis. See Lindahl v. Office of Personnel Management,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z7n/lindahl-v-office-of-personnel-management/">470 U.S. 768</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/105S.Ct.1620">105 S.Ct. 1620</a> 1627 84 L.Ed.2d 674 (1985) ("[T]he 'clear and convincing evidence' standard has never turned on a talismanic test." Rather, preclusion may be found in a statute's "express language, ... the structure of the statutory scheme, its objectives, its legislative history, and the nature of the administrative action involved."); Bowen v. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians, --- U.S. ----, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/106S.Ct.2133">106 S.Ct. 2133</a> 2137 90 L.Ed.2d 623 (1986).<br />
101<br />
Thus, although the Director's termination of Doe pursuant to section 102(c) is presumptively reviewable, this presumption is rebutted if the congressional intent to preclude review is "fairly discernible" from the face of the statute, the statutory scheme, the statute's objectives, the legislative history, or from the nature of the administrative action here involved. The demonstration of this congressional intent must be "clear and convincing," but not in a strict evidentiary sense; rather, the presumption comes into play "where substantial doubt" about that intent exists. In essence, the teaching of Block and subsequent cases is that the courts should not be hostile to congressional preclusion of judicial review of particular administrative actions, but should conduct an objective assessment of all relevant sources in order to determine what it is that Congress in fact intended.<br />
<br />
<b>B. The Standard Applied By The Majority</b><br />
102<br />
Notwithstanding the straightforward inquiry into congressional intent espoused in Block, the majority extracts three principles from Supreme Court precedent that serve to accentuate the difficulty of establishing preclusion.<br />
103<br />
The majority first requires that congressional intent to preclude judicial review be established by "clear and convincing evidence." (Majority Opinion at 1514). While conceding Block's holding that this is "not a rigid evidentiary test," the majority nevertheless manages to add a little starch to that case's holding. The majority cites Block in support of the proposition that the congressional intent to preclude review must "at the very least, ... be 'fairly discernible' in the detail of the legislative scheme." Id. at 1515 (emphasis added). In fact, in Block, the Supreme Court went no further than to hold that a sufficiently "clear and convincing" showing is made "whenever the congressional intent to preclude judicial review is 'fairly discernible in the statutory scheme,' " 467 U.S. at 351, 104 S.Ct. at 2457 (emphasis added).<br />
104<br />
The majority's second principle states that "when the statute at issue specifies a standard that at least purports to limit agency discretion ..., this is highly probative evidence that Congress did not intend to preclude judicial review." (Majority Opinion at 1515). In support of this proposition, the majority cites Southern Ry. v. Seaboard Allied Milling Corp., <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/yJo/southern-railway-company-petitioner-v-seaboard/">442 U.S. 444</a>, 455-56, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/94S.Ct.2388">94 S.Ct. 2388</a> 2394-95 60 L.Ed.2d 1017 (1979), in which the Supreme Court held an Interstate Commerce Commission decision nonreviewable, relying in part on the fact that the statute authorizing the decision "is silent on what factors should guide the Commission's decision." The problem here is that while a lack of statutory standards may well support an inference of nonreviewability, this hardly supports the inverse proposition that the presence of standards implies reviewability. Not all standards, after all, demand, or are capable of, judicial application.<br />
105<br />
As its third principle, the majority asserts that congressional intent to preclude judicial review may be inferred from the statutory scheme "only in a very limited category of cases involving uniquely complex or otherwise delicately balanced statutory schemes." (Majority Opinion at 1515). While it is true that in Block the Supreme Court relied on the details of the complex statutory scheme to infer a congressional intent to preclude review, 467 U.S. at 349, 104 S.Ct. at 2456, the Court has never intimated that a simpler statutory scheme would not support the same inference. In any case, the majority's insistence on complexity or delicacy of balance simply obscures the fact that the statutory scheme is but one of several elements identified by the Court in Block from which congressional intent might be inferred.<br />
106<br />
Having defined its own restrictive standards for finding statutory preclusion, the majority has little difficulty in ignoring the clear indications that Congress intended section 102(c) decisions to be nonreviewable.<br />
107<br />
C. Indicators of Congressional Intent to Preclude Review Of Section 102(c) Termination Decisions<br />
<br />
1. The Statutory Language<br />
108<br />
On its face, section 102(c) clearly indicates a congressional intent to prohibit judicial review. The relevant portion of section 102(c) provides:<br />
109<br />
Notwithstanding the provisions of section 7501 of title 5, or the provisions of any other law, the Director of Central Intelligence may, in his discretion, terminate the employment of any officer or employee of the Agency whenever he shall deem such termination necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States.<br />
110<br />
As demonstrated below, the "notwithstanding" clause provides "clear and convincing" evidence of the congressional intention to prohibit judicial review.<br />
111<br />
Section 102(c) was enacted at a time when federal personnel actions were not subject to judicial review. United States v. Testan, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/yvY/united-states-v-testan/">424 U.S. 392</a>, 406, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/96S.Ct.948">96 S.Ct. 948</a> 957 47 L.Ed.2d 114 (1976). Congress, however, had adopted the Lloyd-LaFollette Act granting federal employees limited employment and procedural protections. 5 U.S.C. Sec. 652 (1964), ch. 389, Sec. 6, 37 Stat. 539, 555 (1912); recodified as 5 U.S.C. Sec. 7501, Act of Sept. 6, 1966, Pub.L. No. 89-554, 80 Stat. 378, 527-28 (1966); subsequently replaced by 5 U.S.C. Sec. 7501 et seq. (1980), Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, Pub.L. No. 95-454, 92 Stat. 1111, 1134 et seq. (1978). Under that Act, a federal employee could be removed only "for such cause as will promote the efficiency of [the] service," and he was granted the right to receive written notice of any charges against him, to file a written answer to those charges, and to receive a prompt written decision in response to that answer. Any further procedures, such as examination of witnesses, trial, or hearing were available only at the discretion of the agency official seeking the employee's removal. With the adoption of section 102(c), CIA employees were stripped of even these limited rights and became subject to summary termination without a statement of reasons or opportunity to protest.<br />
112<br />
The majority nevertheless ignores section 102(c)'s elimination of the procedural protections of the Lloyd-LaFollette Act and focuses instead on the substantive provision prohibiting the dismissal of an employee "except for such cause as will promote the efficiency of the service." As a result, the majority is able to dismiss the elimination of Lloyd-LaFollette protections as "merely replac[ing] one set of standards--the more rigorous efficiency standards ...--with a new, more relaxed standard: that the termination be 'necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States.' " (Majority Opinion at 1516). Thus, argues the majority, the resulting expansion in the Director's discretion does not imply a preclusion of judicial review. Id.<br />
113<br />
The essential flaw in the majority's reasoning is its failure to recognize that the Director's termination decisions are insulated by section 102(c) from the procedural as well as the substantive provisions of the Lloyd-LaFollette Act. Thus, it finds itself in the untenable position of insisting that terminated CIA employees retain the right to judicial review even though Congress has stripped them of the minimal procedural rights of a statement of charges and a chance to respond.<br />
114<br />
The majority's holding that section 102(c) does not preclude judicial review relies significantly on its conclusion that the section "provides a standard" that constrains the Director's discretion. As discussed in section II(A) below, the majority arrives at this conclusion by misreading section 102(c) to require that the discharge of a particular employee actually be in the national interest. All that the statute prescribes, however, is that the Director deem it to be. Thus, the majority fails to draw the necessary distinction between judicial confirmation of the Director's purpose in terminating an employee (he deems it in the national interest) and a review of the correctness of the belief on which he acts. While a court may satisfy itself as to the former, it may not inquire into the latter. This clear distinction is underscored in Service v. Dulles, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2ejG/john-s-service-v-john-foster-dulles/">235 F.2d 215</a> (D.C.Cir.1956), which deals with Department of State Appropriations Act, 1952, ch. 533, Sec. 103, 65 Stat. 575, 581 (1951) (expired at the close of fiscal year 1952), a statute essentially identical to section 102(c), to wit:<br />
115<br />
Notwithstanding the provisions of [the Lloyd-LaFollette Act], or the provisions of any other law, the Secretary of State may, in his absolute discretion, ... terminate the employment of any officer or employee of the Department of State or of the Foreign Service of the United States whenever he shall deem such termination necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States.<br />
116<br />
Id. at 216 n. 1. In construing the statute, this court cited with approval the following excerpt from the district court's "well-expressed" opinion:<br />
117<br />
This Court cannot, of course, review the correctness of the former Secretary of State's determination. Its function is limited to determining whether any procedural requirement of the statute was violated in plaintiff's discharge.<br />
118<br />
Under [Sec. 103 of the Appropriations Act] there was one procedural requirement: that the Secretary of State must determine in his discretion that the termination of plaintiff's employment was necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States.<br />
119<br />
Id. at 218. The court found that this requirement had been satisfied, as evidenced by an affidavit by the Secretary of State stating he had discharged the employee in the exercise of the authority vested in him, inter alia, by section 103 of Public Law 188, and it affirmed the lower court's grant of summary judgment for the government.<br />
120<br />
The Supreme Court subsequently reversed, Service v. Dulles, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/354U.S.363">354 U.S. 363</a>, 388, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/77S.Ct.1152">77 S.Ct. 1152</a> 1165 1 L.Ed.2d 1403 (1956), but only because the Secretary had not complied with his own departmental regulations which imposed more exacting procedures for termination than were required by statute. The Court specifically noted that under the statute "the Secretary was not obligated to impose upon himself these more rigorous substantive and procedural standards." 354 U.S. at 388, 77 S.Ct. at 1165. Thus, this court's holding in Service clearly applies to section 102(c), and dictates a finding of statutory preclusion as to any inquiry beyond the Director's satisfaction of the "procedural requirement" that he deems the termination to be in the national interest.<br />
121<br />
2. Further Indications of Congressional Intent to Preclude Review<br />
122<br />
In Block, the Supreme Court held that the congressional intent to preclude judicial review within the meaning of section 701(a)(1) could be ascertained not only from the express language of the statute, but also from the statutory objectives and the nature of the administrative action involved. 467 U.S. at 345, 104 S.Ct. at 2454. In the instant case, these factors clearly confirm a congressional intent to preclude review.<br />
123<br />
Section 102(c) authorizes the Director to terminate an employee whenever he deems such action in the interests of the United States, unencumbered by the requirements of the Lloyd-LaFollette Act. Absent this authorization, the Director could only terminate an employee "for such cause as will promote the efficiency of [the] service," and would be required to give such an employee a written copy of the charges against him and an opportunity to answer those charges. The obvious purpose of section 102(c) is to allow the Director to terminate employees unimpeded by these substantive and procedural requirements. Subjecting the Director's decisions to judicial scrutiny flies in the face of this clear legislative purpose.<br />
124<br />
This conclusion is supported by the nature of the administrative action involved. The summary dismissal authority granted to the Director by the National Security Act of 1947 is a natural and necessary function of the extraordinary sensitivity that surrounds every aspect of our national security operations. The abiding concern for the ability of sensitive agencies to maintain absolute control over personnel is reflected in a 1964 Senate committee report commenting on the proposed grant to the Secretary of Defense of "summary power ... to terminate the employment of any employee" of the National Security Agency upon a determination that the exercise of this power was "in the interests of the United States." Citing the fact that identical authority had earlier been granted the Director of the CIA, the report explained:<br />
125<br />
The responsibilities assigned to the National Security Agency are so great, and the consequences of error so devastating, that authority to deviate from [proposed procedures providing federal employees with the benefit of conventional procedural protections] should be granted to this agency.<br />
126<br />
S.Rep. No. 926, 88th Cong., 2d Sess., 2 (1964), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1964, pp. 2114, 2115. It is of course true, as the majority points out, that a Congress has no authority to interpret the meaning of statutes enacted by its predecessors. The passage I have quoted, however, sheds light on the nature of the national security concerns with which successive Congresses have been called upon to deal.<br />
127<br />
No agency is more sensitive, and few so important to our national safety, as the CIA. As the Supreme Court has pointed out, its effectiveness has been "thought by every President since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be essential to the security of the United States and--in a sense--the free world." Snepp v. United States, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/yKH/snepp-v-united-states/">444 U.S. 507</a>, 512 n. 7, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/100S.Ct.763">100 S.Ct. 763</a> 767 n. 7, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/62L.Ed.2d704">62 L.Ed.2d 704</a> (1980). To safeguard the agency's effectiveness, Congress has given "the Director of Central Intelligence broad power to protect the secrecy and integrity of the intelligence process. The reasons are too obvious to call for enlarged discussion; without such protections the agency would be virtually impotent." CIA v. Sims,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z7S/cia-v-sims/">471 U.S. 159</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/105S.Ct.1881">105 S.Ct. 1881</a> 1888 85 L.Ed.2d 173 (1985). Judicial intrusion into the CIA's personnel actions can threaten to expose the agency's inner processes and compromise its integrity.[T]he very nature of the intelligence apparatus of any country is to try to find out the concerns of others; bits and pieces of data may aid in piecing together bits of other information even when the individual piece is not of obvious importance in itself.... [W]hat may seem trivial to the uninformed, may appear of great moment to one who has a broad view of the scene and may put the questioned item of information in its proper context.... It is conceivable that the mere explanation of why information must be withheld can convey valuable information to a foreign intelligence agency.... And it is the responsibility of the Director of Central Intelligence, not that of the judiciary, to weigh the variety of complex and subtle factors in determining whether disclosure of information may lead to an unacceptable risk of compromising the Agency's intelligence gathering process.<br />
128<br />
<br />
Id. at 1892-94 (citations omitted). These imperative needs explain why Congress, in 1947, provided the Director with summary power to terminate employees as to whom he had any question while, at the same time, stripping those employees of the only protections they then enjoyed under federal law.<br />
129<br />
In sum, the explicit language of section 102(c), the clear statutory objectives, and the nature of the administrative action here involved all lead to the inescapable conclusion that Congress intended to preclude judicial review of the Director's exercise of his authority under that section.<br />
<br />
<b>II. COMMITMENT TO AGENCY DISCRETION</b><br />
130<br />
Even absent these clear and convincing indications of congressional intent, the court should nevertheless hold the Director's decision shielded from judicial review because section 102(c) commits this decision to the Director's discretion within the meaning of section 701(a)(2). The majority avoids this conclusion first by reading non-existent constraints into the section 102(c) grant of termination authority, and then by ignoring this court's precedents sanctioning a less restrictive standard for finding a commitment to agency discretion.<br />
131<br />
A. The Majority's Overstatement of the Constraints Section 102(c) Imposes on the Director's Exercise of Discretion<br />
132<br />
In order to support its holding that section 701(a)(2) does not prohibit judicial review of the Director's exercise of authority under section 102(c), the majority overstates the constraints the latter imposes on the Director's discretion.<br />
133<br />
In the first place, the majority misstates section 102(c) by asserting that it establishes a standard requiring "that terminations be 'necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States.' " (Majority Opinion at 1517). From this misreading, the majority concludes that "section 102(c) requires that an employee be terminated only if the termination advances the interests of the United States." (Majority Opinion at 1518) (emphasis in the original). Thus, the door is opened to at least limited scrutiny into the merits of the Director's decision. The statute, however, does not read that way. Far from requiring that a particular termination in fact advance the national interest, section 102(c) goes no further than to authorize the Director "in his discretion" to terminate any employee "whenever he shall deem such termination necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States." (emphasis added). Thus the operative requirement is that the Director believe that the termination safeguards the interests of the United States and not (as the majority suggests) that it do so in fact.<br />
134<br />
Moreover, the statutory language cannot be read to authorize a court to inquire into the reasons for the Director's decision to terminate an employee because that decision is delegated to his discretion alone. As this court held in Service v. Dulles, supra, the judicial function is limited to a determination that the statute's "procedural requirements" have been met; namely, that the decision to terminate was in fact based on the Director's assessment of the national interest. Beyond that, we cannot inquire.<br />
135<br />
One obvious purpose of section 102(c) is to allow the Director to act upon unsubstantiated impressions "when he shall deem" it in the national interest to do so. This represents, of course, an unusually broad delegation of authority. It was, however, the judgment of Congress that the Director should have that latitude, and it is not for this court to second-guess that judgment.<br />
136<br />
B. The Majority's Failure to Apply this Court's Precedents Regarding the Standard for Finding Commitment to Agency Discretion Within the Meaning of Section 701(a)(2)<br />
137<br />
Based on its finding that section 102(c) establishes a standard that constrains the Director's exercise of his discretion in terminating employees, the majority holds that the Director's decisions are judicially reviewable. This holding is premised on the notion that the "committed to agency discretion" exception applies only when "a court would have no meaningful standard" to apply (Majority Opinion at 1517); this notion, however, applies too narrow a reading of the Supreme Court's interpretation of section 701(a)(2), and directly contravenes this court's own precedents.<br />
138<br />
In support of the proposition that section 701(a)(2) applies only where there is "no law to apply" (Majority Opinion at 14), the majority cites Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. at 410, 91 S.Ct. at 821, and Heckler v. Chaney, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z7p/heckler-v-chaney/">470 U.S. 821</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/105S.Ct.1649">105 S.Ct. 1649</a> 1655 84 L.Ed.2d 714 (1985). In those cases, however, the Supreme Court held only that section 701(a)(2) "is a very narrow exception" and that it is "applicable in those rare instances where statutes are drawn in such broad terms that in a given case there is no law to apply," or so drawn that "a court would have no meaningful standard against which to judge the agency's exercise of discretion." Nowhere does the Court state that this exception applies only in those cases.<br />
139<br />
The majority simply ignores this court's cases holding that section 701(a)(2) is evoked not only by the absence of applicable standards, but also by certain pragmatic considerations. In Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. SEC,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2U6X/natural-resources-defense-council-inc-v-securities/">606 F.2d 1031</a>, 1043-44 (D.C.Cir.1979), this court held that the application of section 701(a)(2)<br />
140<br />
necessarily turns on pragmatic considerations as to whether an agency determination is the proper subject of judicial review.... In making this determination, we ... evaluate the relevance of three particularly important factors: the need for judicial supervision to safeguard the interests of the plaintiffs; the impact of review on the effectiveness of the agency in carrying out its congressionally assigned role; and the appropriateness of the issues raised for judicial review.... Finally, we inquire whether the considerations in favor of nonreviewability thus identified are sufficiently compelling to rebut the strong presumption of judicial review.<br />
141<br />
Accord, Local 1219, AFGE v. Donovan, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/35NT/local-1219-american-federation-of-government-emplo/">683 F.2d 511</a>, 515 (D.C.Cir.1982) (Section 701(a)(2) "shields from review only those matters for which a 'fair appraisal of the legislative scheme, including a weighing of practical and policy implications of reviewability, persuasively indicates that judicial review should be circumscribed.' " (citation omitted)).<br />
142<br />
An assessment of the "pragmatic considerations" in the instant case, including "the impact of review on the effectiveness of the agency in carrying out its congressionally assigned role," clearly weighs against judicial review of the Director's section 102(c) decisions.<br />
143<br />
As the Supreme Court observed when dealing with a different section of the National Security Act of 1947:<br />
144<br />
The decisions of the Director, who must of course be familiar with "the whole picture," as judges are not, are worthy of great deference given the magnitude of the national security interests and potential risks at stake. It is conceivable that the mere explanation of why information must be withheld can convey valuable information to a foreign intelligence agency.<br />
145<br />
CIA v. Sims, 105 S.Ct. at 1893. Here, of course, we are dealing not with a question of deference but of judicial competence. To intrude however deferentially into the Director's most sensitive personnel decisions entails the inevitable risk of unwittingly compromising national intelligence operations through the forced disclosure of information whose possible significance a court is not capable of assessing.<br />
146<br />
Whether or not such a danger exists in this particular case, the majority would establish a precedent that would force the Director now or in the future to risk the public airing of agency policies and concerns as well as the particular information upon which a specific termination decision is based. This would tend to compromise the CIA's vital, congressionally-mandated functions. These pragmatic considerations "are sufficiently compelling to rebut the strong presumption of judicial review." Natural Resources Defense Council, 606 F.2d at 1044.<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn-s">*</a><br />
147<br />
Even accepting, for the sake of argument, the majority's narrow position that section 701(a)(2) applies only when there is "no law to apply," judicial review is nevertheless precluded. Section 102(c) represents one of those "very narrow exceptions" where "there is no law to apply." It is in fact drawn in such a manner that "a court would have no meaningful standard against which to judge" the Director's exercise of his statutory discretion. It bears repeating that the operative standard here is not whether the termination of a particular employee serves the national interest (as the majority maintains), but whether the Director believes it does. In the murky world in which the CIA must operate, one deals as often as not with intuitions as well as with provable facts, and a judge's perception of the national interest could be light years away from that of the Director called upon to make the critical judgments in the discharge of his special responsibilities. Given the nature of the discretion the Director is required to exercise, where is the law to be applied, where the meaningful standard against which any judge can take the measure of his performance?<br />
148<br />
It is noteworthy that in not a single case cited by the majority in support of judicial review of the exercise of agency discretion did the challenged decision involve considerations of national security: e.g., Citizens to Preserve Overton Park (highway planning); Robbins v. Reagan, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3nvs/robert-robbins-v-ronald-reagan-robert-robbins-v-ro/">780 F.2d 37</a> (D.C.Cir.1985) (shelter for the homeless); Local 1219, AFGE v. Donovan, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/35NT/local-1219-american-federation-of-government-emplo/">683 F.2d 511</a> (D.C.Cir.1982) (settlement agreement between the Department of Labor and a federal employees' union resolving charges of unfair election procedures); WWHT, Inc. v. FCC, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/31SE/wwht-inc-and-wometco-home-theatre-inc-v-federal-co/">656 F.2d 807</a> (D.C.Cir.1981) (FCC denial of rulemaking petition); Adams v. Richardson, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2AMA/kenneth-adams-v-elliot-l-richardson-individuallyan/">480 F.2d 1159</a> (D.C.Cir.1973) (en banc) (school desegregation); State of Fla. v. United States Dep't of Interior, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/ca11/3kz4/state-of-florida-department-of-business-regulation/">768 F.2d 1248</a> (11th Cir.1985), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/106S.Ct.1186">106 S.Ct. 1186</a> 89 L.Ed.2d 302 (1986) (Government acquisition of land to be held in trust for Indian tribe); Wong Wing Hang v. INS, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/ca2/2oN8/wong-wing-hang-v-immigration-and-naturalization-se/">360F.2d 715</a> (2d Cir.1966) (denial of application for suspension of deportation). Nor does a single case relied upon by the majority involve a situation where judicial review could pose the threat of disrupting "the effectiveness of the agency in carrying out its congressionally assigned role."<br />
149<br />
Because judicial review would tend to be sufficiently disruptive of the CIA's mission to rebut the presumption of reviewability, and because section 102(c) imposes no substantive constraints on the Director's exercise of his discretion and provides no meaningful standard for a court to apply, the Director's action is committed to his discretion within the meaning of section 701(a)(2) and is not subject to review.<br />
<br />
<b>III. ARGUABLE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS</b><br />
150<br />
Having decided that section 102(c) does not preclude judicial inquiry into the Director's rationale for terminating an employee, the majority proceeds to explore alternative explanations for the Director's action in search of one that might constitute an "arguable infringement of constitutional rights" (Majority Opinion at 1521) (emphasis in the original). It found one (at least to its own satisfaction) in the possibility that the termination of Doe might have been "part of a ban against the employment of all homosexuals." See Majority Opinion at 1522-1523. While the majority concedes that the Supreme Court in Bowers v. Harwick, --- U.S. ----, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/106S.Ct.2841">106 S.Ct. 2841</a> 92 L.Ed.2d 140 (1986), and this court in Dronenburg v. Zech, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3fTu/james-l-dronenburg-v-vice-admiral-lando-zech-chief/">741 F.2d 1388</a> (D.C.Cir.1984), have held that homosexual conduct is not constitutionally protected, it argues that these courts did not reach "the difficult issue of whether an agency of the federal government can discriminate against individuals merely because of sexual orientation " (Majority Opinion at 1522) (emphasis in the original).<br />
151<br />
Accordingly, the majority remands the case with instructions to the district court (as I understand them) to determine whether the CIA has a policy of terminating the employment of all homosexuals. Presumably, if such a policy were found, the issue would then arise whether homosexual orientation, as opposed to homosexual conduct, is constitutionally protected. (Majority Opinion at 1522-1523).<br />
152<br />
At this point it is well to remind ourselves of what the Supreme Court described, in Sims, as "the harsh realities of the present day." 105 S.Ct. at 1891. In few areas of our national life can a single mistake lead to such calamitous consequences as in our national security services; in few areas are those in responsibility under such a heavy obligation to avoid the slightest identifiable risk. As one who shares the belief that the Constitution is not a suicide pact, I cannot agree that an intelligence agency is even arguably precluded from adopting a policy banning the employment of members of any class which the Director might deem to be more susceptible to blackmail than the average. Nor may we assume (as the majority apparently does) that every constitutional inquiry will suffice to override a congressional decision to preclude judicial review for reasons of national security. Be that as it may, neither that issue nor the majority's hypothetical is before us, and the plain meaning of section 102(c) precludes the kind of judicial fishing expedition on which the majority proposes to dispatch the district court.<br />
<br />
<b>IV. REMAINING JUDICIAL ROLE</b><br />
153<br />
Judicial review of the Director's section 102(c) decision to terminate Doe's employment is unavailable under either section 701(a)(1) or section 701(a)(2). The only legitimate role remaining for this court is to ensure that the Director acted within the bounds of his statutory authority, i.e., that his decision to terminate Doe's employment was in fact based upon his appraisal that "such termination [was] necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States." This is precisely the role to which this court limited itself in finding that the Director had acted within his authority in Torpats v. McCone, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2jhZ/john-torpats-v-john-a-mccone-director-central-inte/">300 F.2d 914</a> (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/371U.S.886">371 U.S. 886</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/83S.Ct.182">83 S.Ct. 182</a> 9 L.Ed.2d 121 (1962). See also Service v. Dulles, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2ejG/john-s-service-v-john-foster-dulles/">235 F.2d 215</a> (D.C.Cir.1956).<br />
154<br />
In the instant case, as in Torpats, the record contains the Director's sworn statement that "[a]fter careful consideration of the matter, [the Director] determined that the termination of Mr. Doe's employment was necessary and advisable in the interests of the United States." This statement suffices to require our holding "that the Director acted within the authority conferred upon him by Congress...." 300 F.2d at 915.<br />
155<br />
As this comprises the extent of the legitimate inquiry, this case should be remanded to the district court with instructions to dismiss.<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn1_ref">1</a><br />
50 U.S.C. Sec. 403(c) (1982)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn2_ref">2</a><br />
John Doe is proceeding under a pseudonym only because his status as a CIA employee cannot be publicly acknowledged, not because of any embarrassment about his homosexuality<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn3_ref">3</a><br />
Joint Appendix ("J.A.") 31<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn4_ref">4</a><br />
50 U.S.C. Sec. 403(c) (1982)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn5_ref">5</a><br />
Doe principally seeks an explanation of precisely why his employment was terminated<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn6_ref">6</a><br />
5 U.S.C. Sec. 701(a) (1982)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn7_ref">7</a><br />
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. SEC, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2U6X/natural-resources-defense-council-inc-v-securities/">606 F.2d 1031</a>, 1043 (D.C.Cir.1979); see also Dunlop v. Bachowski, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/ytN/dunlop-v-bachowski/">421U.S. 560</a>, 567, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/95S.Ct.1851">95 S.Ct. 1851</a> 1857 44 L.Ed.2d 377 (1975); Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/ybX/citizens-to-preserve-overton-park-inc-v-volpe/">401 U.S. 402</a>, 410, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/91S.Ct.814">91 S.Ct. 814</a> 820 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971); Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/xWB/abbott-laboratories-v-gardner/">387 U.S. 136</a>, 140, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/87S.Ct.1507">87 S.Ct. 1507</a> 1510 18 L.Ed.2d 681 (1967); WWHT, Inc. v. FCC, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/31SE/wwht-inc-and-wometco-home-theatre-inc-v-federal-co/">656 F.2d 807</a>, 815 (D.C.Cir.1981)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn8_ref">8</a><br />
Bowen v. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians, --- U.S. ----, 106 S.Ct. 2133, 2140-41, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/90L.Ed.2d623">90 L.Ed.2d 623</a> (1986)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn9_ref">9</a><br />
5 K. DAVIS, ADMINISTRATIVE LAW TREATISE Sec. 28.4 (2d ed. 1984)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn10_ref">10</a><br />
See H.R. REP. NO. 1980, 79th Cong., 2d Sess. 41 (1946) ("To preclude judicial review under this bill a statute, if not specific in withholding such review, must upon its face give clear and convincing evidence of an intent to withhold it.")<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn11_ref">11</a><br />
Sunstein, Reviewing Agency Inaction After Heckler v. Chaney, 52 U.CHI.L.REV. 653, 655 (1985)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn12_ref">12</a><br />
See Lindahl v. Office of Personnel Management, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z7n/lindahl-v-office-of-personnel-management/">470 U.S. 768</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/105S.Ct.1620">105 S.Ct. 1620</a> 1627 84 L.Ed.2d 674 (1985); Dunlop v. Bachowski, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/ytN/dunlop-v-bachowski/">421 U.S. 560</a>, 567, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/95S.Ct.1851">95 S.Ct. 1851</a> 1857 44 L.Ed.2d 377 (1975); Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe,<a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/ybX/citizens-to-preserve-overton-park-inc-v-volpe/">401 U.S. 402</a>, 410, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/91S.Ct.814">91 S.Ct. 814</a> 820 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971); Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/xWB/abbott-laboratories-v-gardner/">387 U.S. 136</a>, 141, 87 S.Ct. 1507, 1511, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/18L.Ed.2d681">18 L.Ed.2d 681</a> (1967); WWHT, Inc. v. FCC, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/31SE/wwht-inc-and-wometco-home-theatre-inc-v-federal-co/">656 F.2d 807</a>, 809 (D.C.Cir.1981). As discussed previously, this "clear and convincing evidence" standard is based on clear congressional intent. See H.R.REP. NO. 1980, supra note 10, at 41<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn13_ref">13</a><br />
Block v. Community Nutrition Institution, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z4f/block-v-community-nutrition-institute/">467 U.S. 340</a>, 351, 104 S.Ct. 2450, 2457, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/81L.Ed.2d270">81 L.Ed.2d 270</a> (1984)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn14_ref">14</a><br />
Id<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn15_ref">15</a><br />
Id. (quoting Data Processing Service v. Camp, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/y8A/association-of-data-processing-service-organizatio/">397 U.S. 150</a>, 157, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/90S.Ct.827">90 S.Ct. 827</a> 831 25 L.Ed.2d 184 (1970))<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn16_ref">16</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/yJo/southern-railway-company-petitioner-v-seaboard/">442 U.S. 444</a>, 99 S.Ct. 2388, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/60L.Ed.2d1017">60 L.Ed.2d 1017</a> (1979)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn17_ref">17</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/ybX/citizens-to-preserve-overton-park-inc-v-volpe/">401 U.S. 402</a>, 410, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/91S.Ct.814">91 S.Ct. 814</a> 820 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn18_ref">18</a><br />
As Justice Rehnquist noted in Heckler v. Chaney, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z7p/heckler-v-chaney/">470 U.S. 821</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/105S.Ct.1649">105 S.Ct. 1649</a> 1655 84 L.Ed.2d 714 (1985), section 701(a)(2)'s preclusion of review when a decision is "committed to agency discretion" would be unnecessary unless there are circumstances in which "Congress has not affirmatively precluded review," but has chosen a standard such that "a court would have no meaningful standard against which to judge the agency's exercise of discretion."<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn19_ref">19</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z4f/block-v-community-nutrition-institute/">467 U.S. 340</a>, 104 S.Ct. 2450, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/81L.Ed.2d270">81 L.Ed.2d 270</a> (1984)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn20_ref">20</a><br />
Id. at 346-47, 104 S.Ct. at 2454-55<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn21_ref">21</a><br />
See, e.g., id. at 347, 348 & 352, 104 S.Ct. at 2455, 2456, 2458. A similar logic was used to find preclusion in Southern Railway Co. v. Seaboard Allied Milling Corp., <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/yJo/southern-railway-company-petitioner-v-seaboard/">442 U.S. 444</a>, 99 S.Ct. 2388, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/60L.Ed.2d1017">60 L.Ed.2d 1017</a> (1979). Congress provided mandatory language in the statute when it wished to provide judicial review. Therefore, its use of permissive language without any standard was strong evidence of an intent to preclude review<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn22_ref">22</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/yBz/morris-v-gressette/">432 U.S. 491</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/97S.Ct.2411">97 S.Ct. 2411</a> 53 L.Ed.2d 506 (1977)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn23_ref">23</a><br />
Id. at 504<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn24_ref">24</a><br />
See, e.g., Dunlop v. Bachowski, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/ytN/dunlop-v-bachowski/">421 U.S. 560</a>, 567, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/95S.Ct.1851">95 S.Ct. 1851</a> 1857 44 L.Ed.2d 377 (1975); Local 1219, AFGE v. Donovan, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/35NT/local-1219-american-federation-of-government-emplo/">683 F.2d 511</a>, 516-18 & n. 16 (D.C.Cir.1982) (permissive statutory language alone does not suggest a congressional intent to preclude review)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn25_ref">25</a><br />
Section 102(c) specifically references only one portion of the United States Code--5 U.S.C. Sec. 7501 (1982). This is an unambiguous reference to the statutory protections offered most federal employees. See 5 U.S.C. Secs. 7501-14 (1982) (providing standards and procedure for adverse actions against federal employees). Under these provisions a federal employee may be dismissed "only for such cause as will promote the efficiency of the service." 5 U.S.C. Sec. 7513(a) (1982)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn26_ref">26</a><br />
See S.REP. NO. 77, 98th Cong., 1st Sess. 6-7 (1983), cited in Reply Brief for Appellant at 9. It is manifestly untrue that all courts have interpreted section 102(c) as precluding review. Indeed, this circuit in Torpats v. McCone, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2jhZ/john-torpats-v-john-a-mccone-director-central-inte/">300 F.2d 914</a>, 915 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/371U.S.886">371 U.S. 886</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/83S.Ct.182">83 S.Ct. 182</a> 9 L.Ed.2d 121 (1962), upheld a termination of a CIA employee as "within the authority conferred [on the Director] by Congress" and did not refuse review<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn27_ref">27</a><br />
One final CIA argument deserves only a short comment. The CIA argues that the statute's language, "[n]otwithstanding ... any other law," explicitly prevents the application of the APA. Although we agree that the APA is a "law," we find it plain that it is not the type of law to which the statute refers. The "law[s]" to which section 102(c) refers are those that would otherwise limit the Director's discretion to terminate CIA employees. The APA does not itself limit the Director's discretion. Instead, APA review merely ensures that the Director does not exceed the authority granted by section 102(c) and that the Director does not violate other limits--such as the Constitution--on his or her discretion<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn28_ref">28</a><br />
Heckler v. Chaney, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z7p/heckler-v-chaney/">470 U.S. 821</a>, 105 S.Ct. 1649, 1659, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/84L.Ed.2d714">84 L.Ed.2d 714</a> (1985); Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/ybX/citizens-to-preserve-overton-park-inc-v-volpe/">401 U.S. 402</a>, 410, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/91S.Ct.814">91 S.Ct. 814</a> 820 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971); Adams v. Richardson, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2AMA/kenneth-adams-v-elliot-l-richardson-individuallyan/">480 F.2d 1159</a>, 1161 (D.C.Cir.1973) (en banc)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn29_ref">29</a><br />
Robbins v. Reagan, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3nvs/robert-robbins-v-ronald-reagan-robert-robbins-v-ro/">780 F.2d 37</a>, 45 (D.C.Cir.1985). While Heckler v. Chaney, 105 S.Ct. at 1656, applied a presumption of nonreviewability to agency enforcement discretion, even the Government admits that no such presumption is applicable in the instant case. This case concerns agency action that involves coercive power over a federal employee and in an area traditionally subject to judicial scrutiny. See Heckler v. Chaney, 105 S.Ct. at 1656 (contrasting an agency's decision not to act with agency action such as that involved in the instant case); Robbins, 780 F.2d at 45 (limiting Heckler's presumption of nonreviewability to enforcement decisions)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn30_ref">30</a><br />
Heckler v. Chaney, 105 S.Ct. at 1655; see State of Florida v. United States Dep't of the Interior, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/ca11/3kz4/state-of-florida-department-of-business-regulation/">768 F.2d 1248</a>, 1255 (11th Cir.1985), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/106S.Ct.1186">106 S.Ct. 1186</a> 89 L.Ed.2d 302 (1986)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn31_ref">31</a><br />
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc., 401 U.S. at 410, 91 S.Ct. at 820 (quoting S.Rep. No. 752, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. 26 (1945))<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn32_ref">32</a><br />
Robbins, 780 F.2d at 45; see also Local 1219, AFGE v. Donovan, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/35NT/local-1219-american-federation-of-government-emplo/">683 F.2d 511</a>, 515 (D.C.Cir.1982)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn33_ref">33</a><br />
Even in cases in which courts have held actions "committed to agency discretion by law," some review is still available to ensure that the agency has not violated other constitutional or statutory commands. See Hondros v. United States Civil Service Comm'n, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/ca3/3bKq/paul-hondros-james-martin-duross-and-nathan-smith-/">720 F.2d 278</a>, 293 (3d Cir.1983) ("even those actions 'committed to agency discretion by law' are reviewable on grounds that the agency lacked jurisdiction, that the agency's decision was occasioned by 'impermissible influences,' or that the decision violates any constitutional, statutory, or regulatory command"); WWHT, Inc. v. FCC, 656 F.2d at 815 n. 15 ("In no event would a finding of non-reviewability on the ground that an action is committed to agency discretion preclude judicial review when constitutional violations have been alleged."); Sunstein, supra note 11, at 658 ("[I]f a plaintiff claims that an agency has taken constitutionally impermissible factors into account, there is always 'law to apply'--no matter what the governing statute may say. Similarly, if the plaintiff alleges that the agency's conduct has been based on factors that are irrelevant under the governing statute, there is always law to apply, even if the agency has especially broad discretion in weighing those factors that are statutorily relevant.")<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn34_ref">34</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/y8B/barlow-v-collins/">397 U.S. 159</a>, 166, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/90S.Ct.832">90 S.Ct. 832</a> 837 25 L.Ed.2d 192 (1970)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn35_ref">35</a><br />
Wong Wing Hang v. INS, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/ca2/2oN8/wong-wing-hang-v-immigration-and-naturalization-se/">360 F.2d 715</a> (2d Cir.1966). Judge Friendly explained the possible grounds for a finding of an abuse of discretion:<br />
<br />
Without essaying comprehensive definition, we think the denial of suspension to an eligible alien would be an abuse of discretion if it were made without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies, or rested on an impermissible basis such as an invidious discrimination against a particular race or group, or, in Judge Learned Hand's words, on other "considerations that Congress would not have intended to make relevant."<br />
<br />
Id. at 719 (quoting United States ex rel. Kaloudis v. Shaughnessy, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/ca2/29JW/united-states-ex-rel-kaloudis-v-shaughnessy/">180 F.2d 489</a>, 491 (2d Cir.1950)). Clearly these same factors would also constitute an abuse of discretion in the context of section 102(c) terminations.<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn36_ref">36</a><br />
See Wayte v. United States, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z7g/wayte-v-united-states/">470 U.S. 598</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/105S.Ct.1524">105 S.Ct. 1524</a> 1531 84 L.Ed.2d 547 (1985) (challenging selective prosecution of draft registration law violators)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn37_ref">37</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2jhZ/john-torpats-v-john-a-mccone-director-central-inte/">300 F.2d 914</a> (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/371U.S.886">371 U.S. 886</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/83S.Ct.182">83 S.Ct. 182</a> 9 L.Ed.2d 121 (1962)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn38_ref">38</a><br />
Id. at 915<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn39_ref">39</a><br />
See Service v. Dulles, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/354U.S.363">354 U.S. 363</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/77S.Ct.1152">77 S.Ct. 1152</a> 1 L.Ed.2d 1403 (1957)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn40_ref">40</a><br />
CIA Regulation HR 20-27(j), reprinted in J.A. 35<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn41_ref">41</a><br />
Id. 20-27m (emphasis added)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn42_ref">42</a><br />
Id. 20-27m(8)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn43_ref">43</a><br />
Doe v. Casey, 601 F.Supp. 581, 587 n. 4 (D.D.C.1985)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn44_ref">44</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2V8Q/donald-r-ashton-jr-v-benjamin-r-civiletti-attorney/">613 F.2d 923</a> (D.C.Cir.1980)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn45_ref">45</a><br />
Id. at 929<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn46_ref">46</a><br />
See CIA Regulation HR 20-27(a); 20-27m(8)(b) ("In the case of separation during the trial period, the procedures of paragraph a are to be followed."), supra note 40<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn47_ref">47</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2RW7/leonard-p-matlovich-v-secretary-of-the-air-force-a/">591 F.2d 852</a> (D.C.Cir.1978)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn48_ref">48</a><br />
Id. at 855<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn49_ref">49</a><br />
Id. at 859<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn50_ref">50</a><br />
5 U.S.C. Sec. 706(2)(A) (1982)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn51_ref">51</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/z7S/cia-v-sims/">471 U.S. 159</a>, 105 S.Ct. 1881, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/85L.Ed.2d173">85 L.Ed.2d 173</a> (1985)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn52_ref">52</a><br />
Id. at 1893<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn53_ref">53</a><br />
Id<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn54_ref">54</a><br />
In cases involving challenges to agency failures to institute rulemaking we have similarly declined to find a preclusion of review, but have exercised only a narrow scope of review. See WWHT, Inc. v. FCC, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/31SE/wwht-inc-and-wometco-home-theatre-inc-v-federal-co/">656 F.2d 807</a>, 809 (D.C.Cir.1981) ("[W]e hold that, except where there is evidence of a 'clear and convincing legislative intent to negate review,' ... an agency's denial of a rulemaking petition is subject to judicial review. However, we believe that the decision to institute rulemaking is one that is largely committed to the discretion of the agency, and that the scope of review of such a determination must, of necessity, be very narrow.") (quoting Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. SEC, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2U6X/natural-resources-defense-council-inc-v-securities/">606 F.2d1031</a>, 1043 (D.C.Cir.1979))<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn55_ref">55</a><br />
Sims, 105 S.Ct. at 1893<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn56_ref">56</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3fTu/james-l-dronenburg-v-vice-admiral-lando-zech-chief/">741 F.2d 1388</a> (D.C.Cir.1984)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn57_ref">57</a><br />
--- U.S. ----, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/106S.Ct.2841">106 S.Ct. 2841</a> 92 L.Ed.2d 140 (1986)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn58_ref">58</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/yhy/board-of-regents-of-state-colleges-v-roth/">408 U.S. 564</a> (1972)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn59_ref">59</a><br />
Id. at 573<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn60_ref">60</a><br />
See Paul v. Davis, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/ywf/paul-v-davis/">424 U.S. 693</a>, 711, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/96S.Ct.1155">96 S.Ct. 1155</a> 1165 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976); Mosrie v. Barry, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3bBJ/arif-h-mosrie-v-marion-s-barry-jr/">718 F.2d 1151</a>, 1161 (D.C.Cir.1983). For purposes of a liberty interest claim, it is not relevant that the public employee's job did not constitute a property interest. See Doe v. United States Dep't of Justice, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3i33/jane-doe-v-united-states-department-of-justice/">753 F.2d 1092</a>, 1106-07 (D.C.Cir.1985).61 Doe v. United States Dep't of Justice, 753 F.2d at 1105<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn62_ref">62</a><br />
See, e.g., id. at 1106-08; Mosrie, 718 F.2d at 1161-62<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn63_ref">63</a><br />
Doe v. United States Dep't of Justice, 753 F.2d at 1111<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn64_ref">64</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3hmg/daniel-molerio-v-federal-bureau-of-investigation/">749 F.2d 815</a> (D.C.Cir.1984)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn65_ref">65</a><br />
Id. at 824 (emphasis added)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn66_ref">66</a><br />
See Beller v. Middendorf, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/ca9/2XNG/24-fair-emplpraccas-289-24-empl-prac-dec-p-31378-a/">632 F.2d 788</a>, 806 (9th Cir.1980) (when "real stigma imposed by the Navy's action ... is the charge of homosexuality," which plaintiffs admit, there is no deprivation of liberty), cert. denied, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/452U.S.905">452 U.S. 905</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/101S.Ct.3030">101 S.Ct. 3030</a> 69 L.Ed.2d 405 (1981)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn67_ref">67</a><br />
While it may be true that other agencies and private employers will make their own determination of Doe's security risk, as a practical matter, we find it inconceivable that other agencies would second-guess such a determination by the CIA. At the very least, the potential foreclosure of economic opportunities is as great as that found to violate liberty interests in recent cases in this circuit. See, e.g., Doe v. United States Dep't of Justice, 753 F.2d at 1112-13 & n. 24 (information in employee's file indicating that employee was terminated for unprofessional conduct and dishonesty gives rise to liberty claim); Old Dominion Dairy Products, Inc. v. Secretary of Defense, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2XKB/old-dominion-dairy-products-inc-v-secretary-of-def/">631 F.2d 953</a>, 962-66 (D.C.Cir.1980) ("lack of integrity" charge that was communicated to other government agencies gave rise to liberty interest claim); see also White v. Thomas, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/ca5/32sZ/james-white-v-carl-thomas/">660 F.2d 680</a>, 684-85 (5th Cir.1981) (charge that employee lied on his employment application gave rise to liberty interest due process claim), cert. denied, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/455U.S.1027">455 U.S. 1027</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/102S.Ct.1731">102 S.Ct. 1731</a> 72 L.Ed.2d 148 (1982)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn68_ref">68</a><br />
Codd v. Velger, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/yzy/codd-v-velger/">429 U.S. 624</a>, 627, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/97S.Ct.882">97 S.Ct. 882</a> 883 51 L.Ed.2d 92 (1977)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn69_ref">69</a><br />
Mathews v. Eldridge, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/scotus/yvU/mathews-v-eldridge/">424 U.S. 319</a>, 333, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/96S.Ct.893">96 S.Ct. 893</a> 901 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn70_ref">70</a><br />
Endicott v. Huddleston, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/ca7/2Zzy/george-w-endicott-v-a-m-huddleston/">644 F.2d 1208</a>, 1216 (7th Cir.1980)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn71_ref">71</a><br />
See, e.g., Staton v. Mayes, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/ca10/2LoX/jon-tom-staton-v-james-k-mayes/">552 F.2d 908</a>, 913-14 (10th Cir.) (finding potential due process violation because of biased decisionmaker), cert. denied, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/434U.S.907">434 U.S. 907</a>, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/98S.Ct.309">98 S.Ct. 309</a> 54 L.Ed.2d 195 (1977)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn72_ref">72</a><br />
Similar informal procedures have been upheld. See, e.g., Campbell v. Pierce County, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/ca11/3fRU/latrelle-campbell-v-pierce-county-georgia-by-and-t/">741 F.2d 1342</a>, 1345-46 (11th Cir.1984) (rejecting liberty interest due process claim when plaintiff had notice and the opportunity to rebut claims of insubordination and mishandling of funds), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/105S.Ct.1754">105 S.Ct. 1754</a> 84 L.Ed.2d 818 (1985); Endicott, 644 F.2d at 1216 (rejecting requirement that government call witnesses whom the employee's counsel could cross-examine)<br />
<a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3qXt/john-doe-v-william-j-casey-director-cia/#fn-s_ref">*</a><br />
In support of its position that such pragmatic concerns need not be considered, and that the presence of a judicially manageable standard is the only issue relevant to the applicability of section 701(a)(2), the majority cites two cases from this court, Adams v. Richardson, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/2AMA/kenneth-adams-v-elliot-l-richardson-individuallyan/">480 F.2d 1159</a> (D.C.Cir.1973) (en banc), and Robbins v. Reagan, <a href="http://www.ecases.us/cadc/3nvs/robert-robbins-v-ronald-reagan-robert-robbins-v-ro/">780 F.2d 37</a>(D.C.Cir.1985). These cases, however, are both distinguishable. Neither case involved an agency with a sensitive, national security-related mission, and in neither did judicial review pose the threat of disrupting "the effectiveness of the agency in carrying out its congressionally assigned role." Natural Resources Defense Council, 606 F.2d at 1044. In fact, in both cases the court emphasized that its scrutiny would not interfere with agency functioning. 480 F.2d at 1162; 780 F.2d at 47<br />
<br />
The majority also cites Local 1219, AFGE v. Donovan, but far from supporting the majority's narrow reading of section 701(a)(2), that case directs the court to weigh the "practical and policy implications of reviewability." 683 F.2d at 515.<br />
______________________________________StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-45477348612572445172014-11-14T01:36:00.004-05:002014-11-14T01:36:30.836-05:00April 16, 2000, CNN's Cold War Series, Episode 18, Backyard: 1954-1990,April 16, 2000, CNN's Cold War Series, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/">Episode 18, Backyard: 1954-1990</a>,<br /><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18">https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18</a>/<br /><br /><img border="0" src="data:text/plain; 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" /><br /><br />Central America, the Caribbean and South America become the battleground for a test of wills between the United States and the U.S.S.R. -- as the Cold War comes to America's "backyard."<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203003111/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/script.html">Episode Script</a>, </span><br /><br /><img border="0" height="42" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203003111im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/images/18.script.header.gif" style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" width="280" /><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: In the late 1950s, Fidel Castro and his small band of Cuban guerrillas started a revolution that challenged the desire of the United States to control the Western Hemisphere.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: President Fidel Castro, Cuba</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"We couldn't think about the Cold War at that time, and besides we were naive. We really believed there was a certain international order. We believed in the existence of certain international principles. We believed that the sovereignty of nations would be respected."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: To the United States, Castro's nationalism and left-wing policies were a Trojan horse for Soviet communism.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: Oleg Daroussenkov, Communist Party Central Committee</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"Up until that time, we had viewed Latin America as a distant, exotic continent with which we had virtually no relations. The Cuban Revolution changed all this."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: From its birth in 1776, the United States had grown and grown. Where its flag did not fly, its troops or agents often intervened. In the 1950s, the Guatemalans dared to challenge an American business that controlled much of its economy.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
The United Fruit Company of Boston owned half a million acres of land, the railroad, the port and telecommunications. But most Guatemalan peasants found it difficult to survive.</div>
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In 1950, Jacobo Arbenz was voted president -- he wasn't a communist, but some of his close allies were. A former military man, Arbenz sought to modernize Guatemala's backward society. Washington was alarmed.</div>
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<b>Interview: Howard Hunt, CIA chief, Mexico</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">"What we faced here was the obvious intervention of a foreign power. Because these home-grown parties are not really home-grown, they're being funded or, er, advised by a foreign power -- i.e. the Soviet Union."<br />
Interview: Nikolai Leonov, KGB officer, Mexico</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"The Arbenz government, which had been in power from 1950, didn't enjoy any logistical support from the Soviet Union. We didn't even have diplomatic relations. There was no Soviet mission in Guatemala."</b></div>
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Narration: President Arbenz started a land reform program, buying up fallow land to distribute to peasants. In compensation, he offered the landowners the values they had themselves declared for taxes. United Fruit was offered just over a million dollars for its land. When Arbenz declared nationalization, the company, backed by the United States, claimed $16 million.</div>
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<b>Interview: Jose Manuel Fortuny, Communist Party, Guatemala</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">"He saw that I didn't look very pleased. He said, 'Aren't you happy about the news?' And I replied, 'Now we're going to have to fight on two fronts: We're going to have to fight internally against the landowners, and also against the United States.'"<br />
Interview: Howard Hunt, CIA chief, Mexico</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"My, er, counterpart in Guatemala ... Guatemala City chief of station was sending in reports too about communist infiltration in the government, and of course he mentioned Jose Manuel Fortuny and some of the old-time Stalinist communists who were gaining favorable positions in the Arbenz regime."</b></div>
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Narration: In this impasse the U.S. named John Peurifoy as its new ambassador. Peurifoy had had experience of communist efforts to gain power in Greece.</div>
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<b>Interview: Jose Manuel Fortuny, Communist Party, Guatamala</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">"Peurifoy said to Arbenz, "Mr. President, we can sort out all this business of the United Fruit Company so that you can come to a satisfactory agreement. The United Fruit Company is not the problem: the problem is the communists that you have in your government."<br />
Interview: Alfonso Bauer, Agrarian Bank, Guatamala<br />
"No less a figure than John Foster Dulles, head of the State Department, was part of the firm of lawyers acting for the United Fruit Company. His brother Allen was the head of the CIA. So it didn't take much of an effort on their part to persuade their president, a military man, Mr. Eisenhower, to give them the green light to overthrow Arbenz's government."<br />
Archival Narration:<br />
"U.S. Secretary of State Dulles takes the rostrum to urge united action by the Americas to outlaw international communist intervention in the Western Hemisphere."<br />
Archival Footage: John Foster Dulles, U.S. Secretary of State, March 5, 1954</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"This conference was shocked by the dastardly attack on members of the United States Congress by those who professed to be patriots. They may not themselves have been communists. But they had been subjected to the inflammatory influence of communism which avowedly uses extreme nationalism as one of its tools."</b></div>
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Narration: Arbenz once again put on his colonel's uniform as Guatemala prepared for war.</div>
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In Esquipulas, an important religious shrine in a very catholic country, the church helped organize the opposition to Arbenz.</div>
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A CIA operation, code-named PB Success, mobilized disaffected exiles and peasants into action.</div>
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<b>Interview: Howard Hunt, CIA chief, Mexico</b></div>
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<b>"What we wanted to do was have a terror campaign to terrify Arbenz particularly, terrify his ... his troops, much as the German Stuka bombers terrified the population of Holland, Belgium and Poland at the onset of World War II and just rendered everybody paralyzed."</b></div>
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Narration: The U.N. met in emergency session. Guatemala City was strafed from the air. Rebels invaded from Honduras. The CIA spread panic. Washington denied responsibility.</div>
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<b>Archival Footage: Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. ambassador to the U.N.</b></div>
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<b>"The information available to the United States thus far strongly suggests that the situation does not involve aggression, but is a revolt of Guatemalans against Guatemalans."</b></div>
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Narration: The Soviets were warned.</div>
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<b>Archival Footage: Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. ambassador to the U.N.</b></div>
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<b>"Stay out of this hemisphere. And don't try to start your plans and your conspiracies over here."</b></div>
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Narration: The American PB Success campaign brought the government down and drove Arbenz and his wife into exile. Nine thousand of his supporters were arrested. Many were kept in jail, without trial, for years.</div>
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<b>Interview: Alfonso Bauer, Agrarian Bank, Guatamala</b></div>
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<b>"They even set up anticommunist committees, where anyone could go and give the names of people who had been loyal to the revolution. These people would then be mercilessly kidnapped, killed and so on."</b></div>
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Narration: Among those who fled was a young Argentine doctor, Ernesto "Che" Guevara, who went to Mexico and there met Fidel Castro.</div>
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<b>Interview: President Fidel Castro, Cuba</b></div>
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<b>"I remember my talks with him. He was terribly indignant and embittered by these events which had interrupted an endeavor which wasn't even radical. It was a relatively simple change, land reform, which was very just and necessary."</b></div>
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Narration: Five years later, Fidel Castro and Che Guevara had triumphed.</div>
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Ninety miles from Florida, in what the United States considered its own backyard, Castro established a regime soon to be allied with the Soviet Union. <b>Archival Footage: President John F. Kennedy, January 20, 1961</b></div>
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<b>"Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house."</b></div>
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Narration: In 1961 John Fitzgerald Kennedy took over the presidency and with it a CIA scheme to send in an army of exiles to overthrow Castro, as they had earlier overthrown Arbenz in Guatemala.</div>
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<b>Interview: Howard Hunt, CIA</b></div>
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<b>"So I was yanked back from Montevideo, where I would have been content to spend the rest of my life, and told: 'What we're doing is reassembling the PB Success team, that is the Guatemala operational team, to take care of Castro.'"</b></div>
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Narration: At the Bay of Pigs, Castro's forces routed the CIA-sponsored invasion.</div>
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<b>Interview: Howard Hunt, CIA</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">"Castro was secure, and he was beloved by millions in Cuba and so it was a different situation than Guatemala."<br />
Archival Footage: President Fidel Castro, Cuba</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"The worms, the privileged, the parasites, the sons of parasites, want to fly the flag of surrender. Ashamed of their crimes against the homeland. Beware, you won't confront playboys. You'll be up against men."</b></div>
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Narration: Castro, triumphant, was eager to take armed revolution into Latin America.</div>
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To combat the Cuban challenge the U.S. established in its Panama Canal Zone a sophisticated school. Here, counter-insurgency forces from all over the sub-continent were trained.</div>
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By the early 1960s left-wing revolutionary groups were fighting the authorities in Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and the Dominican Republic.</div>
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<b>Archival Narration:</b></div>
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<b>"Marines are ordered into the revolt-torn small island country by President Johnson. Five hundred leathernecks are put ashore by helicopter."</b></div>
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Narration: In 1965 U.S. Marines went in to crush the Dominicans, who were trying to restore their elected president.</div>
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<b>Archival Footage: President Lyndon Johnson, May 1, 1965</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">"The American nation cannot, must not, and will not permit the establishment of another communist government in the Western Hemisphere."<br />
Interview: Nikolai Leonov, KGB, Latin American Department</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"The Soviet Union, especially after Brezhnev came to power in 1964, adhered to the principle of peaceful co-existence and dŽtente, and the relaxation of international tension. But the Cubans had a theory which can be described as 'let's have 100 Vietnams.'"</b></div>
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Narration: Che Guevara was behind the call for 100 Vietnams. In 1965 he went to the Congo and later to the heart of South America to spread the cause of violent revolution.</div>
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By late 1967 U.S. instructors were training Bolivian troops in guerrilla warfare. They set a trap for Che Guevara.</div>
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<b>Interview: Dariel Alarcon, Cuban guerrilla fighter</b></div>
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<b>"On more than one occasion he said, 'Our last battle is approaching. We have to prepare for it, and we must be very careful not to be taken prisoner -- especially the Cubans.'"</b></div>
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Narration: Che Guevara was captured alive.</div>
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Hours later, he was shot dead.</div>
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Five of Guevara's group escaped to the Bolivian capital, La Paz.</div>
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<b></b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Interview: Dariel Alarcon, Cuban guerrilla fighter</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"When we arrived in La Paz we managed to make contact with Salvador Allende in Chile. He gave us every kind of help. He mobilized his whole party in order to rescue us."</b></div>
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Narration: Chile had been calm in the 1960s. Washington's Alliance for Progress program spent millions of dollars backing Chile's Christian Democrat Government.</div>
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But in 1970 a coalition of the left and the center sought electoral victory. Unidad Popular was led by a doctor, freemason and Marxist bon vivant, Sen. Salvador Allende.</div>
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<b>Interview: Arturo Alessandri, Chilean lawyer</b></div>
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<b>"Allende was, er, depicted and, and, and identified with the socialist-communist parties, the left, er, in the midst of the Cold War, and he represented of course socialism and Marxism."</b></div>
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Narration: Worried that a Marxist would come to power in legitimate elections, U.S. business made its move.</div>
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<b>Archival Footage: Harold Geneen, chairman, ITT Corporation, April 1973</b></div>
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<b>"I directed that an approach be made to both the State Department and Mr. Kissinger's office to tell them that we have grave concern over the outlook for ITT's investment, and we were desirous of discussing our thoughts in Washington and willing to assist financially in any government plan to help protect private American investment in Chile."</b></div>
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Narration: The CIA was not far behind. Gen. Rene Schneider, the popular army commander who defended Allende's constitutional rights, had to be removed from his post.</div>
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<b>Interview: Col. Paul Wimert, U.S. Embassy, Santiago</b></div>
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<b>"The CIA gave me $250,000 to help us get rid of Schneider. I couldn't put it in my office safe, so I kept it in my riding boots. The money was done up like sausages in long strips. No one used it but me."</b></div>
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Narration: The CIA money dispatched to oust Gen. Schneider wasn't needed -- other plotters assassinated him.</div>
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The murder shocked the nation. Moderate politicians rallied to Allende and consolidated his election victory.</div>
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In the shanty towns of Chile there were high hopes as the newly elected president set out on reform -- without, he hoped, outside interference.</div>
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<b></b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Archival Footage: President Salvador Allende</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"The United States must respect the rights of the people to develop the economy the way it should be and they want it to be."</b></div>
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Narration: Allende's first big step, supported by all Chilean political parties, was the nationalization of copper, Chile's biggest industry, still under effective U.S. control.</div>
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<b>Interview: Hortense Allende, widow of Salvador Allende</b></div>
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<b>"When Salvador Allende nationalized copper, it wasn't an arbitrary measure. He did it to obtain the resources to alleviate the great poverty in our country."</b></div>
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Narration: Allende pressed on with what he called his "Social Revolution." School children were given a daily glass of milk.</div>
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The middle classes were on edge.</div>
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<b>Interview: Arturo Alessandri, Chilean lawyer</b></div>
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<b>"The fear was basically what would happen to the people, to the families, er, to the property, to your farms."</b></div>
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Narration: In the Chilean countryside, peasants, chanting pro-Cuban slogans, began seizing the land.</div>
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<b>Interview: Arturo Alessandri, Chilean lawyer</b></div>
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<b>"What happened afterwards confirmed the fears, because the government, on the one hand, started to expropriate land, started to expropriate industry."</b></div>
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Narration: Chile's economy was increasingly put under state control. This upset foreign financiers and the World Bank in Washington, which cut off credits.</div>
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<b></b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Archival Footage: President Richard Nixon, filmed in 1977</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"Chile of course is interested in obtaining loans from international organizations where we have a vote and I indicated that wherever we had a vote -- where Chile was involved -- that unless there were strong considerations on the other side that we would vote against them."</b></div>
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Narration: In November 1971, Fidel Castro arrived to support Allende's policy of change through the ballot box.</div>
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<b>Interview: President Fidel Castro, Cuba</b></div>
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<b>"We fully supported his policy. We trained people for his personal security. We were experienced in this because we had had to defend ourselves against those who had wanted to destroy us. We told him about this because we thought he had enemies who might try to take his life."</b></div>
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Narration: The dangers didn't just come from the right. Castro's Cuban policy of armed revolution found favor with Chile's extreme left, who were hostile to Allende's methods.</div>
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But most Chileans ignored the call to armed struggle.</div>
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As inflation mounted, the right attacked economically. CIA money helped pay for Chilean truck owners to bring the country to a standstill. At the U.N., Allende accused ITT of trying to provoke a civil war.</div>
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<b>Archival Footage: President Salvadore Allende, December 4, 1972</b></div>
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<b>"They propose economic strangulation, diplomatic sabotage, social disorder, to produce panic among the people allowing the army to overthrow a democracy and put in a dictatorship."</b></div>
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Narration: Moscow was the next stop. There Allende sought the money he needed to stave off bankruptcy. But the Russians, already spending a fortune to support Cuba, were unimpressed.</div>
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<b>Interview: Nikolai Leonov, KGB, Latin American Department</b></div>
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<b>"We had come to a conclusion. This regime would soon be toppled because they were trying through very democratic means -- without the use of arms -- to break the resistance of stronger opposition forces."</b></div>
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Narration: Santiago, Chile's capital. June 1973. With the government's popularity actually increasing, some frustrated right-wing military officers took to the streets in an attempted coup.</div>
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As the world's press recorded the failed takeover, Swedish cameraman Leonardo Hendricksen, his camera still running, was gunned down and killed.</div>
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Allende responded by placing greater reliance on the military. Gen. Augusto Pinochet was appointed as his loyal chief of the army.</div>
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Once again the truck owners paralyzed the world's longest and thinnest country. Shops closed for lack of goods. Hunger stalked the streets. Middle class housewives came out to bang their pots and pans in protest. The violent right laid their plots.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: Nathaniel Davis, U.S. ambassador to Chile</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"Certainly the situation was getting more and more ominous, and then we did have the possibility of learning something about it. Not because we were in touch with the plotters -- we were not."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: Just after midday on Tuesday 11th September, under orders from Gen. Pinochet, British-made Hunter jets swooped over the Moneda presidential palace starting fires which were to burn for weeks.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b></b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Interview: Nathaniel Davis, U.S. ambassador to Chile</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"My wife and our children were at the house and they had a marvelous view of the, er, of these planes, er, winging over and then dipping down and sending their bombs in to the Moneda."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: That morning from the Moneda, Allende had broadcast to the nation.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Archival Footage: Salvador Allende</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"Workers, I have faith in Chile and its destiny. Go forward, knowing that sooner rather than later, avenues will open along which free men will walk, to build a better society. Long live Chile, the people, the workers."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: Hours later, Allende was dead.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: President Fidel Castro, Cuba</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"He always said that he wouldn't be taken alive -- that he would die defending the Constitution. He kept his word."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: Gen. Pinochet immediately stamped his mark on the country. In the capital, suspects were rounded up into the National Stadium.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Many, like folk singer Victor Jara, were never seen alive again.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Archival Footage: Joan Jara, widow of Victor Jara, filmed in 1974</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">"I know that he behaved with great moral courage. I know that he was a sort of a source of strength to his fellow prisoners. I know that he sang there. I know that they beat him down. I know that they broke his hands and his wrists. And I know that after two days they killed him off."<br />
Interview: Col. Paul Wimert, U.S. Embassy, Santiago</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"The people he got rid of ... shot ... at the stadium were all bad people. He was smart enough to know ... that you had to do it ... 100 percent. You can't go into it half-assed ... and do a little bit here and there. He went into it with a lot of force and did it."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: When he entered the White House in January 1977, Jimmy Carter promised a new U.S. attitude to the rest of the world.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: President Jimmy Carter</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"I announced that human rights would be a cornerstone or foundation of our entire foreign policy. So I officially designated every U.S. ambassador on Earth to be my personal human rights representative."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: In Nicaragua, U.S. ambassadors were used to a different role. In the 1930s, U.S. Marines had put the tyrant Tacho Somoza in power. More than 40 years later, Nicaragua was still ruled by a Somoza.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
A politically moderate newspaper owner, Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, dared to challenge the dictatorship.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: Violeta Chamorro, widow of Pedro J. Chamorro</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"So what happened to this person who wanted freedom? Well, they murdered him. Who murdered him? The Somoza forces."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: Chamorro's murder electrified the cowed people of Nicaragua. Somoza declared a state of siege. The U.S. woke up to popular anger against the super-rich family which had been its ally for more than four decades.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Archival Footage: President Anastasio Somoza Jr., September 30, 1978</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"I have been fighting the East-West ideological war since the inception of Fidel Castro so we've been under the attack of that Cuban government for almost 18 years."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: From the hills where they had been secretly training for years, guerrillas emerged who proudly bore the name of the 1930s anti-Yankee rebel, "Sandino."</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
But in the town of Esteli, Somoza's World War II U.S. tanks carried the day. Two thousand people died in what became a dead city. The Sandinistas regrouped, pitting their rifles against Somoza's might.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: Daniel Ortega, leader, Sandinista Front</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"The front now entered the cities and knocked on the door of the capital for the first time in its history."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: The Sandinistas' will to win triumphed; Managua went mad with joy.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Jimmy Carter had left it very late before abandoning the Somozas and accepting the new Sandinista government.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: President Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"I said to Carter, the United States had to make good the historical damage they had inflicted on our country. Our party hymn still includes the words, 'Yankee -- the enemy of humanity.' We said to him that the only way to abolish that line would be for the attitude of the imperialist powers to change throughout the world."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: The U.S. would not be lectured to. The tide of conservatism, which was to bring Ronald Reagan to power, was rising.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
In Nicaragua, Somoza's land was shared out and the family's business monopolies were taken over. Education and health care became widely available.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
But not everyone was happy with the revolution.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: Oscar Sobalvarro, chief of staff, Contra army</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"All those who didn't agree with the Sandinista policies were subjected to confiscations and imprisonment. Their lives were threatened. Many were murdered just for disagreeing with the Sandinista Front. This sort of thing turned many Nicaraguan peasants against the Sandinistas."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: In the shadows, opponents of the revolution plotted their revenge.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Inexperienced Sandinista guerrillas struggled to run a war-torn country.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: President Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">"What we asked for was weapons so that we could defend ourselves -- that's what we asked of the Soviet Union, of the socialist countries of Eastern Europe, of the Algerians, of the Vietnamese."<br />
Interview: Oleg Daroussenkov, Communist Party Central Committee</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"We sent light weapons, helicopters, armored cars and other military equipment. There wasn't a large Soviet military presence but they did have Cuban advisers."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: Throughout Central America protest mounted against right-wing military rule. In El Salvador the Catholic Church had become a haven for the oppressed.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
On the concrete steps of the cathedral in San Salvador the military decreed that demonstrators for human rights should be discouraged -- nothing very new for El Salvador.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
In a massacre in 1932, the military had killed up to 40,000 people. In 1979, the cameras were on hand to record the color of the blood.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Archbishop Oscar Romero was the cautious leader of Salvadoran Catholics. When he spoke out, the reaction from the right was immediate.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b></b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Interview: Sister Maria Figeroa, Archbishop Romero's secretary<br />
"During the last months, the letterbox at the seminary where he had his office was full of anonymous letters practically every day, with death squad emblems on them. There was one death squad called The White Hand. There were many letters written on black paper with a white hand saying: 'We're going to kill you. We're going to tear you apart'."<br />
Archival Footage: Archbishop Oscar Romero</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"We must show that El Salvador has no need for confrontation. The only solution is to convert yourselves to the Lord."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: In March 1980, as he was saying Mass in a private chapel, the archbishop was murdered by a single assassin's bullet.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
At his funeral, the military struck again.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b></b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Interview: Sister Maria Figeroa, Archbishop Romero's secretary<br />
"I only remember a bomb exploding, and then many shots being fired, and people running in all directions. It was a disaster: people running, knocking each other down, being hit by bullets. Many, many people were killed."<br />
Interview: Ana Guadalupe Martinez, guerrilla leader, El Salvador</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"The fact that they had murdered the archbishop of San Salvador, who was the highest church representative, and that they had no qualms about killing him, made us all feel practically defenseless. We said, 'Either we take the struggle into the open to the mountains, or they will kill us all here in the city.'"</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: On December 3, 1980, three U.S. nuns and a woman lay-worker started the long drive into town from San Salvador's international airport. On the way they were raped and killed. Their corpses were discovered in a shallow grave.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
The killings, by El Salvador's National Guard, prompted President Carter to withdraw aid to the Salvadoran military. But within six weeks Carter had resumed funding an army whose atrocities continued.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b></b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Interview: Ana Guadalupe Martinez, Guerilla leader, El Salvador</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"Everything consisted of beatings, electric shocks and rape, and in keeping me naked. As soon as I was taken to the headquarters I was undressed. My hands and legs were handcuffed. I was blindfolded so that I could not see the faces of my interrogators."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: In town, those suspected of being sympathetic to the guerrillas were easy prey for government forces. At night, bodies were dumped on waste ground or left on city streets.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Like the Sandinistas in neighboring Nicaragua, the Salvadoran guerrillas wouldn't give up. The war damage was immense.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
In the United States, the new Reagan administration blamed Cuba and Moscow.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b></b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Archival Footage: U.S. Secretary of State, March 22, 1981<br />
Gen. Alexander Haig: "What we're watching is a four-phased operation. Phase one has been completed -- the seizure of Nicaragua. Next is El Salvador, to be followed by Honduras and Guatemala -- it's clear and explicit."<br />
Other: "There is a Caribbean domino theory that's unfolding?"<br />
Gen. Haig: "Of course. I wouldn't call it necessarily a domino theory. I would call it a priority target list -- a hit list if you will -- for the ultimate takeover of Central America."<br />
Interview: President Fidel Castro, Cuba</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"Look, if a Soviet-Cuban master plan actually existed we would have won the Cold War. (Laughs) If there had been a master plan. But unfortunately there was no such plan, quite the opposite. Cuba's actions conflicted with Soviet interests at that time."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: In El Salvador, U.S. military advisers were hard at work bolstering the army against the guerrillas.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
The Atlacatl Brigade was the crack unit. In 1981 it went on a search and destroy mission in the guerrilla-controlled Morazan Province.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
At about 5 o'clock in the morning of December 11, it would go into action near the village of El Mozote.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Hundreds of civilians were slaughtered. The U.S. State Department said it could find no evidence of a massacre.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: Rufina Amaya, El Mozote resident</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"I saw the women clinging to each other, crying and screaming at them not to kill her. I fought for my children. I didn't want to let them go. I said I would die with them but they wrenched them from my arms. We heard them killing the children -- they killed them at night -- you could hear the screams for their mamas and papas."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: As the Reagan administration moved to shore up the right in El Salvador and bring down the left in Nicaragua, neighboring Honduras became a base for all sorts of U.S. activity.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Honduras was the main place where a force was being trained to overthrow the government of Nicaragua. That force was the Contras.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b></b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Interview: Duane Clarridge, CIA chief, Latin America</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"Some of them were former members of the National Guard of Nicaragua. A lot of them were just, you know, peasants from the mountainous areas between Honduras and Nicaragua, who'd been at war with somebody forever, and in many respects they were like a bunch of cattle rustlers."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: The Contras were funded from Washington. This undeclared war upset the U.S. Congress.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
An amendment by Rep. Boland of Massachusetts curtailed Reagan's funds for arming the Contras.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Archival Footage: April 14, 1983</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">President Reagan: "We are complying with the law -- the Boland Amendment, which is the law. We are complying with that fully and ..."<br />
Woman Reporter: "Does that mean we are not arming or supplying any of the dissidents along the border? The Honduran border?"</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>President Reagan: "I am not going to get in ... I could not and would not possibly talk about such things."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: Washington was planning another small war. On the Caribbean island of Grenada, where the British Queen Elizabeth was still head of state, a left-wing government was using Cuban contractors to build a new tourist airport.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
The U.S. suspected a strategic motive.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
In October 1983 when left-wing Prime Minister Maurice Bishop was assassinated by more extreme Marxists, Washington had an invasion plan ready for Reagan's approval.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Archival Footage: President Reagan</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"At 5:15 this morning the joint force landed at two spots on Grenada. There is now firing and combat going on. There have been casualties."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: The United States hadn't bothered to consult the British queen, or Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. It was all over in a few days.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: John Negroponte, U.S. ambassador to Honduras</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"I basically learned about the invasion of Grenada from the president of Honduras, who called me up to say, 'Do you know what's going on?' and I said, 'Well I have an idea but I don't know for sure.' And he said, 'Well you're invading Grenada,' and he said, 'Please tell the troops that when they're finished there to just keep on coming to Nicaragua.'"</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: Many welcomed the Americans. Within six weeks, their work done and President Reagan's image enhanced, the U.S. troops left.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
In Nicaragua, Reagan's crusade against the Sandinistas was stepped up.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: Duane Clarridge, CIA chief, Latin America</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"The Sandinistas desperately needed to get hard currency for their exports to pay off their bank loans. So this was a time to put the mines into Corinto -- they've only got one harbor that counts -- and at the same time make sure we notified Lloyds of London the mines have gone in, so hopefully they put pressure on the shipping companies ... to stay out of there. Well it worked."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: Nicaragua's precious stock of oil went up in smoke; the economy was reeling. And, all the while, ways had to be found to contain the U.S. backed Contra invasion.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
The Sandinistas asked the Soviets for help.</div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>Interview: Yuri Pavlov, Soviet Foreign Ministry</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"The leaders in Moscow did not want to provoke the United States into giving more military aid to the Contras and to the Honduran government. Therefore these requests were politely denied every time the Sandinistas brought it up in Moscow."</b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Narration: The Sandinistas, with help from Cuba, vowed to defend their borders and the revolution.</div>
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<b>Archival Footage: President Reagan, May 22, 1985</b></div>
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<b>"The success of communism in Central America poses the threat that a hundred million people from Panama to the open border on our south, could come under the control of pro-Soviet regimes."</b></div>
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Narration: Angry at Reagan's continued support for the Contra war, the U.S. Congress, again led by Rep. Boland, voted in October 1984 to deny them any further assistance.</div>
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<b>Interview: John Negroponte, U.S. ambassador to Honduras</b></div>
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<b>"With the passage of the Boland Amendments, which ultimately prohibited assistance to the Contras, there was nothing more we could do than to bide our time."</b></div>
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Narration: To help pay for the continuing bloodshed in Nicaragua, Reagan's men secretly sold arms to Iran.</div>
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The American dollar, and the failures of the armed left, crushed Latin American revolutionary dreams.</div>
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<b>Interview: Ana Guadalupe Martinez, Guerilla leader, El Salvador</b></div>
<b style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">"The United States saw a threat to their interests, because they thought it was a communist struggle. They didn't see us as citizens who wanted a democratic country where there was social justice and which offered opportunities to the majority."<br />
Interview: Nikolai Leonov, KGB officer, Mexico<br />
"The Cold War cost Latin America the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. In Nicaragua alone, 50,000 died in the Sandinista revolution and another 50,000 died in the civil war. It was atrocious."<br />
Interview: John Negroponte, U.S. ambassador to Honduras</b><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<b>"There were a lot of deaths, a lot of suffering, a lot of refugees, a lot of population movements. On the other hand, I think an equally if not more compelling case can be made than had we not done something to stop communist regimes from being established in the other Central American countries, other than Nicaragua, say that they had been established in El Salvador and then in Guatemala and possibly even Honduras during the 1980s, if we hadn't taken the steps that we took, I think the immediate suffering could have even been considerably greater."</b></div>
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Narration: 1990. Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega asks the Nicaraguan people to vote him president.</div>
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Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter was there to see fair play.</div>
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Violeta Chamorro, Ortega's opponent, narrowly won a surprise victory. Washington spent nearly $10 million dollars backing her campaign.</div>
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charset=x-user-defined;base64,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" /></a><br />Since 1946, the controversial School of the Americas has trained thousands of Central and South American soldiers the ABCs of thwarting communist insurgencies.<br /><br /><img alt="School of the americas" border="0" height="171" hspace="5" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011207164905im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/spotlight/school.gif" style="background-color: #ffffcc; 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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011207164905/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/spotlight/">School of the Americas</a>, Cold War training camp remains focus of controversy, by Bruce Kennedy,<div>
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(CNN) -- The intruder waited in his hiding place for just the right moment -- soon after his targets had gone to bed. He then put his plan into operation.</div>
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Earlier that day in 1983, Vietnam veteran and priest Roy Bourgeois had walked unchallenged into Fort Benning, Georgia, wearing surplus military fatigues. He had climbed up a tree near a barracks used by Salvadoran soldiers training with the U.S. Army, waited until "lights out," then unleashed his guerrilla protest.</div>
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Bourgeois turned on his electronic "boom box" that blared into the night air a recording of Salvadoran Archbishop Oscar Romero calling on his nation's soldiers to stop killing their countrymen. Romero was later killed while conducting Mass in San Salvador. Of the three men accused in Romero's assassination, two were graduates of the U.S. Army's School of the Americas (SOA).</div>
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Bourgeois served 18 months in a federal prison for his actions. But his protest paved the way for larger demonstrations against what some people call the "School of Assassins" -- but what SOA supporters say is an important tool in helping spread democratic values to Washington's allies in Central America and South America.</div>
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The end of World War II and the start of the Cold War ignited new concerns in the United States that Communists would attempt to infiltrate and subvert the country's southern neighbors. The U.S. Army started its School of the Americas in Panama in 1946. In 1984, under the terms of the 1977 Panama Canal Treaty, the school was moved to Fort Benning.</div>
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More than 63,000 Central and South American soldiers from 22 nations have trained at SOA since its inception. According to the school's Web site, instruction at SOA for its first several decades "focused on nation-building skills, then [was] altered in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy to provide instruction necessary to the nations in Latin America to thwart armed communist insurgencies."</div>
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Opponents of the school, who maintain their own "School of the Americas Watch" Web site, claim SOA graduates "have been responsible for some of the worst human rights abuses in Latin America."</div>
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Some of the more notorious individuals who have trained at SOA include:</div>
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Former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, now serving an extended sentence in a U.S. prison on drug charges.</div>
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El Salvador's Roberto D'Aubuisson, who formed the death squads that killed Romero and thousands of others during the Salvadoran civil war.</div>
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Former Argentine President Gen. Leopoldo Galtieri, accused of making thousands of people "disappear" during Argentina's "dirty war" of the 1970s.</div>
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SOA officials said that out of thousands of soldiers the school has trained, only about 300 have been accused of human rights violations.</div>
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Joe Leuer, a training specialist for course management who has worked at SOA since the early 1990s, said the connections that critics make between the school and the crimes allegedly committed by its graduates are tenuous at best.</div>
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D'Aubuisson, for example, "took a radio operator's course in the early 1970s. People want to connect the dots and allege the school which taught him how to operate radios efficiently also taught him how to create death squads," Leuer said.</div>
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The school insisted it was not responsible for the actions of individuals who ignored its training, which has always included instruction on the basic rules of warfare as set out in the Geneva Convention.</div>
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The SOA controversy intensified when a 1992 report declassified by the Pentagon in 1996 revealed the details of a manual used at SOA in the 1980s that advocated tactics such as beatings, false imprisonment, execution and bounty payments for enemy dead.</div>
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Following the report, the SOA curriculum was expanded to include instruction on international humanitarian law, human rights and ethical use of force.</div>
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"The school has never taught torture and never will," SOA commandant Col. Glenn R. Weidner told a November 1998 news conference. "We still do military training, but this is not the torture training that Father Bourgeois would have you believe."</div>
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According to SOA's Web site, the curriculum in the late 1990s focused "on supporting the primary foreign policy goals of the United States in the region -- consolidation of the effective democratic governance, respect for the rule of law, and economic development along free market principles."</div>
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Opponents were not appeased. They wanted the school shut down. Some protests were loud, such as the ones staged every November 16 for the past 10 years outside the gates of the school. They commemorate the killings in El Salvador on that date in 1989 of six Jesuit priests, deaths to which some of the graduates of the school have been linked. Notable among the protesters in recent years has been actor Martin Sheen, star of the TV drama, "The West Wing."</div>
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Other opposition took the form of efforts in Congress to cut the budget of the school. Finally, in October 2000, Congress voted to close the school in December and reopen it in January 2001 under a new name, the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation.</div>
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Army officials hope that changing the school's name and making sure its curriculum stresses civilian control of the military and respect for human rights will blunt some of the criticism.</div>
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The new school will offer courses in such topics as anti-drug operations, disaster relief and peace support -- not just to military personnel but also to law enforcement officials and civilians.</div>
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Although the new law directs the school to comply with the "democratic principles" of the Organization of American States, opponents of the school have said the changes will only be cosmetic. They vow to continue protests.</div>
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"We see this as cosmetic," Bourgeois, a co-founder of School of the Americas Watch, said in November 2000. "It's like taking a bottle of poison and writing 'penicillin' on it."</div>
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A recent statement on the Web site of School of the Americas Watch calls on Americans to let Congress and new administration "know that we are not fooled by this attempt to dissociate the SOA from its brutal history and from the violence that graduates continue to perpetrate on our sisters and brothers in Latin America."</div>
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But the school's defenders such as training specialist Joe Leuer say the training it provided was important in post-Cold War Central and South America.</div>
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"By looking at where our graduates are working now," Leuer said, "on peacekeeping missions, de-mining missions, creating transparent [military] budgets, putting their military under civilian rule for the first time ... that's democratization. If you're trying to market a product that nobody wants, no one is going to buy it."</div>
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<br /><img border="0" src="data:text/plain; 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KJMIoX2Xy45sEeY7P1dfv/AA8Mi+2trcydR9zhmu1Ze/kbh0KbS0t3y+q+83PfryL9Ty26cHZUsl2OLjILX9x7KYxha7Pdb3fnznkA/wDp17kaWFo0+9u9PCIEBxsVWP6vl2mWR/18prcv7mFbZI3yMVbdzrdkVm3YHmLyWsyVf8eP/9k=" /></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/archive/"><img border="0" src="data:text/plain; charset=x-user-defined;base64,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" /></a><br />E-mail was the favorite means of communication for John Poindexter and Oliver North as they hatched a secret plan to fund the Contras in Nicaragua. Read the messages they tried to delete from public view.</div>
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<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011207055349/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/archive/">Iran-Contra: White House e-mail</a></div>
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<br /><img align="RIGHT" alt="North" border="0" height="200" hspace="5" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011207055349im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/archive/north.jpg" style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" vspace="10" width="160" /><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
In November 1986, as the Iran-Contra scandal broke, President Reagan's national security adviser, John Poindexter, and one of Poindexter's aides, Oliver North, began electronically destroying more than 5,000 e-mail messages in the memory banks of the White House computer system. What they apparently didn't know was that these messages were still retrievable from the e-mail system's backup tapes. Investigators from the FBI and the Tower Commission subsequently used these tapes to reconstruct the Iran-Contra scandal.</div>
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Below are some of these e-mail messages, made public after a six-year lawsuit brought by the National Security Archive and allied historians, librarians and public interest lawyers. Portions noted "Deleted, (b)(1)(s) exemption" have been deleted for national security reasons. Otherwise, the content of these messages, including abbreviations, misspellings, typographical errors, etc., are found here exactly as they appear in the originals. The NSA has made 4,000 of these messages available in a book, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011207055349/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/white_house_email/">"White House E-mail," published by The New Press.</a></div>
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<tr bgcolor="#000000" valign="BOTTOM"><td align="CENTER"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>FROM</b></span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>TO</b></span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>SUBJECT</b></span></td><td align="CENTER"><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>DATE</b></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Oliver North</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>John Poindexter</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Arms for Hostages</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><nobr><b>12/4/85</b></nobr></span></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD" valign="TOP"><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Oliver North</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Robert McFarlane</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Arms for Hostages</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><nobr><b>2/27/86</b></nobr></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Oliver North</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Wilma Hall, aide to John Poindexter</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Funding the Contras</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><nobr><b>4/21/86</b></nobr></span></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD" valign="TOP"><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Oliver North</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>John Poindexter</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Ways to help Contras</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><nobr><b>5/6/86</b></nobr></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Oliver North</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>John Poindexter</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Keeping it quiet</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><nobr><b>9/6/86</b></nobr></span></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD" valign="TOP"><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Oliver North</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>John Poindexter</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Israeli arms for Contras</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><nobr><b>9/12/96</b></nobr></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Vincent Cannistraro</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>John Poindexter</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Contra operation revealed</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><nobr><b>10/8/86</b></nobr></span></td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD" valign="TOP"><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Robert McFarlane</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>John Poindexter</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Iran-Contra, Donald Regan</b></span></td><td align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><nobr><b>11/7/86</b></nobr></span></td></tr>
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<b>How to read the e-mail:</b></div>
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The computer system's code acronyms for the sender and recipient are at the top of each message. Thus, for example, a message reading "MSG FROM: NSOLN --CPUA TO: NSRCM --CPUA" is from NSOLN (initials for Oliver L. North, preceded by NS to indicate the National Security Council e-mail system) and is addressed to NSRCM (code for Robert C. McFarlane, Poindexter's predecessor as national security adviser).</div>
<blockquote style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Key:<br />NSOLN = Oliver North<br />NSRCM = Robert McFarlane, national security adviser (1983-1985)<br />NSJMP = John Poindexter, national security adviser (1985-1986)<br />NSWGH = Wilma Hall, aide to McFarlane<br />NSAGK = Alton G. Keel, deputy national security adviser<br />NSWRP = W. Robert Pearson, NSC deputy executive secretary<br />NSFEG = Florence Gantt, aide to Poindexter<br />NSPBT = Paul Thompson, deputy NSC executive secretary<br />OTHER - Vincent Cannistraro, NSC director of intelligence</blockquote>
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charset=x-user-defined;base64,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" /></a><br />In Mexico, there remain hints of the old conflicts that made Central America fertile ground for revolution. CNN Mexico City Bureau Chief Harris Whitbeck reports.<br /><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011207171909/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/then.now/">Mexico faces ironies of post-Cold War rebellion</a>, by Harris Whitbeck, CNN Mexico City Bureau Chief<br /><br />SAN CRISTOBAL DE LAS CASAS, Mexico -- The highlands of southeastern Mexico are part of the same Guatemalan mountain range that served as one of the Cold War's bloodiest battlefields during the 1970s and '80s.<br /><br />Mexico worked hard to keep the Guatemalan conflict from spreading. The government maintained a policy of non-intervention and resolved to solve conflicts through diplomatic channels.<br /><br />Cuba's ambassador to Mexico, Abelardo Curbelo, describes his country's relations with Mexico as "exemplary" during some of the most difficult periods of the Cold War.<br /><br />"Mexico did not join what happened in the rest of Latin America in the sense that everybody broke relations," Curbelo says. "While the rest of the Latin American countries took the side of the United States in the confrontation between the two blocs, Mexico stepped aside and distanced itself from the conflict."<br /><br />In the name of neutrality, Mexico became a haven for many leftist movements. The Guatemalan and Salvadoran guerrilla organizations maintained offices in the capital. The country welcomed thousands of refugees from Central and South America. And Mexico helped broker peace between the warring sides in El Salvador and Guatemala.<br /><br />However, while Mexico was helping find peaceful solutions for its neighbors, social and economic conditions at home were breeding a similar armed conflict within its own borders.<br /><br />On January 1, 1994, the day the North American Free Trade Agreement took effect, Mexican leaders got a dramatic wake-up call. The Zapatista National Liberation Army staged an uprising in Chiapas and took over the main town of San Cristobal de Las Casas. Their goal was to remind the government that the inhabitants of Mexico's poorest state were not being included in the bounty that free trade promised.<br /><br />The Chiapas uprising raised the specter of new, violent confrontations between leftist demands for social justice and capitalist desires for economic growth. Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes calls it "the first post-Cold War rebellion, because it's a rebellion that can no longer be satanized, or demonized as pro-communist, pro-Soviet or whatever."<br /><br />After just two weeks of fighting, Mexico's government tried to apply the same diplomatic tactics it had used during the Cold War. According to Emilio Rabassa, Mexico's coordinator for peace talks in Chiapas, Mexico is "the first or only country in the world who has had this sort of conflict, that has unilaterally stopped or given a government cease-fire just 12 days after the uprising and immediately entered negotiations."<br /><br />But today the conflict is far from over. Conditions that sparked the Zapatista rebellion still exist.<br /><br />Entire communities in Chiapas have been displaced by violence. Roberto Perez and his family are one of about 90 families from their village, Yibeljoj, who now live in a refugee camp. They have to walk four hours a day to pick the coffee on their own land.<br /><br />"The (government) paramilitary groups threaten us," he says. "They shoot at us everywhere in our community. That is why we had to leave. We aren't looking for trouble with anyone. We're just trying to fight for change, but peacefully. "<br /><br />Conflicts like this did not end with the Cold War. As Fuentes explains, they were just put on hold. "For 50 years we postponed urgent social economic and cultural problems, because if you brought up those problems you were immediately labeled pro-communist, a puppet of the Soviet Union," he says.<br /><br />"To a certain extent," according to Rabassa, "it was the atmosphere of the Cold War that shaped the mentality of some of the leaders during the '60s and '70s, when they came to Chiapas and started to organize their movement."<br /><br />Today the Zapatistas draw from the romanticism of leftist guerrilla movements from the past but use the tools of modern capitalism to spread their message.<br /><br />In the tourist markets of San Cristobal de Las Casas, Zapatista souvenirs are everywhere. You'll find Zapatista dolls, key chains and even T-shirts emblazoned with in-your-face Zapatista propaganda. And through their Web site, their struggle has attracted support from all over the world.<br /><br />It's not the kind of free trade the Mexican government necessarily had in mind -- but that is just one of many ironies in today's Mexico. While the end of the Cold War has brought a relative peace to its neighbors, Mexico is caught up in the type of conflict it managed to avoid during much of the Cold War. So as Mexico works to lead Central and South America in trade and development, it must also work to resolve its own social conflicts that have been brewing for decades.<br /><div>
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" 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" 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mfQA4t0A+kYBKH4A+2cAgoEG7c0AqIgHP8wAdqYAZjMAuk4A+aIAatQArVQArZIAEVMAyIcAARcA/nMAtegJKPkFmzMAsy8AIxYD79gAVcwAVykAqmoAZPsANLUGKp0FTImGUekAJIVwJ7kALX0FmiVQb70ARLEAM6oAMwsAR7MAVJoFN80Aqa/8AHKfAC+agGcMAD+/APPHAIaaAJahkDCAUDR6ACg5BZrlQKzOMPf5AJbLAH/dCJydkKhzALYsAGnrAHiiRwbYAIwBAOKbAOiJAJBTAO/5APIoAP4vAL5vAHs0AOt2ALgZAJJ9ABKOAJaqAJ/fACbMAN59ABJXYIptQGbZBWT3AGWIAO4XAEe9CjSOCTS8APNbAPo4UE1pkEMcAPMtAPT7CeNwADQbAHQlBja4AD+/AJaSAGH1oGSYAEmoAFtBAKWcAGcXAJJ6EJMnCO6lSLrZAPp+AJMcAHgmAH/tAGQPY9AUkGpOWeR0AO4NAA5nAGLXAGioAPKPAH5sANs/AG+f+ADK8gB16ACFKUDeTwD/WQANhwaCOxB3yQBkiABNNFA0HQAzawAmnQBlNwBfynA2XABk3AD4v6BjUAAy4gBX8gA3BQBkHgD51wB6akA5zWBmtQBusQAv3QCmUAC6mQABtADd4QDJ/Akf4AJkkQkIg3Csp6CmQwm0qwBFKQBIeACSW3B0mwD61ghmbYBvoQDiJwDvWQBK0gBv7AA7NwC2JwkHKwBD8gA3VACZfADfmwDugQDQUADg1TYm3APCp4CZ2ACrDwpaiADvwQBnY6CESkBocAfU/QBEnwBJ2QBUj0A0OQBZ7wBGZ4Bud4Bm/QCdfmD24KCyPQAI6EDnAAskH/kJCdQAZLQKT78ImPQA6akAi3kFlHgAI8sA71WAaM8F9vQAaXgHMdiwP+EKhEqgmzEHrcUA/owAen0A9l8Ai8kAungAL6oAu2cA3dkA3+wAYltgdpsAYA9gj1eA2McAqb4AcquQJAwHQmsQL6kAVTMARRAEV5oGM7dwQH6gVnUANNMAVN8Lhq8AmjEFoi0AIfQAOakASaoAQxMAX29QR6SgZ2QAZk8AetgAWZdQlv4A/V8AEpwA1lALd/MAZnMAaKwAZ/QAYy0ApH0AL/cFfiMAupoAmKcAZs0AdPK4DkMA7gUAvdMAId4AGIwwf8cAYldgZ8sAL4QA6ZAAuM8Ai5/5AIhAAKq2ADQzAE+3AHpEALZdADY4AFYcADNPAJnvAGjjBLn5kIdcAGNdAPUsAE/+APLvAJ+lAAZ3AJlkAIcfAPPdYKuMgEP9AKYwAHrxeAqPAIi8sEMHAG4rCOLSADb9AE8uoC/NAKUgB3iuBn5KAPoKkIinCrIRCobzAGr3oGUhAE+8ANfEAOZWAHcNAwoHkJJSYHX0oO5EBFp9C9XQkN2VANzeAL1UADehAIbHADU4AFmmYDKeAPjGAOewADSsCw/yBgAfwD7ckIiCkACQANb0AL+7AEQVAGdeAPV3oE/0AO0xCYJ4AOKfoJ6+APp3CgcNAKjCAGciCrKxAGWP+QBULwCTUQgXXwBqYwlX95r4WoCZegCNW5B9ekBlOAA8dwDqnyD/2ggdY7Eo9wCq3XCtfwC7BADrDwWeGgD4eACGuQBDqgCZpAAwFyvgMidF3bCsfaDdR7cHpga9hDBD3wCPnQARKgDbRAfE3wB2JQBp+QDZ8gDlhABFRwBWBwBU+gB7qADqcQmmzAB2uwkagQDo05BEQwv2nAD54gA2XoY6aqB4PQD//ABglbA73LlvywBG2AkDHAAjAgB653CacsH6mcjKeQC3WLj/igCZ3QBW2ABC/gAuMjJk1mBJ+gB6eACG3QBXzQD/4QkA0TaQqiCVkgim0gBa1wD+rQiWv/IGBPUJ+ugQM5YAU7MAVfoAVP8CWWiANJIAae0AT/oAgmEAHMYBJ6QAN/2Q87hQRqkAmBMAjihwef0Abm6g9qcARp2Q+jNQaXUAN+GAfGdwbOWGKaWAancAyZYAvfiw9/gKIJ2Q+awAVAIGNiNQQrgA4T2pCo0AlwgAeogA8iEARCsAefoFhM4A8v8AZuAAc1EAPx2sP/kAiQwQ9ioAP+UAXYRwZNUAVN4AMuAAQr0AZ3kAlqwMA71AHCMApioKJ/UAZTYLxkUAd3wAqJQAnewDxhIAPoYA66YAdlyAZvsAdYIAZd8Jf1IAYo6Q8jQI8haY/WEKKuXMvmgA8tMAhD/0AFRQAGWFAN+mAKtoCM5KAGs9AKqWAHgeBTnnAIepAFZPAPZ7AE3/ly/6YJPEALhcDf1YAMp/APSSAFILt9+3yKpV0FXXAHxjcGc4C5nxAO5wAL2IQElyADLbAPHYsEj7ACMYACaZIFMYBlI+ABp/ByK5AC4xAGHVBUhDoGMu6XJbaos5APrSCh14AIqJAP5lAGXZAS50sDAJuPewALc3kJp+CMRDcLr1AIK6wJ/sAHbKADGrwE/tADJiBMc0FlQ9ADLLCoJ20M61ADIZAJl2AHYiAFcfAFdSAHbLACiNkJEMgGg5wEpCsH/WDlZyADfMAImaAH+nABuJAMk3AJ6//QAfUgA+RgDVY7C/5QnqCpy5c8BiVmCqRgdaPQBj1Wj5fQAldwBSW7B/iw3R1ADoxQCIxQj62g5PjQWZdgbPU4CGbQBC4QAzSwfdhjAgUAAvqAB1yQA7Y+X2cwCxF1C2cgCGvywmMgBVJgm3aGCJ/QCWrtCa1Qmdywf/o6BEHQuFKgBE7QBtVwARoQAVNABlnQBopwCy6H0LMwBm+AkmOgCfMuBpY+EqPwCBecZXxgDv5Opy6sCP/KDycgAtzwCIxQt1TnhAe5D4MJq5PXBqTwD/+gBCpAAy1jnyHAAjTwA8/XAzrwAi/gD3hwB4rACK06B8h+BoT6D3KwB3DwD3D/kH2wQAmuUAi33KUusB8ncQEGgAEsoAKaIALrcA/R8AQDpgJg4AI6IANk4AVqUAYnLAaJMNsGd+/yodp30Kaz4O+1mQnkwA9qCQuzcAZTAAeocAmtcAq3oAji0HqUJ1qwzgZJMAItgAR48BmqQWcs8AE3MASHAAh9MEpfngaCQJEzbKgjoAgyzsGpkAXGtwdkhrSXAKu3QNFCMBe5MO4UAAHfQAph8HpyoAcp8AFBYBIe8A+5MAihthJ6kAT+oAj+sLqakHt/9gf4MAvcUHU9KmAjNwv7oARfF2CMAJr9IPtJfQmzUMq12Vl91gvaAAAAcA/EAAwrcADk5AqB0Ads/zAHXFAFUToC+FAPDOAOFGAPD2AB4FBXXiz7MjoLLZACQZAGK7BVoUYL+iADK9ABWQAQ+r5JY/RJEyYhPYSoGJJFBQkRC9GoCKNCxQpPMvzZORQmViWQIUWCjMXt1iVYmciR48PtFL99MmQk6WEDSI80s8bUaWORlh4eiv790/Tnz6w/l/6AwxAvnrsJCiYkwFMnUKFTe/h0ScKkjLUIFezZWwCAQQIGDCKAU2TnX79/fzjSUrFKlcW60pANkiGE3wo8qJqdojFjhw8hSVxoouuT1mMVM7CsUKEjS5ouH0dujlWI3DVGjxhx44bvFhskPHooUfIjyZ5WisbQsLhQBf8ULGaeaIrb7w+ZMx44YEOW7UC1btT6pUGSZB8/f3uOeGpDbgOHbtbEwbp0icwIEePMnTn6r5MjVZt8GStVahUtTrwwDWrD5wCJGp9opSmSw4ePG+I65LHHZsArjBXykISyMJaQQrPNRIolH9JOSeSWC29BahZN/OnQjn7OSKQMMMhQ4YACLFrCiyma+IQcTc44g40mpqiHAQMmoEABAArhIwkZLhmFEVI8QaS+JJKoQgk+loDhlEtm6WfK8dhwa5pSLFGlFDTQeGwTc7jxgAYcxPBnkkGwICKH/m54QYcywiglEWUiaewxalZRgZZMDjHjiH0gjJAkfm7BR6lLzPn/wxzZyFP0jDHOmKUQUi7hw5MGuFFjjSN44IGGFVY4A7gz/FnnOIuMueCbe5rkJ4j6yuiHDDKmaFEHfvbw5BJuZpmFPKU0gUFEZfTBJoIODkDFlDaC+IGHFfaoYRRKJgklixuS+KEJJG7owo80NbmCCy26GJcLLsI4BA5PWUtC0EFj+aMfpOqYxRwNkWLj1zE0mQKJVhBJpY464iCjH38UOeOfEErwx5/u8tnnnxRMuIgWPMIg4QQUuDmSjCaWaOLgfeblR2Ey1qhnVEi7E+OME/ypRoIMMpBAgl7u8UCTLMIJZ51BJJEkzVbqeBmLLMBwYw5OPoHjBzG8iGOKKuJ4/8KHHo4g4oox2JAD3ghjwceaXi/p55ZUfJUxxjfM4COGfbhJ5Q1GWtlDhjfsMCqpWaM8pRV/jlACi1AiwQhIftbJ5JI3Ymqc3jdgaKIMNsbYJ4h88JGBH/L8+SMEHjSAwAADLhDgEx2OwOEUXYzDYhA++PgjukvagIMUPWjoQhJKenFFkCOVcBAORPoZoR5xMLHEDrA5Y8QcaxgnQ6kzYuyHHySQ2GOPflBKqZU11DhFVqPIm5ENNvDh5oxPsKAhjVJoOUITGVrIhIwyYirjjTgefriGKfSDDWeQwR/qgS9YzOIf/giHCjIwOghoQADe+AEfdJUGLGChBwUsgyLaEP8GT7SCDG1Igx440QZ/2OIXyEAED5TwhBuQYRK6uMc9LJCAA1yieSOJBVKOogg2lMEfY3jDHp4QuyUsgQ1/IAcsYiKDmOzjEqd4Az988wcZGUUMiOjEIW4QhCgAwQY88AcfZLC/MsSgBprYwyDC8AlP+OMfQWxCUn61KHyI4R9YoIUATJABAnxDG9FQQg8GEapONOFhijjFGTxhhyygQg19GIQnNIEP3hwjF6fw0BnQgQ5LEOgh0RjFDiWUuVkQTBH9kIFW9qCGPZThEnX4Az8+0wpYPEImMpDSG6Y0pQHKSBHkEIE/bjAEIYixB2IQhBpgUg8ywIE1KjCBB1TwCT7/+IMfWDQbecrjD7pMghO0kMA9BnEEMKQBDny4gT8a0ABxnEEMvJHNHxCRiSy04B/kUcQ8xXEAPaxCFKIIhSg24R6LeMKUIZHXCDAUxO0lIROZKAMSbIXCPVzjFOSADSzKsAf0JUIMWPSHFKRwAymMoRXcWCARjkCbPWTCDIm4hCJaoQIcTEEJ1KyHDSxyiH+AbAqSWuLE/FEKFQghDbTIA0b+sYY1/OEfBbiHAZpxjbgIUxH10AQpwoAEJmgiUgurhTFosQoSCIGpq8iDlyyyUJKwQRP7KIMa5FAGWEB1DyFDGA5kAAtcPgIr3HhDE+yQiHyw4AMc2AAAsHEKhYWQ/xFr2MENfnCEW5CCcm8gwxGkqYRDHIEPJcgCFHQqVysKkA3mqEdQZ4ADG+wBD3KQ4znIUQYxDAIbF7AHBcqRi5RGShF/iMMf9DDEfsVIDICQxHtMQI1ltKdLtHAPXCsRi1bIYA2y3EfAWrHNJpxBEf7oBBZm0Qr0toIP/BgBN1DxCGvcoxsXAEEGKnCPX+SjE7FbSQve8I9AFK8J/RiWPwbooRcosgZPkAINPIdFNvSjHrA4xAyK4IMhhPAf9ejGNqrBhDNkgwMdqEAFBPAMAZwjLQwABzjOwa8xKKyficAFLlZRivXIYhOruHF1ByWhTLQiE2sIQhDWwI9fveQNiP8YBR4OwI1LyIBeYpDBAbDhikmgYgWDyIY+1tGPPcCAc9v8gyZg0YZZNCMbYnhDGWrJD1zt42B/2McZmPCHJRplDAYUxwyAkIMhGIEIOvgHNKrRAyzcqAIJWAcJ7CEAdTyAAosGwAIWEABkVU8TMdq0P1hRDFWswheLaEQl3hMGHls3FnJYwx4Yx48lTMGXlzhDGbAwjXKUg3F7sEMZryEOP0iiGjS4ARb0AYuXweAPLzgDvRbGjzKcYR/5qHWE5VzRJtCoCTX4QxPqKKks+oMG/bkCD5hwBRcw4ABpqEY4EvCACjBAE+OAgD0woAAEUKAA9ShAWiygMydpQgr8fAX/MJpBXUOIoj3vWcYqVD3FV3RoFvtjgyJmoYhUiEIADriAGergBX9k4x4JMMUV8KAJfVBDHJoQgyI6JMclagJh/vhErmQwVJDdAAZjsAM/asAGMgxwb2fgR6T+cYhPrCMx/ghCCzzwgRVQoxn8Vh8ZdCCCC0jDHexAgAI0sAQD/wEfDehAC2L9D6PXghjvoa4oKgGJVVTE4T9mKCcO0YUurMsTb7hFiM7Ah3VcQw9CgIMa/KGOaZwDoIjAxwEicAw9igEWHfIN2vu1MByoADpeEIM10JGJVPCha2abhR28HaLujWEM/+ADXOqh4nDwAw934MMhyDHHwk7pBS9QhwYQ/0CAdjjjAvHcZhBZKRcP8cYW0G3MNb3B1DyoGmScOsIT3pAIms7iBS1AwhE+EQEMYAAbm9DGAQyijw3gYyg8+8SePtE084pBDKuXAhRoIAlwHIAajsCFJIBBAyl4mDGQAiZggibYvUuIFKlygTOwhgJogENoA1U4hQIYBmIwwO4xCgHyh3sQHQy4AAcQAH+YBaWArFkomTEwEz0ihWl4vk+gDFqYBi9RtT9YAz5QBBBDH2/Kh8ChgSQ4AAogAAQIAGCAAxbIBw+QozbSE4vAAj4wgzJQASwgitU7BGrQB1rQh+MYBTXIAk1YgfYZgi4QgBLbAHLwpk2LsVu4hT8Yg/8OwIAAsIRBgAZXEINLsANf2Yd9UIQSmCoOyAB1EIBm6IB/iIM64Ad+iAsy+C/P+QcUoAZVoIVRuAVNMDxSmATpe4MwgIU6CKJek7lLuIUGwIAHEIBqmAAIuIc0aIB70IUxkIMYWIiz0pNB4AZSYIw1+AeX84RPoAZLyKA0IAVJwAM9CIJBuIxpAIABmIAHCIB74AU5GsF+WqR/6AAISAdiAIMh8IdE6INE6KV+aJQFEgAD+IZewAJP2IkT3DQxUAMx8IROkIF6gAZUuIZoGITfGIM46ANV44M16IIjQAVUgIV/WKd/OAU7OAd7IAAKEAAsSAMZ6AZX0AVX6KIWoA3/b1iGZaAFVRgKMcgDf5i/f+CEHiiCISACICiCIliBE/AELNAWT2AAbcCGaOiGkeuGIhgcJRCtHvCEoYAAAiAABSiHcfgHWBAvMkAK31AEheGNCsiAb+iGUmgGf1jEl7ODQlADJHiCJ/CHXogEVDgCqKqDf3gQuiOJVmuBJ4AFDxkQU/CHVriENRgHAciGdViH+iCHTOCDTBgFGTiCPSkFVaiGs0IEPMADFYCLf8iEHtgBxzzJNQkCPmiBNVCCHXiNQ9gDt+EDdEiCHSACInDMHbiIf7gBDqCA34OAlfGNEPkDRWCUsSqzf3hKCPiGb1CEAZuXGLmBP1gCHYABHgiF/0nYhyQIgivwgjMwA1V7A1+Jg3/wBLqwBEboBDiAR094gjJAhLtUnL7MhA4xojKAAzDIgupMgizAAjAAqn3QgxrYgRx4TyL4gR9AgiDgyiPyhCLjgyeoT2eRgicggv8gghUwA004BFLIg2Z4gHvojSw6gyjpFyyCFOdsANExgE68BNzpBxDrNn9IAxWwgS/KAiUgAiXwgq85y+t6gzeoAztovz0hB3SInT14BJbwBCMZBRuFR4JcmKHwhxoZCiAFUh7YAzJYAsf8j8OIjieIqFYzItd4DTUYiiUAUCY4gn8ghWVQBX1IgQ0wh5fBIqMgQfKIERkp0wW6h3XYsyR4gf/kG6t/AANPMFA+0AItqIIq8AIvUDUZkAMxcNHHgIV1YLJO6ARU6IRwEMhREMhOOIJWGIoI5Q20g5R+8QdxAIdoEIOgewEfqIEiC4F+eJlNc7nh6hBNMAcPeQMCfIEkQASh6AR0mIYYvL0y9aYfqqksUpg9W724UARu0AdA0cWx8gdTEIV6AIdOWIItCAIUGARVQ4QXwAKL0IODSwUuAjzrXIdROBI+uAQrKjPfKFOxcjmx6hdzMIeiEIouQALQFAG0OIeDBFTRoCk5YIN3rJ59uIF8aIVRkCp/0IUEQAZaMIWskpQpOQqliM0Zic2kFINHyAZyqIGwKlMX2IOSMof/AuCANPgADcAAVTMmn6ABWpgEH2mDTGgDROBLbogJeXrNc6gHfsACPZKRGGNK1euXSPGHOFiYLBAcRbiFbhAL/JqFEcAHW2CFXBiHdzKDALG4RzgFOVgYRECFA9AESlQ9WqWXbo0RpozQMl1HRIiGerCGP4hY1SsBBxyHAtgAfTjNcuhHJNCHcaILUqgDG3yOfmC5N6AtBqCAAVAACnAHbDi6QRgKmV2bMfCHEiiBaNiACAAAABCHMtAEW+gGdagAczDAGziBEsAAd2iHdniAAig8ouAGa7iGP8iHPSCFNFg/psyipfzWywNT1yzTJrgEfDAHaMCGTBkvcWgACwCA/88VAEx4iAAAB1WjBVT4znAgBW54vXr4hYkxCqGrB3cApK5zh3r4gzdIg1wkj5rljWs4hwKwAHewh3bAtGLQBm1gBjGoAR3Itn6wWApIh7GoAA8og7C6BW5ghBkhEiy429bdWmXDsxnRBIXJovEwnwjDBw/ohw4ogHMwB3EogASwAA64gA1ggHtAB0/4gzZQNVLIBH8oFW7sgHuYIGAY4Qidl1moBw0QQgVwB2bwBxfAgW0dD5dbvVkgB3Fw1wSgAL5lB3twB3fthxrghyYogc5xBwgAYndIgE78h1n4BcCZBSYjheht0D8YAaOQsjKj1TIdLt+4BBRQv3EYB+R5Pf8LqAfaUAEOmAALGARbKARV6wRPcNCg+wd0yBloCCqCPQopKYFzgICus4cIGMHS7AGEMWCx4odQ/BV/CAEGcIdyiIB6GIMrkitMPsB6qIAmtocKAIf/yoc10IRZeARYgIW9K4oy3ZukxLN+URhaWuHy2ZcT6IZzEAdyqId68IcTQISzCgZnYIBu0IcTkAFVW4M3mD8Z8YcL2IYEKAAp/hXyuIVmO4N6IGQESIdDXqLVw4HbK7NIwUOXg5QN6wZ/uDMNLNMrYoJBHgBQHocvlT9GYISX2AMkqANaxTMs6odIMWAsmgU2ZLYV9mdyWAdezgeW6xA8iIT4wQNSUAMyUIP/MlC11SuZ2iqncWCDnGVDg/UVuMAAobSHexADKYhQf2ilfXoB7YUUSVU9XTwDlvY5sZoRMJ1NCmhGNJWqGEllxoEidTYKIIqSmroEMo0w4PhWvRmw+C0Aa+CQFPyHNxiEQziEUAiMQ8CEIVO1KXiClxoCHrCADDAAZBADJsDkb40S8riBBMiArquAVxCm6vkDwyOPF+AHA55ZXCWPbZqCLy4fLNKEc8CACbg0sTVgAoISO/CoOWLhJYoSX4Fq2XXQq70eESCHA1CvBfIHOaCE1AWcEPCHehCBVlA1JPiBI+UBt4YAAWiAAtAQO4sUJiDAdjKA67WGkx6uhQkmZvsV/5rNomWrAd9IsHEduoUJgHZYAAsoAK2dhVT2lbvxB3wAUyP+A8mhtRgJ03kJU93Gon3oB094n4kZKVdgBUoYiteUYHFQNSv6BxeYzaAsh3P43UuzAPtOiwYAB9dmAAgYAHfA7VZmSlo7YPE64Fo27j3bG9ccrwZ4AOW2BjIljXzI105IgrjwIaSAgVnIsztrtiWSkW/dG87RgT34YlLtDkQIE5Q4iVlQNcphgmokZAgoh36rtAd4gAlgxhv/3AcAAAVQAHtoAN0uU0wu3AX3JkgJ6DzbM78r0xAogAq4tAZIcG7YgxbgAyXIgj34hxEIcVpDxG2KEQXstmbDswiTkf/27qR+iQtNqAdUNgcYuS1V41FPDkoDKAB/uAVweEALaAC0+HPHTYCtawezYADXluAY4ZfAJnCEnZHqmVVmkxFxiPLibbYyKINL6ZR0ZYINf2yjgAHhvjyCPR+u1UA2CPOx0oQDpFdzgJLrEYM4UDU2qIcgFEIICIB/sAM7YE6Q3vCjWJQzCIF7A10KjuYCEAeF0bMCD2ADp5fAtmujYDYp+IcIaEZsOIMpKIMkyFE4yAIdGGGhsyIYmBKdINNvzbPyARlaAY68HuFEPIM1WKJ+qKt/4EcUjQV/wAAE2IZykIAAgJhLRzJ8mG5yd/QB4u8AYAYFvJd42hvEHqtkLx//UP8DKSDTRvcHKA8AbBiDMsgEREAEG+0i6ODnJfIV24Vq8kAKO9gX82nNARIgJmCDKagcGdG2Jaiei0MEGmwAbJCAcngGV2AD7pCV7lDrS9iHX1kic5hNd2AAA0RyGfmVcZ1VwKZ48do0ucaiserkAGCAfriURYWDTkCEI8BrEHd2k0EYA991MC7oKRGrWvq2WjsDN5kRbefqAEwACEgAzsoHxpmXETD5e7m4CJUCEdCAAKiHk0YKSBmuHAZj81lhzmFllo5QmCZfC7iFkNEBPsCBRT0Es0efZfO2fdiXefKmgkW9vYkwPHsDlpMn8zkDJPj2PQggWZlzMkCClPL7/zLYplOArO44AxBhrzItV3NoAAOIgJo3n3+uaapv0AEKL8Re4TINEHEYB/WTox7FZLlS4HkpmaJzaXT3OwXXwCkplYWOETaQgibQgSV4gRoIOouWgh/grFZ4g5fghyCxg1MACG6X7NiZ9YfMmTOz6t3DECCCuTNs/pxRpGiMJk0JKyYcI/HPn35NzmjyeIbiRpRjxPjDOAajPzH//pk8yYbNLJxlMib8YxDkmX4gQTb5w6YfDJKaxPAsWbNnrEpSp1KVGouNGCSXWg188wbWrDJvLuW7dIufwlknTxZIkECcGKAklWpMedKgFJBS5lIEKRToXkUZnb70qFFRyhF/+P+B5HnSaL8a/USOQTzmT5NZCJlqUiSlc0YxGMWcjFr19NUzck7BgnWK2yxYPi/Nqm3051CKiEuuPVM542VFQIX/GXPpTBOhvEG+yE1RysvBLjF2Rqww5OSggiX6nlXX4+WNHt+c8TdYY+2//TL+MX2aaiwyjx61gnXrks9+bIL+uQXy0huaqKVIHWv9gZhcJYkh2mM9YdZEEzX8ocMNJqE00R8vvJBQSecJVqFjJzWX0nmauFAidSRRpMkfZcylCX59+fWHP2e4955Vf1iDjwx/nDJLP/xwcwZjJ11SxnG2cSSjeL4N5uAfEmLGT3NsYPQYSBiilNBF54GYIpa9TSf/HZcdeXRRmTTWJVdFhmlyI46xmJOLQGXAYtYltPVjTkhrzGIRWn8Ox4Z1f+zDBEmCOfeHFGzEGFJKE92EnVBcUndDiZr4g9BGvo0GnGAeybXlbpqesU9CDJJR2VM24gifCJkwcskptBXUD3n4nNKYWgeClFNvW4JW0ixF+cTcUJP1c9lQEdYAA2b7dZTpYP704xu21D1pYZhldnqGCCUsxYRHZMiIHZzvxWJNPqe4a9Alrs3S47VsMCYoSn1VZFBh1Dn32F8vMNaERzXUAKGETTQ3lJPUPukpXSE62FOnl9XwmLia3JBodmMUVdqrU8nZikCz7AHgPvmENMuQ++A3/4s5E32L2CUWearRqLkhhVlvbDQxxcF/JaThHyUx4XBdFZ1HGkUvCdcRUEmfJIVQlyEK3FrUjZEuaq3laceP/ezjEz+1zcJYblj+FZJJux0rkc8/L6EDElOYSzBFPhs8ElBjbKjtYEcv5fCJ0vomF7edUrTe1amuuFRMW4dsVStf5ZknknWUsU9taAG1ZdH9KJLILRA7eVI/ZMDwcxMw1PAChPtJC9m1wTI6xn6aHL0gihgJPvhzZ+T11EttQina0eBpIo449ZhTwDnmcF1VLLBwk0qet6RSiKN60mYUlkb1hZh1hikKIeswLMEPG1O07/4ZsLv+8xRTRNgXdD4P///SgqIB7hRvTMeXio1hL8IjAxlcRJqTME8cDShAAxogvclVIhZIwkdZaFUGgwCpHxw0HEVsA7qN7OZnOoDBPpqwhBjoYAotXMISFCaFg8FAB02wIYTslxApQMgLdotdcRqDu0SlyCWeKozwOiK8Ak6hCk6cQo0SUo9zFMAcmoBOeygYiy1ysYte/CIYwyjGMZKxjGY8Ixq/SME1srGNbnwjHOMoxznSsY52vCMe86jHPfJxj76wxzvSkYxKJAOQ9hhkJd5RDqookpHveKQ0KvHHQCbDHY985CKlcslHPqORvnjHNwi5SV984x3PqIQsGnmacphSKqX0xVReOZVPZrL/j6dpBDvS8YxvJAOXukwHOxqRyFoOk5HuSEYyZOHLXSZDGqVMxzdg6UpWuuMbqVzkJ0OZDFAisxKlDKU03uGOW8qDHaH05jukiU51GgOUtnxPJyMplXhWIpynVKUmiYlPejKSmFLZpjw96U6ATqUcuayEO9gxzqp00h3pcGU6YxnRqbjznVXZxjsQic5BbjOU+CwmRaG5jUpgVKP5PA1BEwnNb4qymqcsByt9IQ93LJQq37AHRmEpS4iqM5HytKhENVpKjrrzo0ZV6CKHWpWP/vMdAVUoILUZSHeMFKb2cGg5HlqVdJRjmyPd6Tqpko6fApWkrZQKRk/ZyZEaVZ+1/0zrUv0pyoBic6BOnYo7yvHNrFblk/agZlh5SpVt9BSotKyEMLMZ1rb2c5aNFOZJq5JSgUr1p3ndZjK+odWpYPQbmn2HLMAKVllsQxZlpQor7cGOqr4DkJnc5CJhm0iFuuOlrV1tZKky2bpKNR00NcZfJVoV1aLVlKW8JClHidGRnnYqu5SGaSuxy1O60rO89KZ1B2ndaM7zG9B1JXWpQkppfuOUoR0kKa1LWo1mtirelQopn5FZ6xJyu6gsbXPzq9/98re//v0vgAOsxzQSuMAGPjCCzSjgBTO4wQ5+MIQj7EZIUKLCk4gjJEgRR1BY4jSSkEQlPhwyCleYEpB4T/8kLjwVSah4j5M4cRslwQhGiAERbQzFP6QyCTHAeCpiAHHIJJHjqjCCEpUocsgiwQhFzIIRm3gPJRhBFVecoio/tuM/gOxGSfgjEpCwBClOjAlJkKLDlZiEIyIBClf8gxKYoISGNwHmSJDiH66QBJ3NPBVQkGIUQ0ZzJI5sZCTLmRSBPg2SqVLoSET5zSweBSZAMYlIgNnOklj0ab4c5k28mBSkAMWZLZFlOJ7CxpKgciYqARZKnMERoMhEJs4ACkr8YxKhKISUEcGIUUxiEm2mtCnOoOdKZAIWmcgxIko9BlUgGcm65vV7Ej2VZ0+CEppAxCPOIIlLmPgfpyCFryn/EQlqexjVm/gHLKxtCUv8wc9aZuMkFHFiOcNCykgexSPOzOYQDznKlXDFJSzx5FFneBZGnooixpxjTWCiEt9utpEBLvBoG3kSsD51wDfhbyELuhKj9jiIJf7kqtBbyqMuciFGAXI3buIPjpCKKxiB647jexJ/oDW/peJvOc/CFSvvByK4TRUxKLwSDFc1KSBeCZ77HNFGlkSFQ8H0jecYyR8fNdNPE/OZn5wSj1D5x9lY53o/QlazOvIpWL3uPyDiH5CIxD8KAXUpu8IUp/D5GRhhiTMggu1UYQQsCvEPUCQbEcvOxCVCgfhQ1P3ukMhEjzs+Zbu7guod/3jeLdF4/1c8vsdmv8TKi+wItv+j4TEucZgdweIjZ8IRKrYEJiYB6kmEefV5BrUkHBGKUDgCE6GgCiR0r2JAV0IV4jZ+JG4/CVhUZRLvrsTtV0/hM4PYxFLJfSiUz/ypBH/11nd+JSwxCUxEno7SFjAint/H9P930hJ+P/zj398U/zfDC34xUB9hZH/7d8fl72/Y5VEkuN6ZxUa1MYKjVQKfXRgkYIIDTgWmDeCFcZiOYUKHfRn0qV4lhIIkOFoowJmkURqmTQXxcaAlqBm4AV+vpZmOseCYlZkCmtmLjVqeVUIDPmAcqcIYFN62yZ21YdsZVMIlmELATYImIOC07dok6CAPDv/ZP9RZhjECJCgCKYxBJIzCDmabKuAaJHgbKZCbVLxarFWC4RUCJAxhwE0FJvwDImSCImxC4S3bqrUax4HcqFlCsInfEZoeHJFClWGCJnQc1eEYJQReHU6FyPlhJQBiHWbZLEwCI9Dezc0CKViev42ayFHFJOybvxFi4K1Yjp1bKBzdwxkZvjWikIFYwVHCIcYRKTAfIAqilAkZjolf0SmaJfTcKy6iJqAiJWSCJoCCIzyirVmiyYFY1unYzeVYJ/6DLYLi0v3DKDYcLCSdKT4CKo4a0HFbK8IRE5YasV0CIlBdy2WCKTjfkCEi5X0jIsAdIrAZJkSCGKRaKNSYKzD/2iwy4zH+G+VNBbu1HYVJWTmeIyiOQib8ARwqG7OlnbC5IzyeASyAAt+xXTfCkQRKhSq4nvQZWYaF2fRRxe1l4PCpHv6Rwu9toOuBwkaG2IVZX0j6Y+yppIp1ZI8JmSWw4JmxICO03kiyWAO6Gu/53kfK339V5FScH1HKHyS02Gm4X1I+5YPZ2h2FGQXRXx7hH4bBoFRkWO8B1SyYQiXo3xxFgj/w4WmIJf/hUQBShSNI2atQ2cFJZCaMgpO90xeqwiQY4CI6gpiFAuzlHqiN4KzZGAcmoI4ZYKOxoo59Gvc5H1/CnlRgQleaINyBmOnRHiiEwqoBn6dJml7y26FB/x8MclpHghod+dqHXYLc5SUl/IGq9UMm+IMrnIGGgeGs5RgWAuGKqSbUXVu2kWHZpVpkymZQAKNUIIIp/MO4jYEZZhmsASesbeElMOUlwNol9CCQbcIszKMqhF8enlu6acKwyVHXVUIhpJs0FhnHIVkmXp8+5txR7l8+VoIiZIIrKAI0queQ8V6W8d8/XEK+0ad94mdabuDggUJ6HpxUyNlxgMIqhp6CzlF5zkevQYJ+dlwy5pzlxWclWJ4Y8FqLrScr5pgq+IOozZ1U/MMjzMKJfWivdahbSgWObYIoIqUCZtk2Gll51tGoIR4i7N0vCpqI8uPdQeOGSoWPWl4mpP+dgooox8GdI9Saf0pCJszCqzFp+J1BIZimEFqn5NlgusWaRPadje0oHVlfRl7YmzWc800f+L2kDT4dA0Zomq6knOke91WcJHzkJMAeJKxeh0ICpy3dTf4en03cVnraiYGfGjoCVQbl732f+kElpVaqpV4qpr4Th1lC5NnfGokYijHlik0q9Inqq2zq/8XfJTBC5Wkij1mZ+tmozsXo30UoVRRoyKxqqz4lJvjDyJlgtcXZnNXZnS2iYjICImilZDYcruae0A3gu/Ef8Y3gIvoqCbIgpi1rC5Jqc5HCLEwbc0rCzFFbuKXYGYzCGUDiLIyCIrwccipngcojupoYFVr/4VT4mxgGIRhWgrfuGazpqxKSYXKmmMHZ6n6N3r26pb9l4qg9AliawiMgGcSiZH/S6i4WGSlMoobNqo7tW3tWAsKSoMdmHMWy2BlYX/sNHsfCKKH23Mp9XSXgm7MVQomeaIE6AvOJHjGeJMvaHM5lqK+Zps+GYi66Qs2OGiY8wh9Imn+1HLJWosLSXT9m3iSca7q6BiKIwaT9Q5T2qbCtmD8EmynU4zuG5t6tHUBuHgT+wdP+o9ttHpTWGim4Qib0Q52ZanN1pCoAqu2VGe7h6ZqemWH2KfkJo1kSbqDxnuztWVfCnuzBqQ16Wnc6LiiEJOFCwpfxZYZxaaZ2rud+DC7ohq7oji7pJmVAAAA7" 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" 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charset=x-user-defined;base64,R0lGODlh0AALAMQAAEtLGmFhMXh4SYqKXKSkd7u7j9DQpfPzyv//1vv70uXiufnvyee5m9aJdL9HPKkIBwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAA0AALAAAF/yAiIkrjOI3JiMy5IKmjjHRt33iu73zv/8CgcAh7GB8O5GOmdMCSK6J0Sq1ar1aG0pg8OR+mByMcRQgAgMDMEAAMDgg2QEBAowmHc6AQbw8SdWkGCANoAwZ2BIV2gzWBe2ZoAjMHhQEGCQIDCAWXkGwzInQIBAJ9cAEBI3ZvnG0CB51ucFi1NCdgL1q4Wg1KZCMCkwFvAAQKxgjEBgQGnXsKA5cFBgduzKQACgKqZqaIBXUFBW4FCTZ10arCCsTZCnWxAGybqZmmwZtnBwSq7fMijIFD1oxAnHEA+NhaiMQJiyZGfOGCEsyUMHIzpCGYVVGUGhEYR9TJJurbPESDkv+BozFypDBvyjYh48MNABxEdRqJ6Gft0oBNigIY3EgggTGC50TIU7iwVsMRu7iAkUrRo7iRJMklg9lnFtadxtzBRDSA27lk5Jhm66dPaEKiAQ2SDTanBrgAdCAJKKBxoyZthAQF3Ju0KRZcDXQhMZHEl8SqZpZxskmqGz+AL0UkIEeAHK1s+0rGmYMnrlJH5c5xwytCKAJrNNHQQlnDmqZS2pCVBZxmK4nQkwwvjHpk8S5fCLyI6SiC9ks4CVxnplWW9rl4W1/SXmWwUiiwNIQ5N+ksoZvmAGukopZmMgFxRHm+JgHQwHfhWB4rb1AkCQkl32XmUSGD4HXGDJlJc4aCOWdwc9k7bFyynWl1DAVeR2aRhdcBrKUzmk4jFKKANfrgw5oxHA6AzGpn4YNfLWN4ccIIJoTSAn8jjEPDZseIoEA4oej4WjiN8DgINpspwEwz8NzXzGuljYBNjnz8CAc85sQyQ5Ik9GjXUE8+GYdBTxpwZGe0UPPimmy26eabcIoQAgA7" /></a><br />Postwar U.S. presidents focused on fighting any Central or South American government's drift to communism. But did the superpowers have to treat the region's players as pawns in a greater game?<br /><br /><div>
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011006023455/http://www6.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/postscript/">Postscript</a></div>
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Were Central and South America "playgrounds" for the Cold War superpowers? Listen in on a debate on that subject, as featured on the weekly CNN program "Postscript" -- which accompanies the COLD WAR series.</div>
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CNN World Affairs Correspondent Ralph Begleiter, National Security Archive analyst Peter Kornbluh and regional experts Mark Falcoff and George Vickers consider whether the Cold War overemphasized what in another time would have been considered merely local conflicts.</div>
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Falcoff is a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. He has taught at several major U.S. universities and was senior consultant to the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America -- chaired by former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. In the mid-1980s, Falcoff was a staff member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.</div>
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Kornbluh is a senior analyst with the National Security Archive. He is currently head of the its U.S.-Cuba relations project. The NSA is a non-governmental research institute providing information from U.S. government and official archives for scholars, journalists, members of Congress, lobbyists and others.</div>
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Vickers is executive director of the Washington Office on Latin America, a center for policy analysis and advocacy that works to secure human rights in Latin America. He has served on several election observer delegations in Central and South America, and co-directed missions monitoring the implementation of peace agreements in El Salvador, Nicaragua and Guatemala.</div>
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<tr><td valign="TOP" width="140"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><img alt="multimedia" border="0" height="18" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/images/subheads/multimedia.gif" vspace="2" width="144" /><br clear="ALL" /><u>Interactive QTVR Image</u><br />• <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null">Palacio de La Moneda: See Chile's presidential palace, site of the bloody 1973 coup</a><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/" target="new"><center>
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<tr><td valign="TOP" width="140"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><img alt="maps" border="0" height="18" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/images/subheads/interactive.map.gif" vspace="0" width="144" /></span></td></tr>
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<br /><a href="javascript:openWindow('multimedia/qtvr/frameset.html','museum','width=510,height=370,toolbar=no,location=no,directories=no,status=no,menubar=no,scrollbars=yes,resizable=no,');">Palacio de La Moneda: Site of Chile's 1973 coup</a><br /><br />Palacio de La Moneda, Chile's presidential palace, is on one side of Constitution Plaza in Santiago. As its name implies in Spanish, the building was constructed in 1805 as a currency mint. In 1846, at the insistence of Chile's president, the building became the presidential residence and seat of government -- although its currency works continued until 1922.<br /><br />In 1973, as unrest in Chile escalated, La Moneda became the focal point of an unfolding political crisis.<br /><br />On the morning of September 11, 1973, President Salvador Allende was notified of unexpected troop movements in the port city of Valparaiso. Soon after, radio broadcasts reported the country was under military control -- and that the armed forces were calling for Allende's resignation.<br /><br />Allende went to La Moneda that morning. His advisers, upon arriving, noticed that most of the carabineros, the national police who guarded the building, had left their posts.<br /><br />Shortly before noon that day, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040829060905/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/multimedia/qtvr/images/plane.jpg">two Hawker Hunter jet fighters</a> of the Chilean air force began bombarding the building. Their bombs and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040829060905/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/multimedia/qtvr/images/missile.hit.jpg">missiles set fire to the building's interior,</a> while several missiles appeared <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040829060905/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/multimedia/qtvr/images/moneda.fire.jpg">directed at Allende's offices.</a><br /><br />Tanks and small arms fire also penetrated the building's exterior. Allende broadcast a defiant radio speech from La Moneda -- condemning the attack. He was died soon after, apparently a suicide.<br /><br />Today, there are few reminders of the 1973 coup in Constitution Plaza. The carabineros have returned to their posts <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040829060905/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/multimedia/qtvr/images/main-gate.jpg">in front of La Moneda</a> -- and only <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040829060905/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/multimedia/qtvr/images/combat-damage.jpg">faded scars on the building's imposing front</a> testify to the fighting that took place a quarter-century ago.<br /><br />But Chileans still remember the events of September 11, 1973 -- and every anniversary of the coup, some still leave flowers and other mementos near the site of Allende's last stand.<br />_________________________________________________________________________<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><img border="0" src="data:text/plain; charset=x-user-defined;base64,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" /><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/maps/">• Central and South America: The conflicts during the Cold War -- and after</a>,</div>
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<br /><img border="0" src="data:text/plain; charset=x-user-defined;base64,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" /><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/game/">You are President Reagan's national security adviser. Should you "green light" an Iran-Contra arms-for-hostages deal?</a>,</div>
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<img border="0" src="data:text/plain; charset=x-user-defined;base64,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" /> </div>
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/interviews/castro/">Fidel Castro</a><img border="0" src="data:text/plain; charset=x-user-defined;base64,R0lGODdhDgAOAMQAAP/////OztaMjPecnL1jY6UYGIwAAJQAAJwAAK0xKaUQCL1SQrVCMcZrUuechN6chNaMa9aUc+e9nPfntdbWzv//3v//1s7Opff3xu/vvd7nztbe1vf3/8a9zrWUpQAAACwAAAAADgAOAAAFaqAlTotxHAYjYaz4IHAcW5j1Cl5ADTJSTTBNgCAA9CQN2BDBMDIlzAJCEABQqjABh3FCbADgcDjRrYrF3ASic84CyJGDOQxjXBILyyHB4PNjJxkWUD0yDxUiEgeFBw6IFZAVDgwKTBA1IiEAOw==" /> Cuban Leader <br /><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/interviews/hunt/">Howard Hunt</a>, CIA<br /><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/interviews/martinez/">Ana Guadeloupe Martinez</a>, El Salvador Guerrilla <br /><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/interviews/negroponte/">John Negroponte</a>, U.S. State Department<br /><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/interviews/ortega/">Daniel Ortega</a>, Nicaraguan Sandinista Leader<br /><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/interviews/sobalvarro/">Oscar Sobalvarro</a>, Nicaraguan Contra Chief</div>
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<br /><img border="0" src="data:text/plain; charset=x-user-defined;base64,R0lGODlhkQAQAMT/AP//////1v//zvnv7/nvwfLf3/LftOzPp+W/v+W/mt+vr9+vjdmfn9mfgNKPj9KPdMx/Z8a9nL9gTrlQQbW1lLNANKwwJ6YgGp8QDZycY5kAAHt7Y0JCOQAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAAkQAQAEAF/6AgjmRpnmiqrmzrvi+RQNBCmB23bd0m9iNeZwQUdIYB3u6YEySHRqiI99w8Vbxp7+hUckXXn3WnpGaDnQCHUyw6I03RRaMBOOh0BAIvFj85EXA6HXBMQGs8EQJKbAIRbD4CiIROX4tSJleCjkBNcD5jUj1Vl6Ejf2JLOpuBIwl0AAx4Gnp0D1OKixFJO7tkJBu5U8EiEZEUjr/DwZHJgWTNMKfSAWAr1dYk2CMEFrOzGAfS4+Tl5ucw3d94F+J+RlbwqCSjklCJZ6NnjSSDHFpY7m0RKASYqDFZtoTRskaeQzYctgnwVkcWnlp03tWrRyRevUT2Ll1SdAbkj39RFv+eyMKq079PjjgpgqOIY5YzAEtV+yhiDbZXdfbgKSAUArqjSJMqVWGgAY0H7pZKnUp1HAQM3yTcCJKLGJlcxkhC60os2Y5qxs4OE6Y2WcAjgIrBHVEIEE4gd0Ex+WdyIBNmR6JNqENUD4IBeyx07ANPpDYgTxQ1otK4JKUgkLpgMmHZGJKbUhbizaFGh2MtlCCrRklCAqzDAAAowKjYiA4ljCEKa0OQJaV8m3tYTnGlyhcvmPIuEjLoUuDIWyK5YXNZAB7ZA2IX5tM4QJtoMBuHHJkQJfBTQgKfXinQsxY1yQ8upwna4I/vJXAOrqMgNgDEQl3A2GgcULCBDvyIJ8lUICSlseAjGyGIG3mGZJJegXKRhtpvfzEmUnppZLGTdJFQh+EIFWiQnX+xKaDBBVtVJeOMVRHg2jcVGCBCBjz26OOPQAYp5JBEFmnkkUgmqWSPJoQAADs=" /></div>
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<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040611195826/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/index.html">CIA "Freedom Fighter Manual" for Contra rebels</a>,</div>
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<img alt="Freedom Fighters' Manual" border="0" height="42" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/manual.title.gif" style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" vspace="0" width="202" /><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><div style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
This illustrated document, prepared by the CIA in 1983, was meant to guide the anti-Sandinista "Contra" forces, as well as other Nicaraguans opposed to the Sandinistas, in "paralyzing the military-industrial complex of the Marxist state". Thousands of the manuals were air-dropped over Nicaragua from hot air balloons sent by the CIA from Honduras.</div>
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Recommending these dirty tricks be carried out by "cells" of no more than two people, the manual provides instruction in sabotage -- using available equipment or no equipment at all. Simple illustrations also show ways to passively resist the government -- as well as supplying instructions on how to make explosives and "Molotov cocktail" gasoline bombs.</div>
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The manual came to light in 1984, after an American journalist obtained a copy from a Contra in Honduras.</div>
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Click below to see excerpts from the "Freedom Fighter's Manual." The illustrations, originally published two per page, will load at left. The portions dealing with explosive and incendiary devices have been omitted.</div>
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<b>Disruption in the workplace:</b></div>
<ul style="background-color: #ffffcc; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" type="DISC">
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/cables.html" target="picture">Cutting cables</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/office1.html" target="picture">Causing damage</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/office2.html" target="picture">Threatening the boss</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/tardness.html" target="picture">Cutting productivity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/toilet.html" target="picture">Clogging toilets</a></li>
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<b>Public disruption:</b></div>
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<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/corral.html" target="picture">Freeing livestock</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/food.html" target="picture">Hoarding food</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/graffiti.html" target="picture">Graffiti</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/rumors.html" target="picture">Spreading rumors</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/lightbulb.html" target="picture">Cutting electricity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/roads.html" target="picture">Blocking roads</a></li>
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<b>Disabling vehicles:</b></div>
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<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/car1.html" target="picture">Assorted damage</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/car2.html" target="picture">Using an icepick</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/engine1.html" target="picture">Using dirt and candles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222508/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/engine2.html" target="picture">Electrical system</a></li>
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<img alt="Soldiers, desert!" height="400" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613222512im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.contra/images/soldiers.gif" width="282" /></div>
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1983, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.chile/">CIA Operating Guidance on Coup Plotting in Chile</a></div>
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<table bgcolor="#FFFFCC" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" noshade="" style="width: 601px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="LEFT" valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><center>
<img alt="-" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203010608im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/images/dot.green.gif" vspace="0" width="90%" /></center>
<table bgcolor="#FFFFCC" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><img alt="''" border="0" height="18" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203010608im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/01/images/openquote.gif" vspace="0" width="19" /></td><td valign="MIDDLE"><span style="font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup. It is imperative that these actions be implemented clandestinely and securely so that the ... American hand will be well hidden.</b></span></td><td valign="BOTTOM"><img alt="''" border="0" height="18" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203010608im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/01/images/closequote.gif" vspace="0" width="19" /></td></tr>
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<img alt="-" border="0" height="1" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203010608im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/images/dot.green.gif" vspace="0" width="90%" /></center>
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<img alt="archive links" border="0" height="202" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203010608im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/images/subheads/archive.links.gif" usemap="#archive" vspace="0" width="171" /></center>
<map name="archive"></map></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="42" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203010608im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.chile/cia.title.gif" width="280" /><i>Before Salvador Allende was elected president of Chile in 1970, U.S. President Richard Nixon gave orders to prevent the socialist's rise to power. Hoping to prevent the creation of another Soviet ally in the Western Hemisphere, the CIA planned a coup.<br />
The coup was to be carried out by retired Chilean Gen. Roberto Viaux. At the last minute, the CIA canceled the plot, but on October 22, 1970, Viaux attempted it on his own and was arrested. Allende was voted into office two days later.<br />
The following cable, according to the National Security Archive, is from CIA Deputy Director of Plans Thomas Karamessines to Henry Hecksher, the CIA station chief in Santiago. According to the NSA, it contains orders from National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger to overthrow Allende and notes that the American ambassador in Chile has not been told of the plot.</i><h3>
CIA Operating Guidance Cable on Coup Plotting in Chile, October 16, 1970</h3>
Restricted Handling<br />Classified Message<br />CITE Headquarters<br />Immediate Santiago (Eyes Only)<br />
1. [unintelligible] policy, objectives, and actions were reviewed at high USG level afternoon 15 October. Conclusions, which are to be your operational guide, follow:<br />
2. It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup. It would be much preferable to have this transpire prior to 24 October but efforts in this regard will continue vigorously beyond this date. We are to continue to generate maximum pressure toward this end utilizing appropriate resource. It is imperative that these actions be implemented clandestinely and securely so that the USG and American hand will be well hidden. While this imposes on us a high degree of selectivity in making military contacts and dictates that these contacts be made in the most secure manner it definitely does not preclude contacts such as reported in Santiago 544 which was a masterful piece of work.<br />
3. After the most careful consideration it was determined that a Viaux coup attempt carried out by him alone with the forces now at his disposal would fail. Thus, it would be counterproductive to our [blacked out] objectives. It was decided that [CIA] get a message to Viaux warning him against precipitate action. In essence our message is to state, "We have reviewed your plans, and based on your information and ours, we come to the conclusion that your plans for a coup at this time cannot succeed. Failing, they may reduce your capabilities for the future. Preserve your assets. We will stay in touch. The time will come when you together with all your other friends can do something. You will continue to have our support." You are requested to deliver the message to Viaux essentially as noted above. Our objectives are as follows: (A) To advise him of our opinion and discourage him from acting alone; (B) Continue to encourage him to amplify his planning; (C) Encourage him to join forces with other coup planners so that they may act in concert either before or after 24 October. (N.B. six gas masks and six CS canisters are being carried to Santiago by special courier ETD Washington 1100 hours 16 October)<br />
4. There is great and continuing interest in the activities of Tirado, Canales, Valenzuela et al and we wish them optimum good fortune.<br />
5. The above is your operating guidance. No other policy guidance you may receive from [blacked out] or its maximum exponent in Santiago, on his return, are to sway you from your course.<br />
6. Please review all your present and possibly new activities to include propaganda, black operations, surfacing of intelligence or disinformation, personal contacts, or anything else your imagination can conjure which will permit you to continue to press forward toward our [blacked out] objective in a secure manner.<br />
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October 16, 1970, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.ops/">CIA Manual: Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare</a>,</div>
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<tr><td valign="TOP"><img alt="''" border="0" height="18" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208102105im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/01/images/openquote.gif" vspace="0" width="19" /></td><td valign="MIDDLE"><span style="font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>A guerrilla armed force always involves implicit terror ... However, if the terror does not become explicit, positive results can be expected.</b></span></td><td valign="BOTTOM"><img alt="''" border="0" height="18" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208102105im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/01/images/closequote.gif" vspace="0" width="19" /></td></tr>
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<img alt="archive links" border="0" height="202" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208102105im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/images/subheads/archive.links.gif" usemap="#archive" vspace="0" width="171" /></center>
<map name="archive"></map></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="42" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208102105im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/documents/cia.ops/title.psychops.gif" width="280" /><i>In the early 1980s, Nicaragua faced constant guerrilla warfare between the leftist Sandinista government and the Contra rebels. The U.S. government -- in its fight to stop the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere -- secretly supported the Contra guerrillas with weapons and training.<br />
The following document contains excerpts of an instruction manual provided by the CIA for guerrilla fighters. It includes detailed methods of gaining support through propaganda and selective violence.</i><br />
<h3>
CIA Manual: Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare</h3>
<br />
by "Tayán"<br />
Guerrilla warfare is essentially a political war. Therefore, its area of operations exceeds the territorial limits of conventional warfare, to penetrate the political entity itself: the "political animal" that Aristotle defined.<br />
In effect, the human being should be considered the priority objective in a political war. And conceived as the military target of guerrilla war, the human being has his most critical point in his mind. Once his mind has been reached, the "political animal" has been defeated, without necessarily receiving bullets.<br />
Guerrilla warfare is born and grows in the political environment; in the constant combat to dominate that area of political mentality that is inherent to all human beings and which collectively constitutes the "environment" in which guerrilla warfare moves, and which is where precisely its victory or failure is defined.<br />
This conception of guerrilla warfare as political war turns Psychological Operations into the decisive factor of the results. The target, then, is the minds of the population, all the population: our troops, the enemy troops and the civilian population.<br />
This book is a manual for the training of guerrillas in psychological operations, and its application to the concrete case of the Christian and democratic crusade being waged in Nicaragua by the Freedom Commandos.<br />
Welcome!<br />
<b>GENERALITIES</b><br />
The purpose of this book is to introduce the guerrilla student to the psychological operations techniques that will be of immediate and practical value to him in guerrilla warfare. This section is introductory and general; subsequent sections will cover each point set forth here in more detail.<br />
The nature of the environment of guerrilla warfare does not permit sophisticated psychological operations, and it becomes necessary for the chiefs of groups, chiefs of detachments and squadron leaders to have the ability to carry out, with minimal instructions from the higher levels, psychological action operations with the contacts that are thoroughly aware of the situation, i.e. the foundations.<br />
<b>Combatant, Propagandist Guerrillas</b><br />
In order to obtain the maximum results from the psychological operations in guerrilla warfare, every combatant should be as highly motivated to carry out propaganda face to face as he is as a combatant. This means that the individual political awareness of the guerrilla of the reason for his struggle will be as acute as his ability to fight.<br />
Such a political awareness and motivation is obtained through the dynamic of groups and self-criticism, as a standard method of instruction for the guerrilla training and operations. Group discussions raise the spirit and improve the unity of thought of the guerrilla squads and exercise social pressure on the weak members to carry out a better role in future training or in combative action. Self-criticism is in terms of one's contribution or defects in his contribution to the cause, to the movement, the struggle, etc.; and gives a positive individual commitment to the mission of the group.<br />
The desired result is a guerrilla who can persuasively justify his actions when he comes into contact with any member of the People of Nicaragua, and especially with himself and his fellow guerrillas in dealing with the vicissitudes of guerrilla warfare. This means that every guerrilla will be persuasive in his face-to-face communication - propagandist - combatant - in his contact with the people; he should be able to give 5 or 10 logical reasons why, for example, a peasant should give him cloth, needle and thread to mend his clothes. When the guerrilla behaves in this manner, enemy propaganda will never succeed in making him an enemy in the eyes of the people. It also means that hunger, cold, fatigue and insecurity will have a meaning, psychologically, in the cause of the struggle due to his constant orientation.<br />
<b>Armed Propaganda</b><br />
Armed propaganda includes every act carried out, and the good impression that this armed force causes will result in positive attitudes in the population toward that force; and it does not include forced indoctrination. Armed propaganda improves the behavior of the population toward them, and it is not achieved by force.<br />
This means that a guerrilla armed unit in a rural town will not give the impression that arms are their strength over the peasants, but rather that they are the strength of the peasants against the Sandinista government of repression. This is achieved through a close identification with the people, as follows: hanging up weapons and working together with them on their crops, in construction, in the harvesting of grains, in fishing, etc.; explanations to young men about basic weapons, e.g. giving them an unloaded weapon and letting them touch it, see it, etc.; describing in a rudimentary manner its operation; describing with simple slogans how weapons will serve the people to win their freedom; demanding the requests by the people for hospitals and education, reducing taxes, etc.<br />
All these acts have as their goal the creation of an identification of the people with the weapons and the guerrillas who carry them, so that the population feels that the weapons are, indirectly, their weapon to protect them and help them in the struggle against a regime of oppression. Implicit terror always accompanies weapons, since the people are internally "aware" that they can be used against them, but as long as explicit coercion is avoided, positive attitudes can be achieved with respect to the presence of armed guerrillas within the population.<br />
<b>Armed Propaganda Teams</b><br />
Armed Propaganda Teams (EPA) are formed through a careful selection of persuasive and highly motivated guerrillas who move about within the population, encouraging the people to support the guerrillas and put up resistance against the enemy. It combines a high degree of political awareness and the "armed" propaganda ability of the guerrillas toward a planned, programmed, and controlled effort.<br />
The careful selection of the staff, based on their persuasiveness in informal discussions and their ability in combat, is more important than their degree of education or the training program. The tactics of the Armed Propaganda Teams are carried out covertly, and should be parallel to the tactical effort in guerrilla warfare. The knowledge of the psychology of the population is primary for the Armed Propaganda Teams, but much more intelligence data will be obtained from an EPA program in the area of operations.<br />
<b>Development and Control of the 'Front' Organizations</b><br />
The development and control of "front" (or facade) organizations is carried out through subjective internal control at group meetings of "inside cadres," and the calculations of the time for the fusion of these combined efforts to be applied to the masses.<br />
Established citizens -- doctors, lawyers, businessmen, teachers, etc., -- will be recruited initially as "Social Crusaders" in typically "innocuous" movements in the area of operations. When their "involvement" with the clandestine organization is revealed to them, this supplies the psychological pressure to use them as "inside cadres" in groups to which they already belong or of which they can be members.<br />
Then they will receive instruction in techniques of persuasion over control of target groups to support our democratic revolution, through a gradual and skillful process. A cell control system isolates individuals from one another, and at the appropriate moment, their influence is used for the fusion of groups in a united national front.<br />
<b>Control of Meetings and Mass Assemblies</b><br />
The control of mass meetings in support of guerrilla warfare is carried out internally through a covert commando element, bodyguards, messengers, shock forces (initiators of incidents), placard carriers (also used for making signals), shouters of slogans, everything under the control of the outside commando element.<br />
When the cadres are placed or recruited in organizations such as labor unions, youth groups, agrarian organizations or professional associations, they will begin to manipulate the objectives of the groups. The psychological apparatus of our movement through inside cadres prepares a mental attitude which at the crucial moment can be turned into a fury of justified violence.<br />
Through a small group of guerrillas infiltrated within the masses this can be carried out; they will have the mission of agitating by giving the impression that there are many of them and that they have a large popular backing. Using the tactics of a force of 200-300 agitators, a demonstration can be created in which 10,000-20,000 persons take part.<br />
<b>Support of Contacts with Their Roots in Reality</b><br />
The support of local contacts who are familiar with the deep reality is achieved through the exploitation of the social and political weaknesses of the target society, with propagandist-combatant guerrillas, armed propaganda, armed propaganda teams, cover organizations and mass meetings.<br />
The combatant-propagandist guerrilla is the result of a continuous program of indoctrination and motivation. They will have the mission of showing the people how great and fair our movement is in the eyes of all Nicaraguans and the world. Identifying themselves with our people, they will increase the sympathy towards our movement, which will result in greater support of the population for the freedom commandos, taking away support for the regime in power.<br />
Armed propaganda will extend this identification process of the people with the Christian guerrillas, providing converging points against the Sandinista regime.<br />
The Armed Propaganda Teams provide a several-stage program of persuasive planning in guerrilla warfare in all areas of the country. Also, these teams are the "eyes and ears" of our movement.<br />
The development and control of the cover organizations in guerrilla warfare will give our movement the ability to create a "whiplash" effect within the population when the order for fusion is given. When the infiltration and internal subjective control have been developed in a manner parallel to other guerrilla activities, a comandante of ours will literally be able to shake up the Sandinista structure, and replace it.<br />
The mass assemblies and meetings are the culmination of a wide base support among the population, and it comes about in the later phases of the operation. This is the moment in which the overthrow can be achieved and our revolution can become an open one, requiring the close collaboration of the entire population of the country, and of contacts with their roots in reality.<br />
The tactical effort in guerrilla warfare is directed at the weaknesses of the enemy and at destroying their military resistance capacity, and should be parallel to a psychological effort to weaken and destroy their socio-political capacity at the same time. In guerrilla warfare, more than in any other type of military effort, the psychological activities should be simultaneous with the military ones, in order to achieve the objectives desired.<br />
<b>ARMED PROPAGANDA</b><br />
<b></b><b>Implicit and Explicit Terror</b><br />
A guerrilla armed force always involves implicit terror because the population, without saying it aloud, feels terror that the weapons may be used against them. However, if the terror does not become explicit, positive results can be expected.<br />
In a revolution, the individual lives under a constant threat of physical damage. If the government police cannot put an end to the guerrilla activities, the population will lose confidence in the government, which has the inherent mission of guaranteeing the safety of citizens. However, the guerrillas should be careful not to become an explicit terror, because this would result in a loss of popular support.<br />
In the words of a leader of the HUK guerrilla movement of the Philippine Islands:<br />
"The population is always impressed by weapons, not by the terror that they cause, but rather by a sensation of strength/force. We must appear before the people, giving them support with our weapons; that will give them the message of the struggle."<br />
This is then, in a few words, the essence of armed propaganda.<br />
An armed guerrilla force can occupy an entire town or small city that is neutral or relatively passive in the conflict. In order to conduct the armed propaganda in an effective manner, the following should be carried out simultaneously:<br />
<ul><br />
<li>Destroy the military or police installations and remove the survivors to a "public place."<br />
</li>
<li>Cut all the outside lines of communication: cables, radio, messengers.<br />
</li>
<li>Set up ambushes, in order to delay the reinforcements in all the possible entry routes.<br />
</li>
<li>Kidnap all officials or agents of the Sandinista government and replace them in "public places" with military or civilian persons of trust to our movement; in addition, carry out the following:<br />
</li>
<li>Establish a public tribunal that depends on the guerrillas, and cover the town or city in order to gather the population for this event.<br />
</li>
<li>Shame, ridicule and humiliate the "personal symbols" of the government of repression in the presence of the people and foster popular participation through guerrillas within the multitude, shouting slogans and jeers.<br />
</li>
<li>Reduce the influence of individuals in tune with the regime, pointing out their weaknesses and taking them out of the town, without damaging them publicly.<br />
</li>
<li>Mix the guerrillas within the population and show very good conduct by all members of the column, practicing the following:<br />
</li>
<li>Any article taken will be paid for with cash.<br />
</li>
<li>The hospitality offered by the people will be accepted and this opportunity will be exploited in order to carry out face-to-face persuasion about the struggle.<br />
</li>
<li>Courtesy visits should be made to the prominent persons and those with prestige in the place, such as doctors, priests, teachers, etc.<br />
</li>
<li>The guerrillas should instruct the population that with the end of the operative, and when the Sandinista repressive forces interrogate them, they may reveal EVERYTHING about the military operation carried out. For example, the type of weapons they use, how many men arrived, from what direction they came and in what direction they left, in short, EVERYTHING.<br />
</li>
<li>In addition, indicate to the population that at meetings or in private discussions they can give the names of the Sandinista informants, who will be removed together with the other officials of the government of repression.<br />
</li>
<li>When a meeting is held, conclude it with a speech by one of the leaders of guerrilla political cadres (the most dynamic), which includes explicit references to:<br />
</li>
<li>The fact that the "enemies of the people" - the officials or Sandinista agents, must not be mistreated in spite of their criminal acts, although the guerrilla force may have suffered casualties, and that this is done due to the generosity of the Christian guerrillas.<br />
</li>
<li>Give a declaration of gratitude for the "hospitality" of the population, as well as let them know that the risks that they will run when the Sandinistas return are greatly appreciated.<br />
</li>
<li>The fact that the Sandinista regime, although it exploits the people with taxes, control of money, grains and all aspects of public life through associations, which they are forced to become part of, will not be able to resist the attacks of our guerrilla forces.<br />
</li>
<li>Make the promise to the people that you will return to ensure that the "leeches" of the Sandinista regime of repression will not be able to hinder our guerrillas from integrating with the population.<br />
</li>
<li>A statement repeated to the population to the effect that they can reveal everything about this visit of our commandos, because we are not afraid of anything or anyone, neither the Soviets nor the Cubans. Emphasize that we are Nicaraguans, that we are fighting for the freedom of Nicaragua and to establish a very Nicaraguan government.</li>
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<b>Guerrilla Weapons are the Strength of the People over an Illegal Government</b><br />
The armed propaganda in populated areas does not give the impression that weapons are the power of the guerrillas over the people, but rather that the weapons are the strength of the people against a regime of repression. Whenever it is necessary to use armed force in an occupation or visit to a town or village, guerrillas should emphasize making sure that they:<br />
<ul><br />
<li>Explain to the population that in the first place this is being done to protect them, the people, and not themselves.<br />
</li>
<li>Admit frankly and publicly that this is an "act of the democratic guerrilla movement," with appropriate explanations.<br />
</li>
<li>That this action, although it is not desirable, is necessary because the final objective of the insurrection is a free and democratic society, where acts of force are not necessary.<br />
</li>
<li>The force of weapons is a necessity caused by the oppressive system, and will cease to exist when the "forces of justice" of our movement assume control.</li>
</ul>
If, for example, it should be necessary for one of the advanced posts to have to fire on a citizen who was trying to leave the town or city in which the guerrillas are carrying out armed propaganda or political proselytism, the following is recommended:<br />
<ul><br />
<li>Explain that if that citizen had managed to escape, he would have alerted the enemy that is near the town or city, and they would carry out acts of reprisal such as rapes, pillage, destruction, captures, etc., in this way terrorizing the inhabitants of the place for having given attention and hospitalities to the guerrillas of the town.<br />
</li>
<li>If a guerrilla fires at an individual, make the town see that he was an enemy of the people, and that they shot him because the guerrillas recognized as their first duty the protection of citizens.<br />
</li>
<li>The commando tried to detain the informant without firing because he, like all Christian guerrillas, espouses nonviolence. Having fired at the Sandinista informant, although it is against his own will, was necessary to prevent the repression of the Sandinista government against innocent people.<br />
</li>
<li>Make the population see that it was the repressive system of the regime that was the cause of this situation, what really killed the informer, and that the weapon fired was one recovered in combat against the Sandinista regime.<br />
</li>
<li>Make the population see that if the Sandinista regime had ended the repression, the corruption backed by foreign powers, etc., the freedom commandos would not have had to brandish arms against brother Nicaraguans, which goes against our Christian sentiments. If the informant hadn't tried to escape he would be enjoying life together with the rest of the population, because he would not have tried to inform the enemy. This death would have been avoided if justice and freedom existed in Nicaragua, which is exactly the objective of the democratic guerrilla.</li>
</ul>
<b>Selective Use of Violence for Propagandistic Effects</b><br />
It is possible to neutralize carefully selected and planned targets, such as court judges, mesta judges, police and State Security officials, CDS chiefs, etc. For psychological purposes it is necessary to take extreme precautions, and it is absolutely necessary to gather together the population affected, so that they will be present, take part in the act, and formulate accusations against the oppressor.<br />
The target or person should be chosen on the basis of:<br />
<ul><br />
<li>The spontaneous hostility that the majority of the population feels toward the target.<br />
</li>
<li>Use rejection of potential hatred by the majority of the population affected toward the target, stirring up the population and making them see all the negative and hostile actions of the individual against the people.<br />
</li>
<li>If the majority of the people give their support or backing to the target or subject, do not try to change these sentiments through provocation.<br />
</li>
<li>Relative difficulty of controlling the person who will replace the target.</li>
</ul>
The person who will replace the target should be chosen carefully, based on:<br />
<ul><br />
<li>Degree of violence necessary to carry out the change.<br />
</li>
<li>Degree of violence acceptable to the population affected.<br />
</li>
<li>Degree of violence possible without causing damage or danger to other individuals in the area of the target.<br />
</li>
<li>Degree of reprisal predictable by the enemy on the population affected or other individuals in the area of the target.</li>
</ul>
The mission to replace the individual should be followed by:<br />
<ul><br />
<li>Extensive explanation within the population affected of the reason why it was necessary for the good of the people.<br />
</li>
<li>Explain that Sandinista retaliation is unjust, indiscriminate, and above all, a justification for the execution of this mission.<br />
</li>
<li>Carefully test the reaction of the people toward the mission, as well as control this reaction, making sure that the population's reaction is beneficial towards the Freedom Commandos.</li>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank"><img border="0" src="data:text/plain; charset=x-user-defined;base64,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" /></a></div>
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<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/allende/">Salvador Allende</a><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/carter/">Jimmy Carter</a><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/castro/">Fidel Castro</a><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/duarte">Jose Napoleon Duarte</a><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/ortega/">Daniel Ortega</a><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/reagan/">Ronald Reagan</a><br /></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020130220148/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/frameset.html">Cold War Timeline</a>,</div>
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For 45 years, the Cold War dominated world affairs.</div>
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From Yalta to Malta, the struggle between East and West fueled a succession of crises and flash points made ever more dangerous by the possibility of nuclear confrontation.</div>
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Click on the dates at left for a review of the Cold War turning points.</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1945<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/45yalta.html" target="content">Yalta</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1946<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/46ironcurtain.html" target="content">Iron Curtain</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1947<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/47truman.html" target="content">Truman Doctrine</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1947<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/47marshall.html" target="content">Marshall Plan</a></b></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><img align="MIDDLE" border="0" height="60" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450im_/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/images/thumb.airlift.gif" style="text-align: -webkit-center;" vspace="2" width="65" /><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1948<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/48berlin.html" target="content">Berlin airlift</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1949<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/49china.html" target="content">China</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1950<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/50koreanwar.html" target="content">Korean War</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1951<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/51rosenberg.html" target="content">Rosenberg Spy Case</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1952<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/52hydrogen.html" target="content">Hydrogen bomb</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1953<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/53stalinkorea.html" target="content">Stalin dies; Korean War ends</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1954<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/54guatemala.html" target="content">Guatemalan coup</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1954<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/54dien.html" target="content">Dien Bien Phu</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1955<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/55massive.html" target="content">Massive Retaliation</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1956<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/56khrushchev.html" target="content">Khrushchev's 'secret speech'</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1957<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/57sputnik.html" target="content">Sputnik</a></b> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1959<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/59castro.html" target="content">Castro takes power</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1960<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/60u2.html" target="content">The U-2 Affair</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1961<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/61bayofpigs.html" target="content">Bay of Pigs</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><img align="MIDDLE" border="0" height="60" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450im_/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/images/thumb.wall.gif" style="text-align: -webkit-center;" vspace="2" width="65" /><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1961<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/61berlinwall.html" target="content">Berlin Wall</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1962<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/62cuban.html" target="content">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1963<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/63hotline.html" target="content">Hot line</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1964<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/64tonkin.html" target="content">Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1966<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/66indonesia.html" target="content">Indonesian Coup</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1967<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/67sixday.html" target="content">Six Day War</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1968<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/68tet.html" target="content">Tet Offensive</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1968<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/68prague.html" target="content">Prague Spring</a></b></span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1969<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/69vietnam.html" target="content">Vietnamization</a></b></span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1969<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/69salt.html" target="content">SALT</a></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><img align="MIDDLE" border="0" height="60" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450im_/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/images/thumb.nixmao.gif" style="text-align: -webkit-center;" vspace="2" width="65" /><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1972<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/72nixon.html" target="content">Nixon visits China</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1973<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/73vietnam.html" target="content">Vietnam War agreement</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1975<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/75cambodia.html" target="content">Cambodia</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1979<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/79afghanistan.html" target="content">Afghanistan</a></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1980<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/80solidarity.html" target="content">Solidarity</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1983<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/83starwars.html" target="content">Star Wars</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1985<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/85gorbachev.html" target="content">Gorbachev comes to power</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1987<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/87inf.html" target="content">INF</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1989<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/89berlinwall.html" target="content">Berlin Wall falls</a></b> </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><img align="MIDDLE" border="0" height="60" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450im_/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/images/thumb.walldown.gif" style="text-align: -webkit-center;" vspace="2" width="65" /><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1990<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/90germany.html" target="content">German unification</a></b></span><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;"></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><br style="text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b>1991<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011102011450/http://www7.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/timeline/91soviet.html" target="content">Soviet Union collapses</a></b></span></span></div>
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September 24, 1973, Time Magazine, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/1st.draft/">The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream</a>,</div>
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<tr><td align="LEFT" valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><img border="0" height="200" hspace="5" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011006025533im_/http://www6.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/1st.draft/730924.allende.jpg" vspace="5" width="150" /><br clear="ALL" /><hr width="90%" />
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<tr><td valign="TOP"><img alt="''" border="0" height="18" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011006025533im_/http://www6.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/01/images/openquote.gif" vspace="0" width="19" /></td><td valign="MIDDLE"><span style="font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Allende's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile ... (L)eftists will ruefully conclude that revolution is a surer route to power than the ballot box.</b></span></td><td valign="BOTTOM"><img alt="''" border="0" height="18" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20011006025533im_/http://www6.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/01/images/closequote.gif" vspace="0" width="19" /></td></tr>
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</span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><h1>
The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream</h1>
</span>(Editor's note: Following are excerpts from an article published in TIME magazine on September 24, 1973.)<br />
For two terrible days last week, the capital of Chile turned into a bloody battleground. Planes roared in almost at rooftop level, firing rockets and sowing bombs. Tanks rumbled through the streets, tearing holes in walls with shells from their cannon. Infantrymen popped up in doorways, and the sound of their fire reverberated through the city. The principal target, the Presidential Palace, disappeared behind a veil of smoke and flames inside. Chile's Marxist President Salvador Allende Gossens, 65, died in his office as a military junta took over his country.<br />
After his inauguration three years ago, Allende had stood on the small balcony outside his office in the palace to launch a great experiment. While thousands of his supporters cheered in the plaza below, he announced a unique undertaking: he intended to lead Chile along a democratic road to socialism. Last week the balcony still stood, although the palace was a smoldering ruin. So was Allende's Marxist vision for his country.<br />
Week after week, as a succession of bitter strikes plunged Chile toward economic chaos, rumors had circulated in Santiago that the country was on the verge of a military coup. Even so, many Chileans dismissed the stones. True, Chile had large and well-trained armed forces. But unlike the colonels of neighboring Peru and the generals of Brazil, Chile's officers had by and large a nonpolitical tradition.<br />
Chileans who thought that their country was somehow immune from military takeovers were wrong. Moreover, the coup that ended Allende's experiment in socialism proved to be extraordinarily violent even by Latin American standards. In the flurry of fighting that accompanied the <i>golpe</i> (coup) and in the two days of chaos that followed, several thousand people were killed or injured. The military claimed that Allende had killed himself rather than surrender. Allende's supporters insisted that he had been murdered. In a sense, the manner of his death was irrelevant. Almost overnight, he became an instant martyr for leftists the world over -- and a legendary specter that may well haunt Latin America for years.<br />
Allende's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile. His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America. Moderate Latins will certainly want no more such experiments because of Chile's experience; leftists, on the other hand, will ruefully conclude that revolution is a surer route to power than the ballot box. The U.S. was embarrassed by the coup -- though Washington insisted that it had taken no part. Anti-imperialists everywhere immediately assumed that Washington was behind his downfall. At week's end the U.S. had made no move to recognize the new government, but most observers expected an improvement in relations. The change of Chilean governments might also affect U.S. corporations; their sizable holdings had been taken over by Allende, but they now might at least be reimbursed for what they had lost by a more sympathetic government.<br />
The coup was carefully planned and meticulously executed, reported TIME Correspondent Charles Eisendrath, who watched the action from a window overlooking the palace. Early last Tuesday morning, armored cars rolled across Santiago's broad Plaza de la Constitucion to block the portals of La Moneda, the somber 18th century-style Presidential Palace. As army sharpshooters took up positions, at least 100 armed <i>carabineros</i> -- Chile's paramilitary police -- jumped out of buses and double-timed across the square. Their mission, according to the secret order of the day, was "to restore institutional normality" in South America's most democratic nation and "stop a disastrous dictatorship from installing itself."<br />
Allende had apparently heard rumors; at the uncharacteristically early hour of 7:15, he had driven to La Moneda from his comfortable villa in Santiago's Barrio Alto district. As the troops began to assemble outside the palace, General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, commander in chief of the army, telephoned an ultimatum to the palace. If Allende surrendered his office, he would be given safe conduct out of the country; otherwise he would be deposed by force. Allende refused. "I will not resign," he declared in a very brief radio broadcast. "I am prepared to die if necessary." He urged workers -- the most loyal and enthusiastic supporters of his socialist program -- to seize their factories as a sign of defiance. As Hawker Hunters of the Chilean air force swooped low over the palace, Allende made a final appearance on his second-floor balcony and waved to a small band of curious citizens whom the army had not yet shooed away.<br />
Allende immediately recognized that he faced the worst crisis of his stormy three-year presidency. An hour before the military's ultimatum, he telephoned his wife Hortensia at their villa. "I'm calling from La Moneda," he told her. "The situation has become very grave. The navy has revolted and I am going to stay here." Allende was right. Even before the junta's troops surrounded the palace, the navy had announced that it had taken over and sealed off the port city of Valparaiso, 75 miles away. Marines from Valparaiso were advancing on the capital to join the soldiers, airmen and <i>carabineros</i> commanded by leaders of the coup.<br />
Allende soon found himself isolated from all potential supporters. A radio station operated by his Socialist Party went silent after making a final appeal to enlisted men to disobey the orders of their officers. Another station operated by Allende's Communist partners in the Chilean<i>Unidad Popular</i> (Popular Unity) coalition went dead. Soon the only station left on the air in Santiago was one that identified itself as "the military government radio." Its first order, "The President of the republic must proceed immediately to hand over his high office."<br />
A Mexican journalist in Santiago, Manuel Mejido, managed to interview 15 of the people who claim to have last seen Allende alive. According to his account, the President assembled close friends in the palace and told them: "I will not abandon La Moneda. They will only take me out of here dead." The group included ten members of the security force and 30 youths of a private guard known as <i>el Grupo de Amigos Personales</i> (the Group of Personal Friends).<br />
General Pinochet's call was followed by one from the navy commander, Admiral Jose Toribio Merino Castro, who repeated the ultimatum. "I will not surrender," Allende declared. "That is a course for cowards like yourself."<br />
As an attack on the palace became imminent, Allende gathered his remnant of supporters in one room of the palace. "Gentlemen," he said, "I am staying." He asked everyone to leave; no one did. Allende then ordered the women to go to the office of the palace major-domo and told the men to take up combat positions. There was a 20-minute attack by infantry and tanks. During a brief truce, General Pinochet again called the palace, giving Allende 15 minutes to surrender. Once more the President refused. When the attack halted, the women in the palace -- including one of Allende's daughters, Beatriz, 31 -- left for safety.<br />
At noon, a pair of Hawker Hunters attacked the palace with bombs, rockets and tear gas. An hour and a half later, infantrymen entered La Moneda by a side door; their officers gave Allende ten minutes to surrender. "All of you go down without weapons and with hands up," the President told the handful of aides who had stayed with him. "Go and surrender to the army. I will be the last to leave." Then, according to Mejido, Allende shot himself.</span></td></tr>
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<br />December 5, 1973, Izvestia, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011208041143/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/1st.draft/izvestia.html">Latin America and the Chilean tragedy</a>,</div>
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<tr><td align="LEFT" valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" border="0" height="43" hspace="5" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203032557im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/09/1st.draft/izvestia.gif" width="160" /><br clear="ALL" /><hr width="90%" />
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<tr><td valign="TOP"><img alt="''" border="0" height="18" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203032557im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/01/images/openquote.gif" vspace="0" width="19" /></td><td valign="MIDDLE"><span style="font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b>The development of events in Latin America in recent years convincingly shows that the reactionary military dictatorships existing in a number of countries ... have no future.</b></span></td><td valign="BOTTOM"><img alt="''" border="0" height="18" hspace="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20020203032557im_/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/01/images/closequote.gif" vspace="0" width="19" /></td></tr>
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</span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><h1>
Latin America and the Chilean tragedy</h1>
</span>(The following appeared in the December 5, 1973, edition of Izvestia and has been translated and condensed from the Russian.)<br />
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The events in Chile with new urgency have raised the question of the role of armed forces in the Latin America of today.<br />
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At the present time there are two types of military regimes in Latin America. There are the dictatorships that are in power thanks to the support of outside imperialist forces and the local oligarchy, whose interests and privileges they defend with a violence that takes on ever crueler forms with each passing day. But in recent years a new type of military regime has arisen that enters into conflict with imperialism since it throws off the latter's demeaning domination and institutes far-reaching socioeconomic reforms. These are predominately the regimes in Peru, Panama and Ecuador.<br />
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The traditional conservatism of Latin American armies, or, more precisely, of their officer corps, is explained primarily by the latter's social origin. Representatives of old aristocratic families, Latin American officers diligently served their own class, despised the "rabble," dealt cruelly with anyone who demanded radical changes and gradually degenerated into a caste that fiercely defends its privileges. The Pentagon has played a large role in reinforcing the conservative outlook of Latin American officerdom, never skimping on funds for the "military and political advanced training" of officers of Latin American armies in the halls of its own educational institutions.<br />
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The events in Chile speak with particular eloquence about how strongly the enemies of Latin America's independence are banking on militarism. Nevertheless, time makes its own significant adjustments in their calculations. Whereas 15 to 20 years ago the majority of officers in Latin American armed forces, as was pointed out earlier, were scions of well-to-do families, now the officer corps is being replenished to a considerable degree with representatives of the petty bourgeoisie and technical intelligentsia, government officials and teachers, prosperous peasants and, less commonly, skilled workers. An ideological demarcation is in progress among the officers. Alongside the supporters of the old oligarchic orders and the openly pro-imperialist alignments, various types of nationalist currents are making an appearance. Some nationalist officers dream only of a certain equality with the Pentagon and argue for preservation of the "national personality" of Latin American armies; other representatives of the nationalist currents go further, believing that the armed forces have an obligation to lead a national revolution as their colleagues did in Peru and some other countries of Africa and Asia.<br />
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The military government of President Gen. Velasco Alvarado, which came to power in Peru in October 1968, set out immediately on a path of independent domestic and foreign policy. Let us recall that one of this government's first and most important actions was to nationalize the holdings of the American monopoly International Petroleum.<br />
All progressive forces in Peru view the process of the fundamental socioeconomic reforms being implemented by the country's patriotically oriented military leaders as an anti-imperialist and anti-oligarchic revolution directed toward the achievement of national independence and the surmounting of economic backwardness. The strength of the Peruvian revolution lies in the strong alliance between the armed forces and the people.<br />
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If even a country so dependent on the U.S.A. as Panama used to be resolutely refuses to acknowledge the legitimacy of the United States' occupying part of its territory and makes important moves to achieve full independence, the political climate in Latin America has definitely changed.<br />
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In February 1972, a government came to power in Ecuador that was headed by Gen. Guillermo Rodriguez Lara, commander of the armed forces. The new government adopted a policy of using the native natural resources in the interests of its own country, improving the lives of the working people, restricting the privileges of the exploitive oligarchy and developing relations with all countries of the world including socialist countries.<br />
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The development of events in Latin America in recent years convincingly shows that the reactionary military dictatorships existing in a number of countries of the continent have no future. It is impossible not to see that the liberation movement in Latin America is continually expanding through the inclusion of new social and political forces and the intensification of the activities of the proletariat.<br />
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Voices in countries of the continent are calling with ever increasing resolve for the creation of an inter-American organization of a new type based on the principle of equality to replace the Organization of American States. The outlines of such an organization already are appearing with ever increasing clarity. A front of Latin American states against U.S. monopolies is a characteristic of all recent inter-American conferences. The ruling circles of many Latin American countries are demanding a radical revision of economic and political relations with the United States. This is evidenced by the numerous regional conferences that have taken place without the participation of U.S. representatives. Resistance to attempts of the United States to force its foreign policy on the countries of Latin America and on the Organization of American States itself is building in intensity. The resumption of normal relations with Cuba, for one thing, is an issue whose time has come for the Latin American countries. The positions of a number of Latin American governments on the most important issues are converging, and ties with the countries of the world socialist system -- the decisive force of the anti-imperialist struggle -- are developing and strengthening.</span></td></tr>
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<br /><img border="0" src="data:text/plain; charset=x-user-defined;base64,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" /><br /><img border="0" src="data:text/plain; charset=x-user-defined;base64,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" /><br /> <br />The United States suspected Russia's interests in the Western Hemisphere long before the Cold War. In fact, fears about Russian territorial ambitions in the Americas were a primary motivation for the Monroe Doctrine.</div>
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StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-68301937227231410592014-11-14T00:59:00.002-05:002015-09-10T02:15:15.990-04:00August 8, 2002, Press Conference, Family Statement on the Murder of Frank Olson,July 10, 1975, Press Conference, <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/FamilyStatement1975.html">Family Statement by the Wife and Children of Frank R. Olson</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Xx4Ax">Archived</a>,<br />
August 8, 2002, Press Conference, Frederick, Maryland, <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/FamilyStatement2002.html">Family Statement on the Murder of Frank Olson</a>,<br />
<br />
Eric Olson, PhD<br />
Stephan Kimbel Olson<br />
Nils Olson, DDS<br />
Lauren Olson<br />
Kristin Olson<br />
<br />
<br />
<img height="640" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-VqHOdNA5eLhAmPM-xAieS64upU9JVD1sJGkGKSPaUZsrLNy2sbHPirQw3CBIO94788PyBHZY-Me7-n4cONtwfvdgwP1b_zpax1Lb4pfGgV-oDW2Eurs54LzFiQMLERGmA" width="426" /><br />
<br />
We welcome you and thank you for coming. <br />
<br />
Forty-one years ago—on June 26, 1961-—Nils (then twelve years old) and Eric (then sixteen) set out on our bicycles from this house and began cycling to California. <br />
<br />
A bit like Lewis and Clark, we had very little idea what we would encounter during our trip West. During the six and a half weeks of our journey we were propelled by a powerful and simple idea, which boiled down to the notion "just keep peddling." We knew that Route 40, the old National Pike just a few hundred yards from here at the end of the lane, went all the way to the West Coast. Our motto was "Harolds Club or Bust." All you had to do was just keep going and follow the road. Eventually you would come to San Francisco. ("Cross-country bike trip," <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/Posters/Poster2.html">poster 2</a>)<br />
<br />
Eight years earlier our father had died-—vanished really-—and it has taken all the years since then to figure out what happened to him. Our search for the truth about what happened to our father has been a lot like that bike trip to California. All one had to do was to keep following the thread represented by his disappearance. Eventually one would come to the answer.<br />
<br />
In both cases one reached the goal by small continuous increments of motion along a single strand. Nevertheless, the final destination did not look anything like the place from which one started out. Little by little one entered unknown terrain. But the destination, whether it was San Francisco or the truth about what happened to Frank Olson, was still on the same map. Incredible as it sometimes seemed, in both cases, the place one finally got to was still part of America.<br />
<br />
Today we want want to try to give you some idea of what this journey has been like, and tell you something about the unfamiliar American territory we have discovered.<br />
<br />
Our purpose in inviting you here today is to explain why-—49 years after his death, 27 years after the government claimed to have told us the truth about his death, and 8 years after we had his body exhumed and a forensic investigation performed-—we are going to rebury our father's remains tomorrow.<br />
<br />
The reason we have waited so long to do this is that we wanted to be certain that when we reburied our father's remains we would not be reburying the truth at the same time.<br />
<br />
The gist of what we want to say can be compressed into three headlines:<br />
<br />
1. The death of Frank Olson on November 28, 1953 was a murder, not a suicide.<br />
<br />
2. This is not an LSD drug-experiment story, as it was represented in 1975. This is a biological warfare story. Frank Olson did not die because he was an experimental guinea pig who experienced a "bad trip." He died because of concern that he would divulge information concerning a highly classified CIA interrogation program called "ARTICHOKE" in the early 1950's, and concerning the use of biological weapons by the United States in the Korean War.<br />
<br />
3. The truth concerning the death of Frank Olson was concealed from the Olson family as well as from the public in 1953. In 1975 a cover story regarding Frank Olson's death was disseminated. At the same time a renewed coverup of the truth concerning this story was being carried out at the highest levels of government, including the White House. The new coverup involved the participation of persons serving in the current Administration.<br />
<br />
We will make available materials to amplify all these points, and provide copies of a definitive new one-hour documentary film on the Frank Olson case called "Code Name ARTICHOKE" that will air on public TV in Germany (the ARD network) next week, on Monday, August 12.<br />
<br />
<b>I.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Return to the beginning</b><br />
<br />
Now, to back up and approach all this a bit more slowly:<br />
<br />
There is a passage in "The Four Quartets" where the poet T.S. Eliot writes:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
...the end of all our exploring<br />
Will be to arrive where we started<br />
And know the place for the first time.</blockquote>
<br />
This is a moment like that, a moment when the circle closes. A moment of returning—this time with knowledge—to the beginning.<br />
<br />
Twenty-seven years ago, on July 10, 1975, our family sat at this same picnic table in this same backyard, to hold a press conference. At that time the family consisted of our mother Alice, then 59 years old, Eric, 30, our sister Lisa, 29, and Nils, 26.<br />
<br />
<img height="456" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/yxWf-_TjkyVDvpDY0Cye2TlUI-5LXdd7-5WIRhnm8NAJANZGXmPLr3kVqZoR8NXn6pYUq4Ppsw6KgwiWJYFLRECfZjzSRCvzf64TgPu_u1QnR7GEj8II2TWvT_3MJLMLVw" width="640" /><br />
<br />
Today Eric is 57. Nils is 53. Eric's son Stephan is 12. Nils' daughter Lauren is 19. His daughter Kristin is 17. Lisa died in an airplane crash in 1978. Our mother passed away in 1993.<br />
<br />
<img height="426" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_ZgDecaD2aipjUG9VxIq9Wk1b3-xRJz1h5vDamx58bDRaB1rmEltsoGKMgza3ozNj2C6v6BU6oOQV4UXiUEMYUtcuHJnfI01TBlJXaX-c5WZynVKUYyaGg1lLA2vaQ8l-w" width="640" /><br />
<br />
That day in July 1975 we sat at this table and read a <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/FamilyStatement1975.html">family statement</a>. This was how it looked that day. ("Backyard press conference," poster 3).<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
(<b>StevenWarRan Note:</b> The above two images have their captions inverted on Eric Olson's <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/FamilyStatement2002.html">Frank Olson Legacy Project web page</a>. The 2002 image has an internal name "Press-conf-practice-5," and a rehearsal is interesting---similar to the lengths politicians go to to make sure their message is properly propelled in the media, but not so common in idealistic family affairs.)</blockquote>
A month earlier, on June 11, 1975, an article—<a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/WashPostJune11,1975.html">this article</a>—had appeared on the <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Graphics/Wash%20Post%20Jun%2011,%201975.jpg">front page</a> of the Washington Post. The article contained stunning news about our father, but it did not mention his name. The purpose of our press conference in 1975 was to say that the unidentified man referred to in that article was Frank Olson. <br />
<br />
Twenty-two years earlier, in the early morning of November 28, 1953, our father died in what we were told was an "accident." For those twenty-two years between 1953 and 1975 we knew nothing about how he died or why. In 1953 we had been told only that he had had "an accident" in a New York hotel room and had <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/Frederick-News/Frederick-News,Nov28,53.html">"fallen or jumped"</a> out the window.<br />
<br />
Then followed 22 years of inky darkness. <br />
<br />
<b>II.</b><br />
<br />
<b>"Suicide Revealed"</b><br />
<br />
Ours was a family that tried its best to be normal in the 1950's way. But in fact this was a family haunted by fear, shame, uncertainty, and insecurity. It was a family that had, in effect, been terrorized. Two decades passed.<br />
<br />
Then on June 11, 1975, out of nowhere, like a message in a bottle suddenly washed ashore by distant storms (in this instance the storms were Vietnam and Watergate), came a cryptic bit of news.<br />
<br />
Under the headline <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/WashPostJune11,1975.html">"Suicide Revealed</a>" (poster 4) on the front page of the Washington Post we read the following paragraphs:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
A civilian employee of the Department of the Army unwittingly took LSD as part of a Central Intelligence Agency test, then jumped 10 floors to his death less than a week later, according to the Rockefeller commission report released yesterday.<br />
<br />
The man was given the drug while attending a meeting with CIA personnel working on a test project that involved the administration of mind-bending drugs to unsuspecting Americans and the testing of new listening devices by eavesdropping on citizens who were unaware they were being overheard.<br />
<br />
"This individual was not made aware he had been given LSD until about 20 minutes after it had been administered," the commission said. "He developed serious side effects and was sent to New York with a CIA escort for psychiatric treatment. Several days later, he jumped from a tenth-floor window of his room and died as a result."<br />
<br />
The CIA's general counsel ruled that the death resulted from "circumstances arising out of an experiment undertaken in the course of his official duties for the United States government." His family, thus, was eligible for death benefits. And two CIA employees were "reprimanded" by the director.</blockquote>
<br />
The man identified as an "army scientist" turned out to be Frank Olson. But nobody bothered to notify our family that this story was being released. Not the Rockefeller Commission, not the CIA, not the White House.<br />
<br />
It was as if a long-lost MIA had at last been found and identified, but his family were not notified. <br />
<br />
This horrendous omission turns out to be a key to the whole story. It indicates that the "truth" was being suppressed even as it was coming to light. In fact the headline "Suicide Revealed" was triply ironic. First the death was not a suicide. Second it was not "revealed": the name was not given. Third, we would later learn that the subject of the experiment was not an "Army scientist."<br />
<br />
We recognized our father in this story only by the fit of the details: the man was a "scientist," the year was "1953," the fall was from a "tenth floor window."<br />
<br />
A month later (July 10) we held a press conference, right here, to provide the name-—"Frank Olson"-—that the story had lacked up to then. <br />
<br />
At that point the government wasted no time in getting in touch.<br />
<br />
Less than two weeks later (July 23) we were sitting in the Oval Office receiving an official apology from Gerald Ford. And five days after that (July 28) we were having lunch with CIA Director William Colby in the Director's 7th floor office at Langley, receiving an apology from the CIA, along with what we were told was the complete CIA file on our father's death.<br />
<br />
The contrast between the failure of the government to notify us when the anonymous story about our father was being released, and the scurrying around at the highest levels to apologize to us once we identified ourselves, could not have been more stark.<br />
<br />
This was another sign that something was still amiss. Ask yourself when you last remember an American President calling a family to the Oval Office to receive an apology for the unintended effects of a United States government policy.<br />
<br />
Actually it was not at all clear exactly what it was that the President and the CIA Director were apologizing for. <br />
<br />
Was it for the reckless CIA LSD drugging at Deep Creek Lake?<br />
<br />
Was it for the nonchalant medical treatment by the non-psychiatrist to whom Frank Olson was subsequently taken?<br />
<br />
Was it for keeping the allegedly psychotic Frank Olson in a hotel rather than a hospital?<br />
<br />
Was it for the fact that his CIA escort was asleep in the next bed when Frank Olson "fell or jumped" out the window?<br />
<br />
Was it for not telling the truth to his family in 1953?<br />
<br />
Or was it for not notifying the Olson family when this story was finally emerging twenty-two years later, in 1975?<br />
<img height="572" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/zFCqumfEdaO8LTIGCNXUCNz-oBCz8ZLbATwIBf0rM3_gRZwYNvn65Uf2WFRZ9zx7_Y4EuBoWN1Ol2MMqRbHUzaIdrFI808THl6Y-_YE3Lw4A-rjp2mxnje-BRNHxsWKEIQ" width="640" /><br />
<br />
The President assured us that the White House would support our efforts to obtain justice. Almost immediately we were advised by White House attorneys that a law suit would be risky, as the law was not on our side. Accordingly the government attorneys strongly recommended that we pursue a settlement via a Private Bill in Congress, which they said the White House would support.<br />
<br />
<img height="640" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/OKWbUdZUihgBmgL3FudW-P-mQ9JTMsxCkVVD3ZYloEkfyZ2TH1sh2j9H8spRGfTOLRTC8B3oHmvEol36v37f7zj6eTeetajyye54xsnBTdrhgcDq1T-dIUIkCkYXiJpaQg" width="503" /><br />
<br />
In 1976 our family received a financial settlement from Congress for far less than the White House, CIA Director George Bush, the Justice Department, the Labor Department, and the Treasury Department had recommended. A single Congressman had decided to oppose the settlement, so it was enacted in drastically reduced form.<br />
<br />
Having already received the document package from the CIA, the matter was now officially over. We signed an agreement saying that all our claims against the United States government in the death of Frank Olson were settled.<br />
<br />
By that time the name "Frank Olson" had started to achieve the almost mythical status it subsequently acquired. "Frank Olson" became a symbol for the effects of careless human experimentation in general and reckless CIA behavior in particular. ("Psychology Today," poster 5.)<br />
<br />
The "fell or jumped" scenario at the window never really made sense. But nobody in the 1970's spent much time thinking about how our father actually died. In fact the 1970's version of the Frank Olson story was a story that everyone could love. <br />
<br />
Journalists could pride themselves on having reported a story of horrendous governmental wrong-doing that now had a human face. Congressional investigators and legislators could pride themselves on their dutiful governmental housecleaning in the aftermath of Watergate. The White House could pride themselves on having acted responsibly when the truth came to light. The public could revel in wild stories of government-sponsored drug experiments. And the CIA itself could relax, knowing that behind the popular notion of buffoon-like behaviour of out-of-control-agents the real story had not even been touched.<br />
<br />
Everyone seemed to get high on the Frank Olson story. In the midst of all this hubbub what nobody seemed to notice was that the story of Frank Olson's death hadn't changed at all. <br />
<br />
In 1953 the story was that Frank Olson "fell or jumped" out the window due to job-related stress. The Olson children grew up saying that our father died of a "fatal nervous breakdown."<br />
<br />
In 1975 the story was still that Frank Olson "fell or jumped" out the window. Only now the reason was that he had been drugged with LSD by the CIA eight days earlier.<br />
<br />
In both cases the claim was that nobody saw anything even though a CIA official allegedly acting as an escort and protector was sleeping in the next bed when Frank Olson "fell or jumped" out the window of a very small room. <br />
<br />
Nobody saw anything in 1953. In the 1975 version nobody saw anything either (the only new element was the unwitting administration of LSD), and nobody notified the Olson family that a new story was coming out. In 1953 the Olson family was assured by the government within three days of Frank Olson's death that the family would receive government employee's compensation. In 1975 after the family press conference the Olson family was immediately assured by the President that the government would provide more restitution. <br />
<br />
Despite the apparent narrative shift, the continuity in the structure of the story over two decades could scarcely have been more complete.<br />
<br />
The story didn't make any sense in 1953, and it didn't make any more sense in 1975. But the sensational notion of LSD administered by the CIA served wonderfully to conceal this gap.<br />
<br />
Frank Olson didn't jump out the window (even in physical terms that would have been virtually impossible), and he certainly didn't fall out. He was pushed out. Or, to use the words of CIA terminology that we would later discover, he was "dropped."<br />
<br />
But if there was foul play in the death of Frank Olson what was the motive? Why would the government murder an "Army scientist" who had been unwittingly drugged with LSD?<br />
<br />
At that point the gap concerning what happened at the window turned into a chasm concerning the motive for the whole affair. <br />
<br />
The story of Frank Olson's death, illuminated for a moment with the anonymous news from the Rockefeller Report, seemed to return to inky darkness. <br />
<br />
<b>III.</b><br />
<br />
<b>A story no one could love</b><br />
<br />
Over the 27 years that have elapsed since 1975 light has been cast on all this from many directions, and the real story of Frank Olson's death has gradually taken shape.<br />
<br />
The real story is not merely a story that no one could love. The real story is a story that no one wanted to know. This made it easy to peddle the ludicrous fairy tale cover story in 1975, a story that in hindsight resembles "The Emperor's New Clothes."<br />
<br />
The real story is not a simple or short one, and we will not be able to tell all of it in detail in this statement. Instead we will fast forward to key the key moments that have, piece by piece, eviscerated the 1975 story and left a very different one in its place. The real story is not one in which anyone will take pleasure. Uncovering this story has been a decades-long agony for us as well.<br />
<br />
The real story is like a murder mystery in which the tale begins with a body that floats to the surface of a murky lake. The mystery of the death can’t be solved until that body is reinserted into the sprawling network of crime, corruption, and power that motivated the murder.<br />
<br />
In Eric's quest for truth two quotes have been key:<br />
<br />
One came from CBS correspondent Anthony Mason in 1994: "Eric," Mason said, "you are going to get to the bottom of this, but it is going to be a false bottom."<br />
<br />
That is no longer the situation, but getting to a solid bottom has required a very long descent.<br />
<br />
The second quote comes from Tommy Worsley, the genius Volvo mechanic who kept Eric's car running during the long years of digging. Tommy said:<br />
<br />
"Eric, you need to tell this story, because it will help a lot of people connect a lot of other dots in other stories that have nothing to do with this one."<br />
<br />
In that spirit, we will try here to convey the path we followed that led, finally, to a very different story of how, and why, Frank Olson died. We want to emphasize at the outset, however, that our purpose was never to prove that Frank Olson was murdered. Our purpose was to find out what had happened, and to arrive at a story—whatever that story might be—that made sense. In the course of a long search not a single shred of evidence has corroborated the government's story, which, it is important to remember, was never really a story at all. The Emperor was naked from the start.<br />
<br />
<b>Problems with the conventional story</b><br />
<br />
(The Colby documents)<br />
<br />
In the years after the case was settled we had had time to grapple more carefully with the confusing stack of <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Documents/Colby%20documents/Colby%20index%20.html">documents we had received from William Colby</a>. The more we tried to absorb these documents the more they seemed to dissolve in ambiguity in front of our eyes. The story told by the government simply did not hold up to scrutiny.<br />
<br />
Already in 1976 the New York Times had observed that the Colby documents were "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/11/magazine/760111OLSON.html">elliptical, incoherent, and contradictory</a>." The Times wrote that:<br />
<blockquote>
Taken as a whole, the file is a jumble of deletions, conflicting statements, unintelligible passages and such unexplained terms as the "Artichoke Committee" and "Project Bluebird" that tend to confuse more than enlighten.</blockquote>
<br />
But the real problem was that the Colby documents seemed to be pointing to a story that they were not telling—a story quite at odds with the spin that had already been placed on the story by the initial account in the Rockefeller Commission Report.<br />
<br />
For example, one of the reports submitted by the doctor (an allergist, as it turned out) to whom our father was taken in New York, states that "an experiment had been done to trap" Frank Olson.<br />
<br />
We now know that this story begins long before the meeting at <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Sources/Notes%20on%20items%20&%20events/Finding%20Deep%20Creek%20cabin.html">Deep Creek Lake</a> November 1953 where the CIA conducted what it later called a "drug experiment." It begins with concerns about Frank Olson's commitment to CIA programs, especially after he witnessed terminal interrogations in Germany in the summer of 1953. The aim of the drugging at Deep Creek was apparently to assess the extent of Frank Olson's disaffection and alienation, given the depth of his ethical qualms.<br />
<br />
The CIA official (Sidney Gottlieb) who was reprimanded by the Agency for the drugging of Frank Olson was also personally involved in CIA attempts to assassinate Patrice Lumumba and other national leaders.<br />
<br />
In another place the Colby documents refer to something called "the Schwab activity" at Frank Olson's division at Detrick as being arguably "un-American." The documents imply that issues pertaining to this activity were somehow involved in Frank Olson's death.<br />
<br />
In these documents the overall context for Frank Olson's death is related not to the infamous MK-ULTRA program for mind and behavior control, as is generally assumed. The Colby documents locate Olson's death in the context of a CIA operation called <a href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/lsd/marks2.htm">ARTICHOKE</a>. However most of the passages pertaining to ARTICHOKE in the documents provided to the Olson family have been carefully deleted.<br />
<br />
Operation ARTICHOKE was a CIA program that preceded MK-ULTRA. ARTICHOKE involved the development of special, extreme methods of interrogation. Officials responsible for the ARTICHOKE program were very concerned with the problem of disposing of "blown agents" and with the task of finding a way to produce amnesia in operatives who had seen too much and could no longer be relied upon.<br />
<br />
The Colby documents state, as does William Colby in his 1978 autobiography, that Frank Olson was not an "Army scientist," but, rather, a "CIA employee," a "<a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/Colby-Honorable.html">CIA officer</a>."<br />
<br />
<b>The key witness changes his story </b><br />
<br />
(What Dr. Lashbrook told Dr. Gibson)<br />
<br />
One of the most confusing aspects of the story of what happened to Frank Olson is the inconsistency in the accounts given by the key witness, CIA employee Dr. Robert Lashbrook, who was allegedly asleep in next bed in the same small hotel room at the time Frank Olson went out the window ("Psychology Today," poster 5).<br />
<br />
In the immediate aftermath of Olson's death in 1953 Lashbrook told Alice Olson that he had seen her husband plunge through the hotel window. But later Lashbrook said that he had been awakened from sleep by the sound of crashing glass, and only upon noticing that the bed next to his was empty did he realize that his roommate had gone out the window. In 1995 we were contacted by <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Sources/Notes%20on%20items%20&%20events/Dr.Gibson.html">Dr. Robert Gibson</a>.<br />
<br />
In 1953 Dr. Gibson was the admitting psychiatrist at the hospital near Washington to which Frank Olson was allegedly to have been taken after returning from New York City. Subsequently Dr. Gibson went on to a distinguished career in psychiatry, becoming President of the American Psychiatric Association, and Director of Sheppard Pratt Hospital in Baltimore.<br />
<br />
Dr. Gibson reported to us the statement that had been made to him by the CIA official who contacted him on the morning of Frank Olson's death-—a statement identical to one Robert Lashbrook made to Alice Olson, but in direct contradiction to the story told in the Colby documents.<br />
<br />
In the early morning of November 28, the CIA official who had shared the hotel room with Frank Olson did not tell Dr. Gibson that he was awakened by the sound of crashing glass when his roommate went through the window. Instead, Dr. Gibson was told that Frank Olson's CIA escort had awakened to see Olson standing in the middle of the room. The witness had tried to speak to Olson, and had then watched as Olson plunged through the window on a dead run.<br />
<br />
This account appears to have been the first draft of a cover story that was subsequently revised to the form in which it was eventually disseminated. In that version of the story nobody saw anything.<br />
<br />
But if nobody saw nuthin, somebody did hear something. Immediately after the death a call was placed from Frank Olson's hotel room. The call was overheard by the hotel switchboard operator and reported immediately to the night manager (Armand Pastore). The call consisted of only two sentences. According to the operator the person in the room had said:<br />
<br />
"Well he's gone."<br />
<br />
The person on the other end replied:<br />
<br />
"That’s too bad."<br />
<br />
Then they both hung up.<br />
<br />
In various versions of Lashbrook's accounts of what occurred in room 1018A the window was either open or else it was closed; the blind was either drawn and pushed through the window when Frank Olson plunged through the window or else it snapped up and spun around the spindle when it was hit; and Lashbrook either did nor did not see what happened.<br />
<br />
<b>Digging up the body </b><br />
<br />
(Exhumation and forensic investigation)<br />
<br />
The doubts raised by the incoherent Colby documents, and by the many other anomalies in the story, led us to have Frank Olson's body exhumed and a forensic investigation performed. This we did in 1994.<br />
<br />
After his death the Olson family was told that Frank Olson's body was too disfigured to be seen. For this reason at the funeral in 1953 Frank Olson's casket was closed. The Olson family never saw his body after he left for New York four days earlier. This contributed to a feeling that Frank Olson had not so much died as disappeared.<br />
<br />
When the casket was opened in 1994 Frank Olson's upper body was not disfigured as the New York Medical Examiner's Report had claimed in 1953. In fact Frank Olson was recognizable after forty-one years in the grave.<br />
<br />
The forensic investigation in 1994 confirmed the family's worst suspicions. In fact the results of this investigation led the principal forensic investigator, who is with us today, to conclude that the overwhelming probability was that Frank Olson's death was not a suicide but a homicide.<br />
<br />
In November of 1994 Professor Starrs and his team presented the initial findings of their forensic investigation at a press conference. "When you pull on the Frank Olson case," Professor Starrs said then, "you get the feeling that something very big is pulling back."<br />
<br />
In 1994 nobody had a clear idea of what that big something might be.<br />
<br />
<img height="432" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Iau8mkQtNE6gsobLjkphAIoV07lv4YbuTbc1lJzxRPBwnZ_hP8PAotoeI_KPlHYfWqIM1j_V3Pxf4_wqjO-vIf51H3uGi6Nu38-nVn8Oi3Z5aUhVb2KSJwCDYvQ0COQQYQ" width="640" /><br />
<br />
<b>The question of motive </b><br />
<br />
(Why would the government murder Frank Olson?)<br />
<br />
As indications accumulated that Frank Olson had been murdered the question of motive became more pressing. Why would the government murder an "Army scientist" simply because he had been used as an unwitting guinea pig in a drug experiment? Once again, as we went down the path suggested by these questions we discovered that all the assumptions on which they were based were incorrect.<br />
<br />
First, as indicated earlier, we discovered that Frank Olson was not simply an "Army scientist." He was a "CIA officer" associated with projects so heavily guarded that the term "top secret" gives only scant indication of their sensitivity. Actually they are better described as State Secrets.<br />
<br />
<b>Special Operations Division at Detrick</b><br />
<br />
In 1952 Frank Olson was acting chief of the Special Operations Division at Detrick; at the time of his death in 1953 he was SOD's director of planning and evaluations. The Special Operations Division at Detrick was the government's most secret biological weapons laboratory. In fact the SO Division was only physically located at Detrick. In essence the SO Division was an off-campus CIA biological warfare laboratory, doing work on bacteriological agents for use in covert operations.<br />
<br />
The Rockefeller Commission's account of the suicide of an "Army scientist" not only neglected to add the man's name and his CIA affiliation; it omitted any reference to his high position in the country's most secret biological weapons laboratory.<br />
<br />
When this information is added to the story, and when one obtains some idea of what sorts of projects were being pursued at the SO Division, then the overall picture of the death of Frank Olson changes entirely. ("Dangerous intersection," poster 6.)<br />
<br />
Projects at the Special Operations Division involved or related to the following activities:<br />
<br />
• Assassinations materials research (e.g. the materials used in the CIA’s attempts to assassination Lumumba in the Congo and Castro in Cuba)<br />
<br />
• Biological warfare materials for use in covert operations<br />
<br />
• Biological warfare experiments in populated areas<br />
<br />
• Terminal interrogations<br />
<br />
• Collaboration with former Nazi scientists<br />
<br />
• LSD mind-control research<br />
<br />
• U.S. employment of biological weapons in the Korean War.<br />
<br />
<b>Security issues</b><br />
<br />
As our understanding of Frank Olson's work grew, our attention was again drawn back to the Colby documents, and we became aware of another gaping hole in the story we had been given. Considering the ultra-secrecy and strategic importance of the work in which Frank Olson was engaged at the time of his death it is nothing less than astounding that among the documents we had been given by the CIA in 1975, which we were told was the complete file, there is no mention at all of any security issues.<br />
<br />
Even within the parameters of the CIA's own story this could not have been true. Here was a top government scientist, engaged in some of the most secret projects at the height of the Cold War. According to the CIA's account, this scientist had now been used as an unwitting guinea pig in an LSD experiment. He reacts badly to the drug, becomes unstable, and is taken to New York for treatment. But he is not taken to a hospital, or even a safe house. He is kept in a hotel. Two days before his death he allegedly leaves his room in the middle of the night, wanders the streets alone, throws away wallet, including all of his money and his identification.<br />
<br />
At no point do the documents describing this weird scenario mention a security problem.<br />
<br />
But if the Colby documents fail to discuss security issues, other internal documents that we obtained do mention this issue. One <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Documents/MysteriousDoc.html">document</a>, found in Frank Olson's personnel file at Detrick, specifically mentions "fear of a security violation" after Olson's trip to Europe in the summer of 1953, just four months before his death.<br />
<br />
<b>The New York District Attorney</b><br />
<br />
From every direction the story of Frank Olson's death seemed only to become more dark as we were able to fill in more of the background and context. First, the CIA documents proved unconvincing. Second, the forensic investigation added fuel to the fires of our suspicions. And third, the motive for murder turned out to be far more substantial than we had dared to imagine.<br />
<br />
By 1996 our suspicions had reached an intolerable threshold. We decided to turn for assistance to the only governmental institution that might be able to help us. Because the death occurred in New York we presented a <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/Morgenthau-memo.html">memorandum to the New York District Attorney's Office</a> outlining the many reasons for believing that the death of Frank Olson was a murder. We asked the DA's office to reopen the case. (Copies of this memorandum are available.) This memorandum proved persuasive. In 1996 the New York District Attorney opened a homicide investigation into the death of Frank Olson.<br />
<br />
<b>A "perfect murder"</b><br />
<br />
One of the outcomes of the The New York District Attorney's investigation has been confirmation of an <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/Statement-G.Thomas.html">allegation</a> that had earlier seemed too extreme to be taken seriously. The New York DA was informed that for many years the murder of Frank Olson was taught as a case of "perfect murder" at the assassination training unit of the Israeli Mossad outside Tel Aviv. The Frank Olson case was included in the Mossad's assassination curriculum due to the success with which a murder had been disguised as a suicide.<br />
<br />
The New York District Attorney was in fact able to locate a source in Israel with close ties to Israeli intelligence which was able to confirm this allegation. In 2000 this source traveled to the United States to speak with the Assistant District Attorney assigned to the case, and also to Eric Olson. Eric was told directly by the New York DA's source that the case of Frank Olson's death has been taught in Israel as a case of "perfect murder."<br />
<br />
<b>An alternative story of the death of Frank Olson</b><br />
<br />
(Terminal interrogations and biological weapons in the Korean War)<br />
<br />
Gradually a completely new story of the death of Frank Olson was emerging, one that bore very little resemblance to the one that had long-since become the conventional wisdom on this issue. But the question of motive remained a mystery. Eventually that piece of the puzzle appeared as well.<br />
<br />
A little over a year ago we were contacted by one of our father's oldest friends and closest colleagues at Detrick. Together with a small group of other scientists this colleague (Norman Cournoyer) and Frank Olson had designed the protective clothing for the invasion of Normandy during World War II.<br />
<br />
Cournoyer told us that a crucial element had been omitted from published accounts of the Olson case. That element was the Korean War.<br />
<br />
Cournoyer added three crucial elements to the story:<br />
<br />
1. In the late 1940's Frank Olson joined the CIA where he specialized in the field of "information retrieval." This was the ARTICHOKE program, which we already knew was the operational context in which Frank Olson was working.<br />
<br />
2. In the course of this work in information retrieval Frank Olson made numerous trips to Europe, during which he observed interrogations of persons (Soviet prisoners, former Nazis, and others) which involved the combined application of electro-shock, drugs, and torture. These interrogations sometimes led to the deaths of the subjects being interrogated.<br />
<br />
3. Through the "information retrieval" work Frank Olson learned that in fact-—despite vehement denials by the American government-—the United States was using biological weapons, including anthrax, in the Korean War.<br />
<br />
This information from Cournoyer fit well with what we already knew and with what we would soon learn. In documents from the Gerald Ford Library we were about to discover the extreme concern in the 1975 White House that "highly classified national security information" was at stake in the death of Frank Olson.<br />
<br />
This information also fits closely with what Alice Olson had repeatedly said about her husband's state of mind in the period prior to his death. Alice Olson had always insisted that Frank had been very worried that the United States may have been employing biological weapons in Korea. But she did not know whether her husband knew the truth about this or not, or even whether he would have been in a position to know.<br />
<br />
This information also fits the fact that in the summer of 1953, after returning from a trip to Europe, Frank Olson underwent a moral crisis concerning his work. This moral crisis was noticed by his wife, by his close friends, as well as by relatives. This crisis occurred, it is important to emphasize, several months prior to the LSD drugging at Deep Creek Lake.<br />
<br />
Frank Olson's moral crisis culminated in his decision to quit his job during the weekend following the drugging, a fact which, again, is not mentioned in the Colby documents. Frank Olson went to work on a Monday morning and resigned from his job. By late Friday night he was dead.<br />
<br />
For fifty years the United States has continued to deny that this country has used biological weapons in combat. As chief of the government's most secret biological lab in the early 1950's Frank Olson's position concerning these allegations could not have been discredited.<br />
<br />
An interview with Cournoyer elaborating these points appears in the new German documentary film, "Code Name ARTICHOKE."<br />
<br />
<b>Technique of a concealed murder </b><br />
<br />
(The CIA assassination manual)<br />
<br />
The story of Frank Olson's death now held two of the three elements that are required to be present to postulate a murder: motive, means, and opportunity. The days in the New York hotel room, away from family and community, had certainly offered an opportunity for the crime. What we had discovered about the scale of national security secrets to which Frank Olson had access, combined with Frank's growing moral doubts, held a plausible motive. However, we were still unable to conceptualize a means for the execution of the crime. That too was about to change.<br />
<br />
In 1997 we obtained a copy of the CIA's 1953 <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Documents/Assassination%20Manual.html">assassination manual</a> and were stunned to discover its pertinence to the questions that haunted us. The scenario presented in that manual dovetails not only with what we had learned from the forensic investigation, but also with what we had been told regarding the teaching of the Frank Olson case by the Mossad's assassination training unit in Israel.<br />
<br />
The CIA's own assassination manual contains precise instructions for the technique of disguising a murder as a suicide or an accident through perpetrating what the manual calls a "contrived accident."<br />
<br />
The sort of "contrived accident" that the manual recommends for the purpose of disguising a murder as a suicide is a fall from a high window or roof onto a hard surface.<br />
<br />
As with the original Washington Post story that had led us in 1975 to recognize our father-—even though he was not named-—the fit between what the manual says about this technique and what is known about Frank Olson's death is stunningly precise. This fit led the principal forensic investigator who had exhumed our father's body to say that the assassination manual "fits the death of Frank Olson like the fingers of a glove." ("CIA assassination manual found," poster 7.)<br />
<br />
The assistant district attorney handling the homicide investigation in New York put it even more strongly. After reading the assassination manual the Assistant District Attorney said,<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
The assassination manual reads like a script for the murder of Frank Olson... The only question is which came first, the manual or the murder. Was the manual based on the murder or was the murder carried out according to the manual? ("Saracco reads the manual," poster 8.)</blockquote>
<br />
Here are some passages from the CIA's own manual on the technique of disguising a murder through engineering a "contrived accident":<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
Assassination is a term thought to be derived from "Hashish," a drug similar to marijuana, said to have been used by Hasan-Dan-Sabah to induce motivation in his followers…<br />
<br />
Assassination is an extreme measure not normally used in clandestine operations.…<br />
<br />
No assassination instructions should ever be written or recorded. Consequently, the decision to employ this technique must nearly always be reached in the field, at the area where the act will take place. Decision and instructions should be confined to an absolute minimum of persons. Ideally, only one person will be involved. No report may be made…<br />
<br />
<b>TECHNIQUES</b><br />
<br />
The essential point of assassination is the death of the subject.<br />
<br />
Techniques may be considered as follows:<br />
<br />
1. Manual<br />
<br />
It is possible to kill a man with bare hands, but very few are skillful enough to do it well…<br />
<br />
2. Accidents<br />
<br />
For secret assassination, either simple [where the subject is unaware of the danger he is in] or chase [where the subject is aware of the danger but unguarded], the contrived accident is the most effective technique. When successfully executed, it causes little excitement and is only casually investigated.<br />
<br />
The most efficient accident, in simple assassination, is a fall of 75 feet or more onto a hard surface. Elevator shafts, stair wells, unscreened windows and bridges will serve… If the assassin immediately sets up an outcry, playing the “horrified witness”, no alibi or surreptitious withdrawal is necessary. In chase cases it will usually be necessary to stun or drug the subject before dropping him. Care is required to insure that no wound or condition not attributable to the fall is discernible after death.<br />
<br />
If the subject's personal habits make it feasible, alcohol may be used [2 words excised] to prepare him for a contrived accident of any kind.<br />
<br />
3. Drugs<br />
<br />
In all types of assassination except terroristic, drugs can be very effective. If the assassin is trained as a doctor or nurse and the subject is under medical care, this is an easy and rare method.<br />
<br />
5. Blunt weapons<br />
<br />
Blows should be directed to the temple, the area just below and behind the ear, and the lower, rear portion of the skull.</blockquote>
<br />
It was on Frank Olson's temple, above his left eye, that the forensic team discovered a suspicious hematoma which they concluded must have come from a blow to Frank Olson's head before he went out the window. The forensic team discovered this hematoma, and concluded it must have come from a blow to the head in the room, a full three years before we found the CIA's assassination manual. ("CIA assassination manual found," poster 7.)<br />
<br />
In the end it was impossible not to read the CIA's assassination manual as anything but a blueprint for the murder of Frank Olson. Indeed the principal forensic investigator who had exhumed the body viewed it in exactly that way. Hard as it was to imagine that the government would murder an American citizen and then disguise that murder, first as a suicide and then as a reaction to an LSD overdose, we now felt compelled by the overwhelming weight of the evidence to accept this scenario as the only plausible account of this whole complex affair.<br />
<br />
<b>Clinching the story </b><br />
<br />
(Documents from the 1975 Ford White House)<br />
<br />
A long and grueling journey toward understanding seemed to be coming to an end. We now were able to clearly formulate a motive, a means, and an opportunity for the murder of Frank Olson, and to provide an account of the death that was more convincing than anything we had been told by the government. The glaring gap that still remained pertained not to what had happened in 1953 but to what had happened in 1975.<br />
<br />
Certainly if the real story to which we were being led was correct, then the government would have been forced into a very awkward position when the Olson family suddenly attached a name to the anonymous story of an "Army scientist" that the Rockefeller Commission had divulged. This would explain why the goverment had reacted so quickly to our press conference in July of 1975, immediately inviting us to meet the President in the Oval Office of the White House to receive an official apology.<br />
<br />
But was the truth that was buried in the death of Frank Olson so big that even the President would be enlisted to maintain the secret? Certainly the virtuoso job of disinformational engineering that had been applied to the whole affair seemed to suggest that no resources would be spared to keep the truth secret. But now, having reached what we were now convinced was the truth about the murder, how could we ever learn the truth about the renewal of the coverup in 1975?<br />
<br />
That gap in our understanding—which seemed even wider than the one that had once surrounded the death itself—was about to be closed in the most astounding way.<br />
<br />
In 2001 we obtained documents from the Gerald Ford Presidential Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan pertaining to the handling of our case by the Ford White House in 1975. These documents include intra-office memoranda by senior White House staff members and attorneys. Copies of these documents are available. ("The White House reacts," poster 9.)<br />
<br />
These documents show that the White House was extremely alarmed that the Olson family had recognized the unnamed "Army scientist" as Frank Olson, and was concerned that the family was demanding the truth concerning Olson's death. Already on July 11, 1975-—just one day after our press conference-—the White House was outlining a strategy to handle our case, a strategy that would ensure that we did not request pertinent information regarding what had actually happened to Frank Olson.<br />
<br />
In 1975 the White House advised us that they were concerned that if we went to court we might lose and not obtain what the White House regarded as appropriate compensation.<br />
<br />
But the memoranda we obtained show that the real concern at the White House was that if we went to court we it might become necessary to disclose "highly classified information." The memos show that the government would refuse to disclose such information. This would mean that the government would have no defense at all against claims for information that the Olson family might legitimately make.<br />
<br />
The invitation to our family to meet with President Gerald Ford was part of this strategy. Unbeknownst to us, the intent of the White House in having the family meet personally with the President was to ensure that the Olson family pursue a course that would enable the government to maintain secrecy even as it was being alleged that the full story concerning this incident was being released.<br />
<br />
Despite the government's claim to have released all information pertinent to the death of Frank Olson, we still have not received the information that the White House was so concerned to keep secret.<br />
<br />
The 1975 White House documents include the following comments:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
First, a passage from a September 1975 memorandum by White House attorney Roderick Hills addressed to Richard Cheney:<br />
<br />
The Defense to the Olson Claim.<br />
<br />
two circumstances affect our analysis of the Justice Department position.<br />
<br />
(i) The bizarre circumstances of his death could well cause a court of law to determine as a matter of public policy that he did not die in the course of his official duties.<br />
<br />
(ii) Dr. Olson's job is so sensitive that it is highly unlikely that we would submit relevance to the court on the issue of his duties.<br />
<br />
The latter circumstance may mean as a practical matter we would have no defense against the Olson law suit. In this connection, you should know that the CIA and the Counsel's office both strongly recommend that the evidence concerning his employment not be released in a civil trial.<br />
<br />
In short, there is a significant possibility that a court would either (a) grant full discovery to the Olsons' attorneys to learn of Dr. Olson's job responsibilities; or (b) rule that as a matter of public policy, a man who commits suicide as a result of a drug criminally given him cannot as a matter of law be determined to have died "in the course of his official duties."<br />
<br />
If there is a trial, it is apparent that the Olsons' lawyer will seek to explore all of the circumstances of Dr. Olson's employment as well as those concerning his death. It is not at all clear that we can keep such evidence from becoming relevant even if the government waives the defense of the Federal Employees Compensation Act. Thus, in the trial it may become apparent that we are concealing evidence for national security reasons and any settlement of judgment reached thereafter could be perceived as money paid to cover-up the activities of the CIA.</blockquote>
<br />
These comments are from the same White House attorney, Roderick Hills, who was simultaneously advising us that we should not go to court because the law was not on our side.<br />
<br />
Obviously it was not possible for the Olson family in 1975 to assess the government's story of what Hills refers to here as Frank Olson's "bizarre death" as long as the family was being misinformed as to the job Olson was doing-—a job that Hills describes as so "sensitive" that the government would refuse to describe it.<br />
<br />
The same concerns are evident in a memo that was written by White House Deputy Staff Director Dick Cheney to his boss Donald Rumsfeld on July 11, 1975, the day after our family press conference. In this memo Cheney refers to concerns about:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
...the possibility that it might become necessary to disclose highly classified national security information in connection with any court suit, or legislative hearings on a private bill intended to provide additional compensation to the family.</blockquote>
<br />
Again, these comments have to be placed in the context of assurances given to us personally by the President of the United States that we would be provided with all relevant information concerning the death of our father. <br />
<br />
<b>IV.</b><br />
<br />
<b>What's it all about?</b><br />
<br />
What do we learn, finally, from the harrowing story of the death of Frank Olson and its half-century concealment?<br />
<br />
In the years after World War II the United States was busy learning what it could from the two powers it had just defeated-—information it would then employ in its new battle against the Soviet Union. This occurred on both of World War II's major fronts, and Detrick was involved in both.<br />
<br />
Detrick scientists made a secret deal to obtain the results of Japanese biological warfare research that had entailed some of the most ghastly human experiements of the century. One of those scientists lived just across the highway from where we are sitting today, about a quarter of a mile from here. And Detrick scientists were also involved in collaboration with former Nazi scientists to obtain the results of experiments that had been performed in the death camps.<br />
<br />
A Cold War context in which unethical research was being absorbed and sponsored was bound to see extreme forms of discipline and sanction applied to those who raised ethical questions or who might be likely to do so. In the wake of the <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/Moreno.html">Nuremberg trials</a> in the late 1940's the United States could not afford to be exposed as a sponsor of the sort of research it had prosecuted the Nazis for undertaking. Lacking a Siberia to which the reluctant could be sent, extreme security measures in the US took a more complex form.<br />
<br />
We are familiar with the health risks to which workers in plutonium plants were subjected during the Cold War. And we are familiar with the risks taken with the lives of persons who were subjects of unwitting government experiments of various kinds. We are familiar with the stories of those whose lives were ruined when they became victims of unjustified accusations during the McCarthy witch hunts. The discrediting of Manhattan Project director Robert Oppenheimer, which began just two weeks before Frank Olson was killed, illustrates the jeopardy into which highly-regarded scientists who dared to criticize American weapons development in the early 1950's were placed.<br />
<br />
These are all phenomena that have become part of the record of Cold War history, a dark side of this nation's history during that painful era. But even in this company the true story of Frank Olson opens a new chapter. "National security homicide" and "secret state assassination" are not terms with which we are familiar in this country. There are no other terms for Frank Olson's "bizarre death," and for the elaborate disinformational edifice that has been erected to obscure it. <br />
<br />
<b>V.</b><br />
<br />
<b>Conclusion: </b><br />
<br />
<b>An MIA with a name</b><br />
<br />
With the information concerning biological weapons in the Korean War on the one hand and the information about the White House coverup in 1975 on the other, the story of the death of Frank Olson finally hit bottom. Frank Olson did not die as a consequence of a drug experiment gone awry. He died because of security concerns regarding disavowed programs of terminal interrogation and the use of biological weapons in Korea. This secret was so immense that even twenty-two years later the White House had been enlisted to maintain it.<br />
<br />
The body that had floated to the surface of the murky lake had at last been reinserted into the network of shady, disavowed operations that led to the murder. Amazingly, the solution to the mystery had pertained to the most obvious fact of all concerning Frank Olson, but one that was conspicuously missing from the accounts in 1975: Frank Olson was a founding member and in the year prior to his death he was chief of the country's most secret biological warfare laboratory.<br />
<br />
For just under half a century the death of Frank Olson has been a weighty burden for the Olson family. But this is far more than a family story, which is why for many years it has been avidly followed by many people in this country and others.<br />
<br />
At the end of this story one's mind is inevitably drawn back to that Washington Post article which, under the ironic headline "Suicide Revealed," reported the anonymous suicide of an "Army scientist." Clearly the intent was that Frank Olson was an MIA who should remain forever nameless.<br />
<br />
Frank Olson does have a name. Finally, forty-nine years after his death, he also has a story. We therefore feel ready to rebury the physical remains of our father, our grandfather. This we will do<a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/Memorial-service.html">tomorrow</a>.<br />
<br />
<img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/3WaIKo4iPkzOg56PzMgb9MDpubrC0Y2zM-TM2x8oOib0MPw0CIxbX8OhJw2DugIMAN3MH4KNXuPore8jPVNa0bibtIEp4rXRB5wNtji9Cj2aW94K7cBn3ilfOy4F7FDxrg" /><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/Posters/Poster2.html">http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/Posters/Poster2.html</a><br />
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<img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/xs1ZXEKdkt62LLq6WbsSKVeUdQhx2LojC4MooTJtfUTsd4BeQwAw1_sjs4w2LPVmLcDq07kEdIDz2fSpPg3ejHYq2MHTBlBGy6OQTbJVFRIgoYSORr01D6kLz_z7JvALaw" /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyswMemlHs4JQ63A0Xi6No4LHIQHj1dWGQjOniPEAB8oQbQYLf-J8r_A2wS6acOVSkHA1Lu6zneWt7F1DaUiW8r1EmJDcrBFSritO8Q81hT_xC9OS2MmilVi0mzAb51x4vT_rcG05hqIiO/s1600/Olson+family+statement++1975+4.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyswMemlHs4JQ63A0Xi6No4LHIQHj1dWGQjOniPEAB8oQbQYLf-J8r_A2wS6acOVSkHA1Lu6zneWt7F1DaUiW8r1EmJDcrBFSritO8Q81hT_xC9OS2MmilVi0mzAb51x4vT_rcG05hqIiO/s640/Olson+family+statement++1975+4.jpeg" width="640" /></a><br />
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July 10, 1975, Press Conference, <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/FamilyStatement1975.html">Family Statement by the Wife and Children of Frank R. Olson</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Xx4Ax">Archived</a>,<br />
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We are the family of Frank R. Olson. Frank Olson — a civilian biochemist working for the United States Army — died shortly after midnight on November 28, 1953, when he plunged to his death from a window on the 10th floor of the Hotel Statler in New York. The death certificate states that Frank Olson “jumped or fell” and cites “multiple fractures, shock and hemorrhage” as the causes of death.<br />
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An employee of the Central Intelligence Agency had been with Frank Olson in his hotel room the night he died. This man was accompanying Frank Olson in his hotel room the night he died. This man was accompanying Frank Olson when Olson was taken to New York to consult a psychiatrist. Olson’s widow was later told that her husband’s escort had awakened about 1:30 A.M. to see Olson going at a full run toward the window. He said he saw Olson go through both the closed window and a drawn shade.<br />
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For twenty-two years, the only details the family knew of the immediate circumstances surrounding Frank Olson’s death were that he was taken to New York to see a psychiatrist and that he “jumped or fell” to his death. But Alice Olson was convinced that her husband’s death was not a deliberate or willful act. She felt that he must have plunged through the window in a state of panic brought on by she knew not what. This was the impression she conveyed to her children.<br />
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On June 11, 1975, we suddenly learned something new. On that day The Washington Post published a report of the Rockefeller Commission’s disclosure of an “LSD suicide,” the result of a secret CIA test on unsuspecting persons. This CIA drug test was part of a program conducted from 1953 to 1963 when it was discovered by the CIA’s inspector general and stopped. One of Frank Olson’s colleagues — himself a victim of the CIA drug test — has confirmed to us that the man we were reading about in the newspapers was indeed Frank Olson. After twenty-two years Frank Olson’s children at last had something of an answer to the question they had asked their mother for so long: “How did our father die?”<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMAi4fLkm1GWLYNkXq5dNAQo9lTc5AlCpXuZV82azRTwdOOiEW7GHN0_DO9oSYDnQvwFTVcAjsliSOB0ANsuwA8HnsSAxFQbcpc2vogCMBM3AFXLoN8zj9beMu06efkXGtULgbx7GWN5LQ/s1600/Olson+family+statement++1975+3.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMAi4fLkm1GWLYNkXq5dNAQo9lTc5AlCpXuZV82azRTwdOOiEW7GHN0_DO9oSYDnQvwFTVcAjsliSOB0ANsuwA8HnsSAxFQbcpc2vogCMBM3AFXLoN8zj9beMu06efkXGtULgbx7GWN5LQ/s640/Olson+family+statement++1975+3.jpeg" width="460" /></a><br />
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Frank Olson was not a CIA or Army officer, but a civilian biochemist, a high level research scientist and administrator at Camp Detrick (later renamed Fort Detrick), the Army’s biological warfare research installation located in Frederick, Maryland. He had been among the first scientists to come to Camp Detrick during the Second World War (1943) when the Army established its bacteriological warfare research program. There, in a division called Special Operations, under extremely stringent secrecy and security regulations, Frank Olson and his colleagues did research on the most lethal microorganisms known to humanity, those that transmit such diseases as bubonic plague.<br />
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Prior to June 11, 1975, we had known that during the weekend preceding his death Frank Olson had been very distressed. He had returned to his home near Frederick from meetings with members of the Special Operations research group which had lasted from Monday until Friday at a mountain retreat. During the weekend following the meeting he expressed to his wife great concern about something that had happened at a meeting the previous week. He conveyed self-doubt, self-recrimination and great anxiety. Throughout the weekend he was often silent and his wife did not know how to interpret his sudden apprehensiveness and his uncharacteristically withdrawn behavior. He did not discuss the sources of his distress. His wife attributed his lack of communication to the secrecy required by his work. She attempted to comfort him and by the end of the weekend he had decided to quit his job on Monday morning.<br />
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Frank Olson went to work on Monday morning prepared to resign. That day he was reassured by his colleague. Monday night he related this conversation to his wife. He seemed to accept his colleague’s reassurance and appeared more relaxed. Tuesday morning he returned home form Camp Detrick at 10:00 A.M. He told his wife that he had been advised that he needed to see a psychiatrist and that his colleagues feared that he might do her bodily harm. At this moment she realized for the first time that her husband was not himself. She was stunned to hear her husband say that she might not be safe with him.<br />
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That same morning a car driven by a Special Operations division employee arrived to take Olson to Washington where he would be flown to New York to see a psychiatrist. Alice Olson accompanied her husband to Washington and never saw him again.<br />
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Not until June 11, 1975, did we hear that Frank Olson had, without his knowledge or consent, been given LSD by two CIA employees during the research meeting. These CIA employees, who were liaison people to a Detrick project, were conducting the meeting to discuss on-going biological research being done by the Special Operations division under contract with the CIA. Shortly after dinner one evening during the meeting Frank Olson and four other Special Operations division scientists were told that they had been given lysergic acid diethylamide and that their reactions would be observed. We do not know what occurred during the remainder of this meeting.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRwLpSxEOdx4b8tod5JyARwgvAB93reAM5YByKLkLR6utnXdpiV9Cm5vQ6PpJ-KAu10KbsQs9YM0DUbvwzQYVBT_Q9F-nZJmtPdPeMNdyV5fgCE5ktavO99Nsq_wBidLsx9Gp7s3VV3Lsj/s1600/Olson+family+statement++1975+2.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRwLpSxEOdx4b8tod5JyARwgvAB93reAM5YByKLkLR6utnXdpiV9Cm5vQ6PpJ-KAu10KbsQs9YM0DUbvwzQYVBT_Q9F-nZJmtPdPeMNdyV5fgCE5ktavO99Nsq_wBidLsx9Gp7s3VV3Lsj/s320/Olson+family+statement++1975+2.jpeg" width="284" /></a><br />
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We do know that one of the other four subjects in the experiment was still hallucinating when he left the meeting. This man, the one who confirmed that Frank Olson’s death occurred as a result of this experiment, felt himself to be experiencing direct and indirect effects of the drug for several weeks after the meeting. He worked closely with Frank Olson and, upon observing him the Tuesday morning following the meeting, judged him to be exhibiting drug-related psychiatric symptoms requiring professional help. This colleague then called one of the two CIA liaison men in Washington to inform him of Olson’s condition. Plans were made to fly Olson immediately to New York to see a psychiatrist with a high security clearance. According to the colleague Olson was accompanied on this trip by both the agent and the colleague.<br />
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Olson had several very long sessions with the psychiatrist, including one session that lasted most of one day. He planned to return to Maryland on Thursday to spend Thanksgiving with his family. According to the colleague he did return to Washington but felt himself to be unstable and though he might become irrational in front of his children. So without going home he returned to New York to see the psychiatrist again. This time he was accompanied only by the CIA employee. Olson telephoned his wife Friday evening, spoke of being at home on Saturday and mentioned plans that he would enter a psychiatric hospital the following week.<br />
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Early Saturday morning Frank Olson’s family was notified by the colleague (who had been notified by the CIA employee) that Frank Olson was dead. For twenty-two years we have not known whether it was appropriate to call that death a “suicide.” We have agonized over the question of what kind of horrid “nightmare” or “event” could have driven him to hurl himself at a full run out of a 10th story window, and how this “suicidal nervous breakdown” — the term we have always used — could have developed so suddenly, so inexplicably, so devoid of connection to anything we or his friends had known of him.<br />
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Within one week of the death the family was notified that employee’s compensation (figured on the basis of two-thirds of Olson’s salary) would be paid because the death was the result of a work-related accident.<br />
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The news we received on June 11, 1975, had a dramatic effect on this family. Since 1953, we have struggled to understand Frank Olson’s death as an inexplicable “suicide.” At the time he died Frank Olson’s wife thirty-eight years old, his eldest son was nine years old, his daughter seven, and his youngest son five. Now, twenty-two years later, we learn that this death was the result of CIA negligence and illegality on a scale difficult to contemplate. Suddenly we learn that Alice Olson’s being left in early adulthood to raise a family alone, her children left to grow up without a father — we learn that these deprivations were not necessary at all. And we suddenly learn that for twenty-two years we were lied to, led to believe that Frank Olson had a fatal nervous breakdown. Thus Frank Olson’s children grew up under a double shadow, the shadow of their father’s suicide and the shadowy inexplicability of that act. In the years following 1953, Alice Olson lived with the inevitable trauma and day-to-day consequences resulting from her husband’s bizarre death.<br />
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We feel our family has been violated by the CIA in two ways. First, Frank Olson was experimented upon illegally and negligently. Second, the true nature of his death was concealed for twenty-two years.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPlWlZOU6QVTLG3IAPfMopBxGDowCeljBYqzEV9SNkic09po7ZiB9zsmRD8cRO0oWxQNrMclyUpbRPDiwXdrIA1cF2zGUXTT9k7qmHUMadxG1C9a1x6n8lcwlJG6d9gHTxXLhryFn4yOyE/s1600/Olson+family+statement++1975+1.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPlWlZOU6QVTLG3IAPfMopBxGDowCeljBYqzEV9SNkic09po7ZiB9zsmRD8cRO0oWxQNrMclyUpbRPDiwXdrIA1cF2zGUXTT9k7qmHUMadxG1C9a1x6n8lcwlJG6d9gHTxXLhryFn4yOyE/s1600/Olson+family+statement++1975+1.jpeg" /></a><br />
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We come together as a family now to tell this most personal and painful family story because we feel it is our responsibility to do so. This is an intimate family story but it is also very much a part of an unfolding American story. The Rockefeller Commission’s disclosure of the LSD suicide received a great deal of coverage in the press because it is, in media terms, a very sensational story. The public has reacted to this disclosure with a mixture of poignant shock and utter disbelief. As one person said, “After learning of this, one wonders whether there is anything the United States government is not capable of doing?”<br />
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But horrible as this event was in its depiction in the mass media, the accounts given of it there had a surreal quality which rendered it, like so much of this nation’s recent history, impossible to feel and absorb. Both TIME and Newsweek had in their June 23 issues freakish artists’ impressions of the LSD suicide victim hurling out of the 10th floor window. We believe that Frank Olson’s death has meaning only when it is placed in the context of a family story on the one hand and in the context of global CIA misconduct and immorality on the other. In telling our story we are concerned that neither the personal pain this family has experienced nor the moral and political outrage we feel be slighted. Only in this way can Frank Olson’s death become part of American memory and serve the purpose of political and ethical reform so urgently needed in our society.<br />
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The Rockefeller Commission report revealed a wide array of CIA violations of the rights of American citizens. These have included illegal forms of domestic spying, maintaining thousands of files on individuals, interception of mail and phone taps on newspeople. The drug testing program itself continued for ten years after Frank Olson’s death. And that program was part of a much larger study, about which very little has yet been publicly disclosed, of methods to control human behavior — including radiation, electric shock, psychiatry, psychology, sociology, and what the report calls “harassment substances.” In light of these patterns of CIA activity which have persisted for many years we have concluded that it is not appropriate to regard Frank Olson’s death merely as an aberration, an incident unrelated to what have been characteristic forms of CIA procedure. Though it was envisioned as an organization which would protect the freedom and security of Americans, the CIA has in fact substantially threatened these values.<br />
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When one begins to think critically about the CIA’s domestic activities one is led also to question the legitimacy of many CIA operations abroad. We cannot expect that everyone in this nation will be as critical of the CIA as we have become; no other family has been violated in quite the same way. But as we have seen how the CIA has undermined the rights of Americans we have been given an eerie glimpse into the dark side of American policies in other countries as well.<br />
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We are one family whose history has been fundamentally altered by illegal CIA activity, the family of the only American so far identified as having died as a result of CIA treachery. In this we have something in common with those families in Chile whose hopes for a better life were destroyed by CIA intervention in elections, in attempted economic reform, and in the effort to establish a non-capitalist from of government. We have something in common with those families in Cuba whose struggles for a better life, free of the dominating exploitation of multinational corporations, has been made so much more difficult by CIA plots and schemes. And we have something in common with those families in Southeast Asia whose heroic efforts to be free of foreign interference has had to cope with CIA subversion.<br />
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In comparing our life as a family with these Third World families we do so humbly, well aware of the difference between struggles undergone in relative affluence and those endured in poverty and war. But we think it is crucial to point out the connections between American treachery and immorality abroad and those same tendencies evident at home. The immorality of American policies in Vietnam and the immorality of Watergate are part of a common phenomenon — the phenomenon of massive governmental deception and unaccountability. Frank Olson’s death as the result of an illegal LSD experiment illustrates the CIA’s capacity to ignore humane constraints and ethical boundaries. The CIA that participates in the assassination of foreign leaders is the same CIA that infringes the rights of American citizens.<br />
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We intend to sue the Central Intelligence Agency for the wrongful death of Frank Olson. In so doing we hope the full story of Frank Olson’s death will emerge. We hope that the CIA will be held publicly and punitively accountable for its actions. We hope that this legal process, painful as it will certainly be for this family, will lessen the chances that other families, other persons, will have to suffer such abuses.<br />
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Episode 18, <a href="https://archive.today/o/Xx4Ax/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/">“Backyard: 1954-1990,”</a> of CNN’s series “Cold War” depicts the role that American intervention played in undermining Latin American liberation struggles beginning with the 1954 CIA organized coup to subvert a democratically elected government in Guatemala.<br />
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We would have cause to question the statement that Frank Olson was not a CIA officer when, some years later, we read William Colby’s memoir, Honorable Men My Life in the CIA (Simon & Schuster, 1978).Colby wrote the following:<br />
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<blockquote>
“But on one point the Rockefeller Commission’s report did add — unintentionally — to the sensationalism swirling around the CIA. That was on the matter of the death of Frank Olson. Indeed, even CIA professionals, myself included, were shocked and shamed to learn of the true circumstances around this CIA officer’s suicide, as revealed in the report, following his being administered LSD without his knowledge in 1953 in a joint CIA-Army test program.” (Honorable Men, p. 425)</blockquote>
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<a href="https://archive.today/o/Xx4Ax/http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/FamilyStatement1975.html">Read Norman Mailer’s fictionalized account of the chagrin experienced by CIA professionals on William Colby’s release of the CIA secrets referred to as “the Family Jewels,” including the story of Frank Olson’s death.</a>StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-60179762028110757872014-11-14T00:27:00.001-05:002014-11-14T00:27:28.628-05:00Fall 1990, Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy: Vol. II No. 2. Anatomy of a Public Interest Case Against the CIA., by Joseph Rauh and James Turner,Fall 1990, Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy: Vol. II No. 2. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn1">Anatomy of a Public Interest Case Against the CIA.</a>, by Joseph Rauh and James Turner, <a href="https://archive.today/oY538">Archived</a>, [<a href="http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-tofc.html">Original Link Dead</a>]<div>
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<h3>
Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy</h3>
Volume II Fall 1990 Number 2<h2>
ANATOMY OF A PUBLIC INTEREST CASE AGAINST THE CIA <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-tofc.html#rights">*</a></h2>
Joseph L. Rauh, Jr.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-tofc.html#jlr">**</a> and James C. Turner <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-tofc.html#jct">***</a></center>
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="tofc" style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"></a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: medium;"></span><br style="background-color: white; font-size: large;" /><h5 style="background-color: white;">
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Table of Contents</center>
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<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#foreword"><i>Foreword</i></a></dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#i">I. HOW A PUBLIC INTEREST CASE BEGINS</a></dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#ii">II. INVESTIGATION OF THE LAW</a></dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#iii">III. INVESTIGATION OF THE FACTS</a>
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<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#iii.a">A. Genesis of the MKULTRA Program and the CIA's Negligence in the Death of Dr. Frank Olson.</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#iii.b">B. CIA Negligence in the Funding of the Montreal Experiments</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#iii.c">C. CIA Negligent Funding of Experiments on Unwitting Victims</a></dt>
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<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#iv">IV. DECIDING TO TAKE A PUBLIC INTEREST CASE</a>
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<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#iv.a">A. Defining a "Public Interest"</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#iv.b">B. Assessing the Importance of a Public Interest</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#iv.c">C. "Winability"</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#iv.d">D. Affordability</a></dt>
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<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#v">V. EFFORT TO SETTLE BEFORE SUIT</a></dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#vi">VI. PREPARATION OF COMPLAINT</a>
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<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#vi.a">A. Pleading Facts Consistent with Coverage of the Tort Claims Act</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#vi.b">B. Developing Factual Evidence Corroborating Plaintiffs' Claims</a></dt>
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</dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#vii">VII. DILEMMA WITH A JUDGE WHO WON'T DECIDE</a></dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-2.html#viii">VIII. DISCOVERY AGAINST THE CIA</a>
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<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-2.html#viii.a">A. CIA Concealment of the Facts</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-2.html#viii.b">B. Additional Facts from Discovery and Trial Preparation Underscore CIA Negligence</a>
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<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-2.html#viii.b.1">1. New Evidence about the Olson Death</a></dt>
<dt></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-2.html#viii.b.2">2. New Evidence of CIA Negligence in its Relation to Cameron</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-2.html#viii.b.3">3. New Evidence of CIA Negligence in Failing to Ensure Safety and Consent of Subjects</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-2.html#viii.b.4">4. New Evidence -- Expert Evaluations of the Damaging Effects of Cameron's Experimentation upon Plaintiffs</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-2.html#viii.b.5">5. New Evidence -- CIA Admissions of Culpability</a></dt>
</dl>
</dt>
</dl>
</dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-3.html#ix">IX. EFFORTS AT SETTLEMENT WHILE DISCOVERY PLODS ON</a></dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-3.html#x">X. GOVERNMENT STALLING TACTICS ABETTED BY A SLOW JUDGE</a></dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-3.html#xi">XI. CIA PRESSURE ON THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT</a></dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-3.html#xii">XII. SUMMARY JUDGMENT DENIED -- TRIAL PLANS</a>
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<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-3.html#xii.a">A. The CIA Effort to Prevent Trial</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-3.html#xii.b">B. The CIA Retools its Case</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-3.html#xii.c">C. The Final Case of the CIA's Canadian Victims</a></dt>
</dl>
</dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-3.html#xiii">XIII. CONFRONTING A PUBLIC INTEREST DILEMMA -- TRIAL OR SETTLEMENT</a></dt>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001014034134/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-3.html#afterword" style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><i>An Afterword</i></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="rights"></a></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white;">___________ </span></span><br /><br />* © Copyright 1990 Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy; Joseph L. Rauh, Jr. and James C. Turner. All rights reserved. The views expressed herein are those of the authors, who write solely in their personal capacity, not on behalf of any private or public entity. Suggested citation, II Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy 307 (Fall 1990).<br /><br />** B.S., 1932, magna cum laude, Harvard College; L.L.B., 1935, magna cum laude, Harvard Law School. 1935-42, Law Secretary to Mr. Justice Banjamin N. Cardozo and Mr. Justice Felix Frankfurter; Counsel to the Securities and Exchange Commission, Department of Labor, Federal Communications Commission, Lend-Lease Administration, and Office of Emergency Management. 1942-45, Served on General MacArthur's Staff in the United States Army in Southwest Pacific Area. Awarded Legion of Merit and Philippine Distinguished Service Star. 1946, General Deputy Housing Expediter. 1947-87, private practice of law in Washington, D.C.<br /><br />*** Legal counsel to the United States House of Representatives Committee on Government Operations, Legislation & National Security Subcommittee. B.A., 1975, Cornell University; J.D. 1979, Catholic University of America. 1975-79, staff, United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities [the "Church" Committee]; United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Personnel, Equal Employment Section; United States Deptement of Transportation, Office for Civil Rights. 1979-80, legal counsel, Interstate Commerce Commission, Office of General Counsel. 1980-90, private practice of law in Washington, D.C.<br /></dt>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn1">Foreword</a><br />
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Our courts serve us best when the law advances the public interest. Occasionally this happens in suits brought solely to protect a private party's personal interest, but more often progress is made through a test case brought and designed to further both public and private goals. Our decade long fight to secure redress for the Canadian victims of CIA brainwashing experiments, Orlikow, et al. v. United States,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn1">1</a> is an example of such a public interest litigation.<br />
<br />
But this case involving the CIA goes far beyond the typical public interest litigation precisely because it addresses an area of lawbreaking where normal political and legal remedies are not available. As the late Senator Frank Church concluded, after leading the congressional investigation of the CIA's improper activities in the 1950s and 1960s, that agency was "a rogue elephant" operating outside the law and protected by a shroud of secrecy. This is an account of that rogue elephant's reckless experimentation upon unwitting Canadian citizens, as well as the story of a public interest litigation against an opponent of immense power and dubious purpose.<br />
<br />
The forty years since 1950 have been an unprecedented period of national security hysteria fueled by the likes of the Dulles brothers, Joseph McCarthy, J. Edgar Hoover and Richard Helms, and implemented through repressive measures enacted by the state and federal legislatures. In the course of this hysteria, individual liberties have too often been sacrificed in the name of national security. During this period, federal court decisions have occasionally restored liberties and protected traditional constitutional values, but these judicial successes have been few and far between. The clash between liberty and national security has never been as stark as in the inhumane and illegal sponsorship of the Canadian brainwashing experiments by our most powerful national intelligence agency -- an institution that was created to protect and to preserve the very freedoms that were so devastated in those irresponsible experiments. After years of effort, vindication was won through the payment of nearly a million dollars to the CIA's victims by the governments of the United States and Canada in response to the federal suit.<br />
<br />
This review of the CIA's actions in the United States and Canada demonstrates how completely unprincipled was the Agency's original brainwashing program, as well as its course of legal manoeuvers years later when it was required to answer for its misconduct. The story of the brainwashing suit and the barriers that were overcome before the CIA's victims were finally compensated, illustrates both the formidable hurdles presented and the unique satisfactions gleaned in a public interest law suit.<br />
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1 682 F. Supp. 77 (D.D.C. 1988) (Civ. No. 80-3163)<br />
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<br />
<b>I. HOW A PUBLIC INTEREST CASE BEGINS</b><br />
<br />
There is a pattern to the genesis of public interest lawsuits. A great wrong has been or is being done that involves a violation of an important principle. A potential client comes to you with a plea, often nonsense, that "You're the only one who can or will fight to right this wrong." Indeed, this is the pattern that was followed in the initiation of our litigation against the CIA on behalf of the nine victims of brainwashing experiments at a Montreal psychiatric hospital in the late 1950s and early 1960s.<br />
<br />
Early in 1979 Canadian Member of Parliament David Orlikow called our office with a horror story that bordered on the incredible. It seemed that some twenty years earlier, David's wife, Val Orlikow, had suffered a bout of depression following the birth of their daughter and had sought help at the leading psychiatric hospital in Canada -- the Allan Memorial Institute at McGill University in Montreal. Under the "care" of the Director of the Institute, Dr. D. Ewen Cameron, Val was su.jected to a number of unorthodox procedures in lieu of generally accepted psychotherapy. In particular, she was given injections of LSD and was exposed to what Dr. Cameron called "psychic driving" -- a procedure used nowhere else in which tape-recorded messages were played hundreds of thousands of times. Not surprisingly, these bizarre procedures did not help Val, but made her condition worse.<br />
<br />
It was only in the late seventies that David and Val learned for the first time, from a New York Times story, that Cameron's work had been subsidized by the United States Central Intelligence Agency as part of a secret program to study techniques of brainwashing. The Orlikows wanted to sue the CIA for its part in experiments performed on Val by the now deceased Cameron; they insisted that there was no one else who would take their case and help them right this wrong.<br />
<br />
Getting the full story from a potential client is always important, but it is paramount in a public interest litigation, because the suit is brought to advance a principle as well as to vindicate an individual. Concealed pitfalls, half-truths or distortions will inevitably sabotage both objectives. A lesson learned time and again during the McCarthy period is that a public interest lawyer must insist on the whole story, warts and all. McCarthy's victims had to be induced to tell their whole story despite their fears of confiding in anyone, even their own lawyers. We insisted on all the facts in this case before agreeing to represent the Orlikows and other victims of the CIA's Canadian fiasco. From the beginning and throughout the long fight for justice our clients told us the truth. Without this confidence we would not and could not have properly represented them.<br />
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<b>II. INVESTIGATION OF THE LAW</b><br />
<br />
Having established the rough contours of the wrong done to the Orlikows and convinced of their credibility, the next step was to determine whether there is some legal basis for liability on the part of the CIA. Clearly Val and David Orlikow had been victims of some specie of tort, but when the government is involved, the courts have historically been reluctant to drain the public treasury to compensate for the misdeeds of government employees. This judicial reluctance is embodied in the doctrine of sovereign immunity, which excuses governmental liability for such torts. Recognizing the unjustness of this broad immunity imported from English common law, Congress in 1946 enacted the Federal Tort Claims Act providing a limited waiver of sovereign immunity for negligent acts of government employees.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn2">2</a> This was our legal basis for suit.<br />
<br />
But the Tort Claims Act is a sharply limited basis for liability; the Act does not provide liability for intentional torts, foreign torts, torts by "independent contractors" and torts committed by government employees executing discretionary functions.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn3">3</a> Of these, the foreign torts exception was the most immediately troublesome legal point, because so much of what occurred happened in Montreal outside the United States.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn4">4</a><br />
<br />
When the Orlikows came to us, the law of foreign torts was rather unsettled; there had been no definitive interpretation by the Supreme Court and only a few federal court rulings had construed this limitation in the Tort Claims Act. Fortunately, a case was then pending in the District of Columbia Circuit that raised exactly this issue, Sami v. United States.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn5">5</a> We obtained the appellate brief filed by the plaintiff's counsel in the Sami case and agreed with the legal view he argued -- that under the Tort Claims Act that it was the place where the governmental negligence occurred that mattered, not the site where that negligence had its operative impact. After reviewing the Sami brief, we were fairly confident that the D.C. Circuit would eventually construe the Tort Claims Act as covering cases like our's where the negligent acts occurred in the United States but had their damaging impact abroad.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn6">6</a><br />
<br />
A second potential problem was that intentional torts are excluded from the Tort Claims Act waiver of sovereign immunity -- we had to plead and to demonstrate negligence for a recovery. Negligence is, of course, largely a question of fact -- what happened, who was careless, who was reckless, who was injured. To make out a prima facie case of negligence, however, one must have an identifiable standard of care that was violated. As a matter of general tort law, a person is required to exercise the prudence of a reasonable person in like circumstances. What that standard means thus depends upon the particular circumstances present in a case.<br />
<br />
In our case, a detailed articulation of the duties and responsibilities of those involved in conducting human subject experiments, which was of tremendous public relations value over the course of the suit, was handed to us on a silver platter in the form of the Nuremburg Code. The Nazis' notorious medical experimentation had not only led to the execution of German experimenters after the War Crime Trials at Nuremburg, but resulted in a comprehensive articulation of ethical standards for medical experimentation. These standards explained in great detail the requirements that medical researchers take appropriate measures to protect the health and well-being of their patients who volunteer to undergo experimental procedures. Most importantly, the Nuremburg Code required that the "informed consent" of the patient must be obtained before any experimentation.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn7">7</a> This was our key legal standard for negligence in the failure to secure consent.<br />
<br />
Val and David Orlikow were adamant that no one had ever told them of any experiment, much less obtained their consent. This seemed to be the clearest possible violation of the standard of care articulated in the Nuremburg Code. The use of LSD and the brainwashing tapes that Val described were a far cry from any accepted psychiatric therapy and their dangers were certainly well-known to the CIA. Knowingly financing such hazardous experimentation without requiring that Cameron take precautions to protect his patients seemed to be another clear violation of standard of the Nuremburg Code. But the detailed statement of these violations would require more facts than the Orlikows could provide.<br />
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2 28 U.S.C. 1346(b) grants U.S. District Courts "exclusive jurisdiction of civil actions on claims against the United States, for money damages ... for injury or loss of property, or personal injury or death caused by the negligent act or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government."<br />
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3 Virtually all intentional torts are exempted from Tort Claims Act coverage by 28 U.S.C. 2680(h), which excludes "any claim arising out of assault, battery, false imprisonment, false arrest, malicious prosecution, abuse of process, libel, slander, misrepresentation, deceit, or interference with contract rights." 28 U.S.C. 2680 excludes "any claim arising in a foreign country." 28 U.S.C. 2680(a) excludes "Any claim ... based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a federal agency or an employee of the Government, whether or not the discretion involved be abused."<br />
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4 During the 1950s, the CIA's offices where the Agency's negligence had occurred were located in the District of Columbia, so jurisdiction and venue properly lay in that district (28 U.S.C. 1346, 1402).<br />
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5 617 F.2d 755 (D.C.Cir 1979).<br />
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6 Things worked out as we had hoped. About two weeks after we filed our Complaint in the Orlikow case, the D.C. Circuit handed down its decision in Sami. In that decision, our Court of Appeals ruled that it was the place where the governmental negligence occurred, not the place of the injury, that was controlling. 617 F.2d 755, 761-63 (D.C. Cir. 1979). We could now rely on the Sami decision and its gloss on the foreign country exception as the controlling precedent in our case.<br />
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7The voluntary consent of the human subject is essential. This means that the person involved should have the legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision.... The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs, or engages in the experiment. It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to another with impunity.<br />
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United States v. Brandt (The Medical Case), II Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, at 181-82 (1949).<br />
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<b>III. INVESTIGATION OF THE FACTS</b><br />
<br />
In some respects, we were lucky in developing the facts needed to make out a case, because much of the legwork had already been done by journalists and Congressional investigations. In 1975 the Rockefeller Commission and the Senate Intelligence Committee had investigated the CIA's domestic abuses and issued detailed reports on them. Most importantly, in 1977 an enterprising author, John Marks, had forced public disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act of thousands of pages of CIA documents that had not been available to the earlier investigations. These documents, which consisted largely of financial records that had been missed in 1973 when the vast bulk of such materials were destroyed, provided an overview of a top secret CIA program of behavior control and brainwashing experiments code-named MKULTRA.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn8">8</a><br />
<br />
With the assistance of researcher Jay Peterzell and the Center for National Security Studies, Marks interviewed CIA-funded researchers, former CIA officers and victims of the MKULTRA to piece together the remarkable story of the CIA experiments in the U.S. and Canada. Marks' award-winning book <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn9">9</a> was the culmination of this effort. Marks agreed to give us free access to his files and Peterzell agreed to work with us in developing the facts. Both resources were invaluable.<br />
<br />
In others respects, we faced tremendous obstacles. The trail was over twenty years old. Potential witnesses had died, memories had faded and the surviving victims' health had deteriorated. Despite Marks' success under the Freedom of Information Act, the vast majority of MKULTRA documents had been destroyed. And the defendant was an agency trained in misdirection and steeped in deception. Nonetheless from Congressional hearings and reports, the surviving CIA documents, and the Marks files, we were able to substantiate the following basic facts about the case.<br />
<br />
A. Genesis of the MKULTRA Program and the CIA's Negligence in the Death of Dr. Frank Olson.<br />
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In the early 1950s the CIA reaction to the unprecedented confessions of U.S. POW's in Korea was one of panic that the Communists had discovered an effective method of "brainwashing" our soldiers. The response was an intensive research and development program code-named "MKULTRA." It was in April of 1953 that Richard Helms, then the head of the CIA's Operations Directorate, recommended that the Agency explore covert brainwashing techniques for offensive and defensive use, to counter the suspected Soviet and Chinese efforts in that area. CIA Director Allen Dulles promptly approved the MKULTRA Program which was to operate outside the usual CIA administrative channels without "the usual contractual arrangements," and to be highly "compartmented." Dulles also ordered that "exacting control will be maintained over the Project by TSS."<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn10">10</a><br />
<br />
Proving negligence was essential to our Tort Claims Act case, and our starting point was the story of the CIA's role in the death of Dr. Frank Olson in an early MKULTRA drug experiment. The Olson tragedy is relevant because it occurred three years prior to the CIA funding of the experiments in Montreal and involved the two key Agency officers who approved that funding -- Sidney Gottlieb and Robert Lashbrook.<br />
<br />
In November of 1953, Gottlieb and Lashbrook were directly responsible for an LSD test that preceded the death of Dr. Olson, an Army chemical and biological warfare expert, who had no forewarning that he was to be made an experimental subject. After receiving LSD surreptitiously administered in a glass of cointreau, Dr. Olson suffered a severe depression, was taken by Lashbrook to New York City for consultations with an allergist named Harold Abramson, who had been testing LSD for the CIA as an MKULTRA researcher. Without ever being taken to see a psychiatrist or, indeed, any physician who was independent of the CIA, Dr. Olson fell to his death from the window of a tenth story room he shared with Lashbrook at the New York Statler Hotel.<br />
<br />
Although the CIA was able to cover up its responsibility for the Olson death, Dulles ordered an investigation by his General Counsel, Lawrence Houston, who concluded that there had been "culpable negligence" by the CIA officials in charge of MKULTRA and "a death occurred which might have been prevented."<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn11">11</a> CIA Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick, who also reviewed the Olson tragedy at Dulles' request, recommended that there "should immediately be established a high-level intra-Agency board which should review all TSS experiments and give approval in advance to any in which human beings are involved." Kirkpatrick also recommended that the CIA employees involved in the Olson death should be reprimanded.<br />
<br />
Despite these conclusions and recommendations, Gottlieb and Lashbrook continued their activities unreprimanded and unsupervised. Indeed, we had further evidence of the CIA's negligence in the subsequent findings of its CIA Inspector General in 1957 that some of the MKULTRA activities "are considered to be professionally unethical and in some instances border on the illegal" and "are not only unorthodox but unethical and sometimes illegal."<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn12">12</a> The CIA's failure to take appropriate measures to curb Gottlieb and Lashbrook despite these repeated findings is precisely the kind of negligent omission contemplated by the Tort Claims Act, and seemed to be one sound ground for liability.<br />
<br />
B. CIA Negligence in the Funding of the Montreal Experiments<br />
<br />
Early in 1957, Dr. D. Ewen Cameron, Director of the Allan Memorial Institute in Montreal, submitted a formal grant application to the "Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology" a CIA front operating at the Cornell University Medical School in New York City. That application proposed to extend brainwashing experimentation which Cameron described as follows:<br />
i. The breaking down of ongoing patterns of the patient's behavior by means of particularly intensive electroshocks (depatterning). <br />
ii. The intensive repetition (16 hours a day for 6 or 7 days) of the prearranged verbal signal. <br />
iii. During this period of intensive repetition the patient is kept in partial sensory isolation. <br />
iv. Repression of the driving period is carried out by putting the patient, after the conclusion of the period, into continuous sleep for 7-10 days.<br />
<br />
Cameron also proposed to test drugs such as "LSD 25 and other similar agents" in "depatterning" his patients and to experiment with new methods of "inactivating" the patient during the repetition of verbal signals with other drugs including curare, a drug used in surgery to temporarily paralyze a patient's involuntary muscles.<br />
<br />
Cameron's application for funds was dated January 21, 1957 and on February 26, 1957 Gottlieb and other CIA officials approved the application in a Memorandum that simply repeats, without reasoning or explanation, the application virtually in haec verba. Shortly thereafter, Gottlieb's deputy, Lashbrook, approved the first payment to Cameron. Despite the CIA General Counsel's explicit criticism of the "culpable negligence" in the Olson death on the part of Gottlieb and Lashbrook, they called the shots at the Agency on the Cameron application, which was not even reviewed by the CIA own Medical Staff.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn13">13</a><br />
<br />
In all, the CIA provided some $60,000 over four years for the experiments described in the Cameron application. At no point in any of the surviving CIA documents is the slightest concern expressed for the rights or well-being of the subjects of these CIA-funded experiments. The casual indifference to Cameron's patients exhibited throughout the CIA's documentary record, particularly after the disastrous Olson LSD experiment, simply reeked of negligence.<br />
<br />
C. CIA Negligent Funding of Experiments on Unwitting Subjects<br />
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The unambiguous standards for medical experimentation formalized at Nuremburg nearly a decade before the CIA subsidies to Cameron specifically required that "informed consent" be obtained from subjects in medical experimentation. Val and David Orlikow swore that they had never consented to any experimentation at the Allan Memorial Institute and, indeed, the Institute's medical records contained only a telegram from David authorizing Val's admission "for treatment."<br />
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The documentary evidence from the CIA contained no mention whatsoever of using volunteers, and it was clear from the application Cameron had submitted that experimental subjects would be drawn from the patient population of the Allan Memorial Institute. Finally, the use of non-volunteers was the modus operandi of the MKULTRA program and its two chief operatives, Gottlieb and Lashbrook; this practice was strongly criticized by two CIA Inspectors General during the late 1950s and early 1960s.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn14">14</a> This strong circumstantial evidencecorroborated the Orlikows' story, strengthened this third aspect of the CIA's negligence in funding the experiments in Montreal.<br />
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* * * * *<br />
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From each of these three perspectives -- leaving those responsible for Dr. Olson's death in charge of MKULTRA, financing extraordinarily dangerous experiments without taking any precautions, and experimenting upon unwitting, non-volunteer subjects -- it appeared to be a sound prima facie case. But there was one question that we could not answer: Did Cameron know he was working for the CIA? On the one hand there was an express notation in an MKULTRA file that Cameron and his staff were to remain unwitting of their CIA sponsorship.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn15">15</a> On the other hand there was Cameron's history as a trusted consultant to the U.S. Government who had evaluated Rudolf Hess' competence tostand trial at the end of World War II, and Cameron's peculiar application for funding to the CIA front, which seemed to have less to do with psychiatric therapy than with brainwashing experimentation.<br />
<br />
We asked our first expert, Dr. Leon Salzman, an eminent psychiatrist who had practiced and taught in Washington and New York since the 1940s, to review the Cameron application and Val Orlikow's medical records and to discuss them with us. Dr. Salzman was direct and emphatic, in his expert opinion the application proposed experiments clearly tailored to explore techniques of "brainwashing," and the bizarre combination of procedures offered little if any hope of helping Cameron's patients. Indeed Dr. Salzman's insight was confirmed by the public admission of Cameron's technical assistant, Leonard Rubenstein, in an August 2, 1977 New York Times interview that the work Cameron did with CIA funds "was directly related to brainwashing." Rubenstein explained:<br />
They hadinvestigated brainwashing among soldiers who had been in Korea. We in Montreal started ... brainwashing patients instead of using drugs.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately all of this was circumstantial. Because Cameron was dead, a definitive answer to the question "what he knew and when he knew it" vis-à-vis his CIA subsidies was likely impossible.<br />
<br />
But did it matter whether Cameron knew that the CIA was paying him? Focusing on Cameron's knowledge was looking through the wrong end of the telescope. For purposes of suing the CIA, what mattered was what the CIA knew. On that score, the record couldn't be clearer. Cameron's application set out the experiments in detail and the CIA authorized subsidies for that experimentation. Finally, as Val Orlikow's hospital records made clear, the CIA got what it paid for. Whether Cameron was a witting accomplice or a unknowing dupe was beside the point. < P><br />
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8 We later learned when deposing former CIA officer Robert Lashbrook that each of these financial documents were "deliberately written so it would reveal a minimum." Only 56 pages of even these highly sanitized financial records concerning the Montreal project were provided to us by the CIA in discovery.<br />
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9 J. Marks, The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control (1977).<br />
<br />
10 TSS is the abbreviation for Technical Services Section, the CIA component responsible for MKULTRA, which a few years later became the Technical Services Division or TSD. The "MK" in "MKULTRA" denotes that the program was conducted by the Technical Services Division.<br />
<br />
11 Houston's detailed conclusions were particularly damning:<br />
I am not happy with what seems to me a very casual attitude on the part of TSS representatives to the way this experiment was conducted and to their remarks that this is just one of the risks running with scientific experimentation. I do not eliminate the need for taking risks, but I do believe, especially when human health or life is at stake, that at least the prudent reasonable measures which can be taken to minimize risk must be taken and failure to do so is culpable negligence. The actions of the various individuals concerned when the effects of the experiment on Dr. Olson became manifest also revealed the failure to observe normal and reasonable precautions.... As a result a death occurred which might have been evented....<br />
<br />
12 Final Report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, S. Rep. No. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. Book I, at 394, 410 (1976).<br />
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13 The former Chief of the CIA's Medical Staff, Dr. Edward Gunn, testified in 1975 Senate Hearings:<br />
Dr. Gunn. From 1955 to approximately 1959 or 1960, there was at least once a year a meeting that was held with the head of that office. But we never saw more than some very general outline that there was such a research program. We never saw the direct material for a program. We had offered to assist TSD by providing medical support and guidance, but it was always "thank you very much." <br />
Senator Kennedy. Were you satisfied that Dr. Gottlieb's group was adequately protecting its subjects? <br />
Dr. Gunn. From the standpoint of the Office of Medical Services, we could not, no, because we did not know what they were doing.<br />
<br />
Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Joint Hearings before the Subcomm. on Health of the Senate Comm. on Labor and Public Welfare and Subcomm. on Administation, Practice and Procedure of the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. 259 (1975).<br />
<br />
14 Similar concerns were voiced during the mid-1970s, with key CIA officials, such as the Deputy Director for Science and Technology Carl E. Duckett admitting at U.S. Senate hearings that the CIA unwitting drug tests were "wrong" and with the Senate Intelligence Committee concluding that compartmentation was used in the MKULTRA Program to conceal the "unethical and illicit activities" by the CIA. As the Senate Intelligence Committee stated:<br />
Few people, even within the agencies, knew of the programs and there is no evidence that either the executive branch or Congress were ever informed of them. The highly compartmented nature of these programs may be explained in part by an observation made by the CIA Inspector General that, "the knowledge that the Agency is engaging in unethical and illicit activities would have serious repercussions...."<br />
<br />
Final Report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, S. Rep. No. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. Book I, at 385-86 (1976).<br />
<br />
15 In view of the CIA's overwhelming desire to protect MKULTRA researchers from embarrassment when the Agency's role became public --indeed the CIA successfully fought a Freedom of Information Act all the way to the Supreme Court to prevent even the names of some MKULTRA researchers from being made public, Central Intelligence Agency v. Sims, 471 U.S. 181 (1985) -- we did not view this notation as particularly credible. Such a covering of the trail would be entirely consistent with protecting Cameron rather than reflecting what actually happened and who knew what.<br />
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<br />
<br />
<b>IV. DECIDING TO TAKE A PUBLIC INTEREST CASE</b><br />
<br />
Deciding whether to proceed with a public interest case requires a lawyer to answer four questions. Will the suit advance a public interest? Is that interest an important one? Can you afford to take the case? And, can you win? Our answer to each of these questions in the CIA brainwashing case was, rather obviously, "yes," but again the considerations that led to that conclusion illustrate the unique nature of a public interest litigation.<br />
<br />
A. Defining a "Public Interest"<br />
<br />
There are probably as many different definitions of the "public interest" as there are people who think about the concept. We certainly make no claim of being able to define any single position that is the public interest, and do not believe that there is any objective standard for doing so. But the absence of an objective standard does not relieve the ethical lawyer from a professional responsibility to advance the public interest -- as he or she sees it. For example, there are those who honestly believe abortion is murder, while others are adamant that a woman has an absolute right to control her own body and to end an unwanted pregnancy. According to their own view, each side is fighting for the public interest. Just because other people may argue with your conclusion about where the public interest lies does not mean that you are excused from thinking and acting to promote the public interest.<br />
<br />
Here, at least employing our own subjective standard, the public interest seemed clear: "the CIA is not above the law." The rule of law is a cornerstone to our democratic system of government; holding the executive branch legally accountable in the courts is a key means of protecting our civil freedom. Vindicating this principle and extending it to the most secret and deceptive part of the federal government would be a significant stride in advancing the public interest. We concluded that the Orlikow case presented an ideal vehicle for reasserting this important principle.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn16">16</a><br />
<br />
B. Assessing the Importance of a Public Interest<br />
<br />
The importance of securing judicial accountability for the CIA was demonstrated time and again, both before and during the litigation. In the words of the late Senator Frank Church, who led the congressional investigation of the CIA's improper and unlawful actions, that agency was "a rogue elephant" in the 1950s and 1960s operating above the law and out of control as it plotted assassinations, illegally spied on thousands of Americans, and even drugged our own citizens in its effort to develop new weapons for its covert arsenal. When those actions were exposed by the congressional committees in the 1970s, the CIA showed some disposition for reform, but those reforms were embodied in internal CIA regulations and Executive Orders, and were thus subject to change whenever a new administration entered office or a new CIA Director took over. We believed that using the Tort Claims Act to secure compensation in a court of law for the CIA's victims would not only complete the public repudiation of these abuses, but would also extend the rule of law to the CIA and serve as a concrete deterrent to future abuses.<br />
<br />
Moreover, in the Canadians' case, instead of admitting its wrongdoing and accepting responsibility, the CIA chose simply to ignore the plight of its victims. The importance to all Americans of curbing this continued arrogance by a secret agency of our government could hardly be overstated. We felt that judicial accountability for these past abuses could help to do so.<br />
<br />
Finally while the suit was underway, there was a return to business as usual at the CIA. The reforms of the 1970s became dead letters in the 1980s as new Executive Orders and attitudes allowed the CIA to veil more of its activities in a cloak of secrecy, and then CIA Director William Casey adopted an "anything goes" attitude. This had a predictable impact on the Agency, which no longer felt the restraints of the 1970s and returned to the days of the rogue elephant, advising Central American guerrillas that assassinations are appropriate, sponsoring covert wars throughout the world, and hiding illegal activities behind claims of national security. In short, the CIA was again operating outside the law. Throughout the court fight, these continuing examples of CIA lawlessness reinforced our conclusion that judicial redress was an important means of forcing some restraint upon this Agency's threat to the rights of human beings at home and abroad.<br />
<br />
C. "Winability"<br />
<br />
The question of whether a public interest case can be won is particularly important because a loss is not only a defeat for the plaintiff but also for the principle. With the documents obtained by John Marks as support, there seemed little question that factually we were on firm ground. As to the law, one should not be faint-hearted. We thought that the pending Sami case offered a way around the foreign country exception, and indeed as the suit unfolded, that most difficult potential legal problem evaporated. More important legally was the Nuremburg Code which provided a codified ethical standard that the CIA could scarcely shrug off. All together it looked like a winner.<br />
<br />
In addition, David Orlikow's stature as a respected Member of the Canadian Parliament gave us reason to expect the support of the Canadian Government in the fight. This was an important consideration. We expected that the Canadians would resent an ally who used their citizens as unwitting guinea pigs in brainwashing experiments, and that Canada's support for its citizens would strengthen our hand in seeking prompt recompense by the CIA. These expectations, sadly, were never realized.<br />
<br />
D. Affordability<br />
<br />
The decision to take a public interest case brings with it a commitment to see the matter through to its conclusion. Neither the Orlikows nor any of the other Canadian victims were in a position to pay us to bring the suit, so a contingency fee under the limitations of the Tort Claims Act was the only option. Although this would mean a long wait for legal fees, if any, we were sufficiently convinced of the importance of this case and its winability to take the case on this basis. In addition, discovery costs would be large, but we were prepared to advance some of those costs from our firm's funds and to seek support from foundations to pay the remainder.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn17">17</a> For better or worse, we decided to go forward.<br />
__________<br />
<br />
16 The recent spectacle of Col. Oliver North's covert actions and the Reagan Administration's widespread disdain for this critical principle underscores the need to bring some measure of accountability to those engaged in clandestine activities.<br />
<br />
17 In addition to our own funds, litigation costs, which eventually exceeded $60,000, were defrayed by two grants of $20,000 awarded by the J. Roderick MacArthur Foundation through the American Civil Liberties Union, funds raised by David Orlikow and other concerned Canadians, and support provided by the Mental Health Law Project.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>V. EFFORT TO SETTLE BEFORE SUIT</b><br />
<br />
Before any lawsuit can be filed under the Tort Claims Act, an administrative claim must be presented to the federal agency that was negligent, which gives the government a chance to settle the case. During 1979, we submitted administrative claims on behalf of Val Orlikow and two other Canadian victims -- Jean Charles Pagé and Robert Logie -- and were somewhat encouraged by the response of CIA General Counsel Daniel B. Silver. On October 11, 1979, Silver wrote us that "the policy of CIA is not to shirk responsibility for the unfortunate acts that occurred in the course of the MKULTRA program," and that he found the experimental research conducted by Dr. Cameron "repugnant."<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, when we sought to settle our clients' claims prior to suit, the CIA refused to negotiate on the ground that Cameron's application for funds was "unsolicited." This claim, even if true, seemed legally irrelevant to us. After all, the CIA knew what the experiments would involve and voluntarily provided funds for them. Whether the CIA or Cameron initiated the contacts did not seem to us to have any bearing on the CIA's liability.<br />
<br />
But as it turned out, the CIA General Counsel's version of what had happened was untrue -- CIA representatives had gone to Cameron and solicited the application. As we detail below this falsehood, which was even repeated in defendant's formal Answer to our Complaint, was exploded in discovery when retired CIA officer John W. Gittinger told the truth at his deposition -- that he and the CIA had initiated the contacts with Cameron. Despite the fact that Gittinger was well-known within the CIA as having been involved in MKULTRA and was identified in Agency documents as the "Project Monitor" for the McGill experiments, the CIA lawyers didn't even bother to check their facts with him before asserting this groundless defense.<br />
<br />
In any event the CIA refused to negotiate settlement, which raised a new legal problem. Our correspondence with the General Counsel contained valuable admissions by the CIA. Could we use these settlement documents in our case? Although Federal Rule of Evidence 408 precludes the admission in court of "[e]vidence of conduct or statements made in compromise negotiations," there is no legal bar upon using such admissions in public debate. Moreover, where the government has relied upon patently spurious grounds for refusing to settle a claim, it is entirely proper to disclose its erroneous position when presenting the evidence that disproves it.<br />
<br />
In addition, the Tort Claims Act requires claimants to exhaust administrative remedies by presenting their claims to the Agency involved. Because of this requirement, we were able to include in court documents both the General Counsel's admissions and the false basis for refusing to discuss settlement. In this way, normally excluded evidence played a role in the factual development of the Orlikow case.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>VI. PREPARATION OF COMPLAINT</b><br />
<br />
At the same time we were engaged in our pre-litigation effort to settle with the CIA, we were also working hard on the eventual complaint in the case. These two jobs were complementary, since information obtained in the negotiations, such as they were, contributed to the factual development of our case, and the disciplined articulation of legal theories in a formal document aided in our presentation of our clients' claims to the CIA. By the time that we had received the final denial of our clients' claims -- a prerequisite for suit under the Tort Claims Act -- we had nearly completed a detailed complaint.<br />
<br />
A. Pleading Facts Consistent with Coverage of the Tort Claims Act<br />
<br />
As we have noted, the Tort Claims Act only waives sovereign immunity for torts sounding in negligence. Intentional torts such as assault and battery are not bases for liability under that statute. This limitation posed a potentially significant problem for us, because torts based on medical malpractice, particularly those involving a failure to secure consent, had originally evolved from assault. There was an important distinction in our case, however -- we were seeking recovery from the CIA, not an incompetent physician. Throughout our development of the case we continually tried to keep the focus of debate on the Agency and its recklessness, a strategy that was happily consistent both with our clients' private interests in financial recompense and the public interest in forcing judicial accountability upon the CIA.<br />
<br />
Our investigation of the facts already on the public record had provided a wealth of evidence of the CIA's negligence. Now, aided immeasurably by the unique conceptual insights of our partner, John Silard, we formulated our clients' claims in three categories:<br />
<br />
i. Negligent failure to supervise -- the Olson count;<br />
<br />
ii. Negligent funding of extra-hazardous experimentation -- the brainwashing count; and<br />
<br />
iii. Negligent funding of experimentation on patients who had not volunteered to be experimental subjects -- the Nuremberg count. The final complaint set out these three negligence counts and, with John's brilliant drafting, skillfully avoided the intentional tort exception. Indeed by articulating the wrong in this fashion, an intentional tort defense was practically untenable -- the CIA was in no political position to insist that its torts against our clients were intentional, not negligent.<br />
<br />
B. Developing Factual Evidence Corroborating Plaintiffs' Claims<br />
<br />
Because the case was so unusual and the underlying facts were so complex, our complaint contained a wealth of detailed allegations concerning the MKULTRA program and the CIA.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn18">18</a> In addition to the facts concerning the MKULTRA program that we have summarized above, we provided details concerning the three Canadian victims who we then represented. Using facts gleaned from their Allan Memorial Institute medical records we were able to confirm that our clients had indeed been subjected to experimentation as described in the Cameron application to the CIA "front."<br />
<br />
These records showed that Val Orlikow, who sought treatment for depression, instead had been subjected to many months of "psychic driving" and 16 LSD trips. Jean-Charles Pagé, who entered the Allan Memorial Institute for treatment of alcoholism, was "depatterned" with and became addicted to powerful barbiturates, and was placed in "continuous sleep" for thirty-six days. Robert Logie, who came to the hospital for treatment of leg pains that were incorrectly diagnosed as psycho-somatic, was depatterned with intensive electroshocks and LSD, and subjected to drug-induced sleep for a period of twenty-three days.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn19">19</a><br />
<br />
Other victims came forward and joined the suit over the next two years until there were nine in all. The Allan medical records confirmed that the six additional patients we came to represent had also been victims of the brainwashing experimentation during the period of CIA funding. Jeanine Huard, who also sought treatment for depression, was depatterned with intensive electroshocks and drugs, and subjected to psychic driving. Lyvia Stadler, another patient suffering from depression, was subjected to depatterning, psychic driving and prolonged drug-induced sleep. Dr. Mary Morrow, an intern who was admitted to the Allan Memorial after being told by Cameron that she needed "rest," was depatterned with intensive electroshocks and barbiturates. Rita Zimmerman, who sought treatment for alcoholism, was depatterned with 30 electroshock sessions until in Cameron's words she was "incontinent of stool on occasion." Mrs. Zimmerman was also subjected to over a month of psychic driving and some 56 days of drug-induced sleep. Florence Langleben, who sought treatment for anxiety attacks, was depatterned with LSD and intensive electroshocks, and subjected to over a month of psychic driving and some 43 days of drug-induced sleep.<br />
<br />
The story of the last of the nine plaintiffs, Louis Weinstein, is perhaps the most stark example of the devastating impact these brainwashing experiments had upon the innocent Canadian victims. At the hospital he was subjected to depatterning with intensive electroshock and LSD, months of psychic driving (sometimes in "sensory isolation" where all he could perceive was the taped messages), and prolonged drug-induced sleep. A successful and prosperous Montreal businessman when he entered the Allan Memorial Institute for treatment of anxiety, Mr. Weinstein lost his business and was unable ever again to support his family.<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-1.html#fn20">20</a><br />
<br />
In addition, the nine victims, most of whom were by then elderly and frail, never consented to participate in any form of experimentation. David Orlikow sent a telegram authorizing his wife's admission "for treatment." Janine Huard, Mary Morrow, Rita Zimmerman, and Louis Weinstein signed standard hospital admission forms entitled "consent for examinations and treatments." The medical records of the other victims did not contain even such a consent for treatment. The nine and their families could not remember ever being told that they were the subjects of experiments for research or any other purpose, and they were sure that none of them had ever volunteered to be subjects in any experiments or research.<br />
<br />
On December 11, 1980 we filed our Complaint against the CIA under the Tort Claims Act.<br />
<br />
__________<br />
<br />
18 Of these hundreds of detailed allegations, only one was not confirmed in subsequent discovery and that allegation had been made on "information and belief"; we had guessed wrong about a name excised from a CIA document released to Marks.<br />
<br />
19 The intensive electroshocks used in these experiments are not the same form of ECT used routinely in the treatment of patients suffering from depression. Both the voltage and the number of shocks administered were greatly increased. Instead of stopping after the procedure had induced one grand mal seizure, subjectswere shocked again and again until no further seizures could be elicited. There is no question that this was a profoundly intrusive and destructive form of electroshock, which was far different in kind from that which was conventionally used for therapeutic purposes.<br />
<br />
20 The story of the tragic disruption of a family's life is movingly recounted by Louis Weinstein's psychiatrist son, Harvey, in H. Weinstein, A Father, a Son and the CIA (1988).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>VII. DILEMMA WITH A JUDGE WHO WON'T DECIDE</b><br />
<br />
The CIA's first response to the suit by the Canadians was a harbinger of the Agency's entire litigation strategy: use delay and attrition to wear down the elderly plaintiffs and their 70 year old lead attorney, Joseph Rauh. Unfortunately this strategy was aided by the Judge assigned to the Orlikow case who took months to rule on routine motions, and the litigation ground to a halt time after time.<br />
<br />
Thus, instead of investigating and answering the detailed factual allegations of our Complaint, the government filed a motion seeking dismissal of the suit on the basis of a group of "boilerplate" defenses -- most prominently, the foreign torts and discretionary function exceptions to the Tort Claims Act, discussed above, and the statute of limitations. Simultaneously, the Agency sought a protective order precluding written interrogatories, oral depositions, document requests and other discovery by the plaintiffs until the Court had ruled on the motion to dismiss the suit.<br />
<br />
At this early stage in the litigation -- consideration of a motion to dismiss -- the Court must assume that all factual allegations of the Complaint are true and can only dismiss a suit on legal grounds. After our research in preparing the Complaint, we were confident that none of the boilerplate defenses asserted by the CIA presented a serious threat. Nonetheless, month after month went by and the Judge failed to rule on the CIA's dilatory request for dismissal. During this protracted delay, our initial written interrogatories remained unanswered and oral depositions could not be scheduled. In short, the case was frozen.<br />
<br />
How do you get a dilatory Judge to rule? There is no safe way. Among the alternatives are a letter to the Judge (copy, of course, to opposing counsel); a letter to the Judge's superiors (again with a copy to opposing counsel); a letter to the Administrative Office of the Federal Courts (again with the requisite copy), where it will be forwarded to the Chief Judge of the District Court; or seeking a writ of mandamus from the Court of Appeals to compel a ruling. All of these alternatives carry terrible risks of alienating the person who will ultimately decide the case.<br />
<br />
After waiting nearly a year for what should have been a simple and obvious ruling in our favor, it was clear that some action had to be taken despite the risks. We decided that the best course was a letter to the Administrator of the Federal Courts pointing out the advanced age of the plaintiffs and the likelihood that this continuing delay would deny them their day in Court. The Administrator forwarded our letter to the Chief Judge of the District Court, and the CIA's Motion to Dismiss was denied within a week. Now we could finally begin discovery.<br />
<br />
But in important ways the damage had already been done. Our clients had lived another year uncompensated and during that time we were unable to advance their case. Most significantly, a key witness, who was to be our first deponent, had died during the delay in ruling on the motion to dismiss. During the late 1950s, James Monroe, a retired Air Force Colonel who had studied brainwashed U.S. POW's in Korea, was the Executive Director of the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, the CIA front in New York which served as the conduit for Agency funding of the Montreal brainwashing experiments. Now we would never know what Monroe could tell us as the middleman in the CIA's dealings with McGill University and Dr. Cameron.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-2.html#viii">More</a> ---- <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/anat-tofc.html">Return to contents</a> ---- <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/jct.html">Return to Jim Turner's page</a> ---- <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000822004203/http://www.radix.net/~jcturner/Welcome.html">Return to Turners Homepage</a></div>
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StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-24691015481566478392014-11-13T23:09:00.004-05:002014-11-13T23:09:35.301-05:00The Olson File - A Secret That Could Destroy The CIA., by Kevin Dowling and Phillip Knightley,August 23, 1998, Night and Day Magazine, Sunday Supplement to The London Mail, <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/LondonMail.html">The Olson File - A Secret That Could Destroy The CIA.</a>, by Kevin Dowling and Phillip Knightley,<br />
<br />
Reprinted June 12, 1999 in Dagens Nyheter, Sweden's largest newspaper,<br />
<br />
August 4, 2001, [1st web capture, posted at <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010804055955/http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/LondonMail.html">Frank Olson Legacy Project</a>]<br />
<br />
December 4, 2001, Posted at <a href="http://www.rense.com/general17/theolsonfile.htm">Rense.com</a>,<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<b>Dr. Frank Olson's life was a mystery, full of dubious experiments for the CIA, and unexplained trips to Porton Down. His death, in 1953, was stranger still. Was it suicide? A failed exercise in brainwashing? Or murder? And what did he know that made his death so convenient? Next week, a grand jury may finally hear the truth about the Cold War's darkest Secret.</b></blockquote>
<br />
In the early hours of 28 November 1953, Armand Pastore, the night manager of the Statler Hotel, New York, was startled to hear a crash of breaking glass and then a sickening thump on the pavement outside his hotel. He rushed out to find a middle-aged man lying semi-conscious on the ground.<br />
<br />
Pastore looked up to see light shining from a shattered window of a room on the hotel's thirteenth floor. He knelt down alongside the man, cradled his head in his arms and leaned closer as the man made an effort to speak, then died. He had obviously jumped out of the window, just another suicide in a city where the plunge from skyscraper to pavement was a shocking but not unusual event.<br />
<br />
Suicide was certainly the finding at the inquest-Dr Frank Olson, a United States Army scientist, for reasons no one could fathom, had taken his own life. And that was what the record showed for the next twenty-two years.<br />
<br />
Then in 1975 the Rockefeller Commission, set up by President Ford to examine the extent of the CIA,s illegal domestic operations, revealed that an unnamed army scientist had died after CIA experts, experimenting with mind-bending drugs, had secretly slipped him a dose of potent LSD. During the ensuing uproar, the scientist was identified as Frank Olson.<br />
<br />
The US government moved immediately to show how sorry it was for what had happened. Congress passed a private humanitarian relief bill which authorised a payment of $750,000 to the widow, Mrs Olson, and her three children. Mrs Olson and her son Eric were invited to the White House where President Ford publicly apologised to them. And the then CIA director, William Colby, held a lunch for Mrs Olson and Eric in his office at the CIA, apologised and gave them the CIA file on the case.<br />
<br />
According to the file, Olson had suffered a "chemically-induced psychotic flashback" a week after he had been slipped the dose of LSD. So a CIA doctor, Richard Lashbrook, had been deputed to look after Olson until he was normal again. Lashbrook had been sharing the hotel room with Olson and was asleep in a bed next to him when, he said, he was awoken by the sound of breaking glass and realised that Olson had crashed through the window.<br />
<br />
Eric, who is now 54,was never very convinced by this version of events but kept quiet so as not to distress his mother. Then when she died in 1994 he decided to test the official story of his father's death. Experts told him that in order to achieve the momentum needed to vault over a central heating radiator under the window, burst through the closed blinds and smash through the hotel's heavy glass panes, Olson would have had to struck the window travelling at more than 30km per hour. A trained athlete takes about fifty metres to accelerate to that speed. But the hotel room was only 5.5 metres long.<br />
<br />
Next there was Dr. Lashbrook,s strange behaviour when the hotel manager Pastore arrived in the room to tell him that his colleague was dead on the pavement below. Lashbrook went to the telephone, rang a number and simply said, "Olson's gone". Then he hung up and retired to the bathroom where he sat on the lavatory with his head in his hands.<br />
<br />
Eric Olson, a Maryland clinical psychologist, began to spend every spare moment trying to get at the true story of what had happened to his father. Today he is convinced he is on the brink of doing so. But the story is so strange, so reminiscent of the TV series "The X-Files," that despite compelling evidence, it is uncertain that anyone will believe it.<br />
<br />
THE TERMS of the $750,000 government settlement for Olson's death prevented his family from pursuing the matter in the civil courts. But if Eric Olson could convince the authorities that his father's death was a criminal matter, then he might eventually get at the truth. Four years ago he had his first breakthrough when he won a court order to exhume his father's body.<br />
<br />
"When he was buried the coffin had been sealed. They said he had been so badly mutilated in the fall that it wouldn't be right for the family to see him. But when we opened the casket a lifetime later, I knew Daddy at once. He had been embalmed and his face was unmarked and untroubled. He hadn't been hurt the way they said he had."<br />
<br />
A new autopsy confirmed Eric Olson's impression and entirely contradicted the findings of the first inquest. Carried out by a team led by James Starrs, Professor of Law and Forensic Science at The National Law Centre, George Washington University, it could find no sign of the cuts and abrasions that the first autopsy said had been caused by crashing through the window glass.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, there was a haematoma, unrecorded at the first post mortem examination, on the left hand side of Olson's skull. This had been caused by a heavy blow, James Starrs decided, probably from a hammer, before the fall from the window. Starrs and his team concluded that the evidence from their examination was "rankly and starkly suggestive of homicide."<br />
<br />
Although the team did not say so-because it could be only supposition-someone had struck Olson on the head with a hammer, smashed open the window, probably with the same hammer, and had then thrown Olson out. But the new autopsy findings were certainly enough for a New York public prosecutor, Stephen Saracco, to win the right for a grand jury to begin hearing the evidence he had uncovered. If the jury, too, found the evidence of murder compelling, then Saracco requested that it should hand down indictments for murder and conspiracy to murder.<br />
<br />
Saracco, an ambitious, aggressive lawyer with no fear about taking on the American establishment, says that the men he wants named in the indictments will include some of America's most respected CIA veterans and, if the grand jury agrees to his request to widen his investigations, former officers of the British Secret Intelligence and Security Services as well.<br />
<br />
Already there are indications that the international intelligence community is running scared. The CIA and the Department of Justice have resisted Saracco's attempts to subpoena Dr. Lashbrook, who now lives in California, to question him, among other things, about Olson's last hours, the telephone call that Lashbrook made immediately after Olson's death and the work that Lashbrook and Olson had been engaged in together.<br />
<br />
Early in July, after months of negotiation, the two government departments gave in and agreed that the grand jury should hear Saracco's team examine Lashbrook at Venture County Courthouse during the week beginning 24 August. Saracco has already offered Lashbrook immunity from prosecution in return for his testimony. He was too late, however, to do the same for William Colby, the CIA chief who apologised for Olson's death.<br />
<br />
On 27 April 1996, after Saracco won the right to a grand jury hearing, Colby who realised that he would be forced to give evidence, vanished from his country retreat about forty miles south of Washington. It looked as if he had left in a hurry: the lights and the radio were still on, his computer was still running, and a half finished glass of wine was on the table. The next day his empty canoe was found swamped on a sand bar. Five days later divers found a body identified as Colby's. He had apparently been the victim of a boating accident.<br />
<br />
If so, it would appear that Maryland waters are particularly unkind to retired members of the CIA. In 1978 another CIA officer, John Paisley, also vanished there in another boating accident. A week after Paisley's abandoned boat was located, a body with a gunshot wound to the head was found. But the condition of the body meant that precise identification was impossible---making the area a conspiracy blackspot.<br />
<br />
Suppose the grand jury does in the end find that the evidence that Olson was murdered and that the perpetrators were other CIA officers, there will still remain a major barrier to an eventual conviction--what was the motive? What was so sensitive to the CIA that it would kill one of its own? To find an answer we have to go back to the fifties when the two great ideologies of the 20th century, communism and capitalism, were locked in a battle to the death and no act no matter how morally shocking was ruled out in the struggle for victory.<br />
<br />
_________<br />
<br />
THE NUCLEAR stand-off of the Cold War had sent both sides back to their drawing boards. If it were impossible to employ nuclear weapons without assuring mutual total destruction, what other weapons could the boffins come up with-given virtually unlimited funds and no moral restraints-that would win any future war? Two possibilities attracted attention. The first was bacteriological warfare.<br />
<br />
Bacteriological warfare is remarkably cheap; it has been described as "the poor man's nuclear bomb." A deadly virus sufficient to wipe out every living person over an area of one square mile would cost only about $50. In the 1950s both sides in the Cold War set up research establishments to develop biological weapons, methods of delivering them, and methods of protecting against them. Dr. Frank Olson worked in this area.<br />
<br />
Trained as a biochemist, he had been employed since 1943 in the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, Maryland, was associated with a CIA secret research unit known at the time as MK-ULTRA, and came to Britain frequently between 1950-53 to work at the British Microbiological Research Establishment (MRE) at Porton Down. Olson was part of a team which was developing aerosol delivery systems for biological weapons that included staphylococcus enterotoxin, Venezuelan equine encephalo-myelitis, and anthrax. Olson seems to have concentrated on counter-biological warfare, trying to find vaccines and special clothing that would protect against attack.<br />
<br />
Deadly effective though it may be, biological warfare has drawbacks. There is always the risk that it may get out of control and attack not only the enemy but those who decided to employ it in the first place. Like nuclear warfare, biological warfare could wipe out civilisation as we know it. So Olson and some of his colleagues became intrigued by another type of weapon altogether, one which attacked not the body but the mind.<br />
<br />
Those scientists in the Western intelligence community who supported the idea of developing brain-washing programmes had two gurus---Dr Douglas Ewan Cameron, a Glasgow-born psychiatrist, and Dr. Sydney "The Gimp" Gottlieb, the CIA's top expert on brainwashing. Cameron won his post-graduate diploma in psychiatric medicine at the University of London before joining the staff at John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, in 1926. He became convinced that the mentally ill posed a grave threat to Anglo-American civilisation and should be forcibly sterilised.<br />
<br />
During the Second World War he was a member of the Military Mobilization Committee of the American Psychiatric Association and was appalled to learn that of the fifteen million men inducted into the US armed forces, two million had to be rejected on neuropsychiatric grounds, a proportion far higher than in any other nation. He set about finding remedies including electroshock (60,000 ECTs in a single year), lobotomies and other forms of psychosurgery, sensory deprivation and mind-altering drugs--all used on patients who had little or no say in their treatment. Conscientious objectors, many of them Quakers, were defined by Cameron as mentally-ill and sometimes forced to accept treatment.<br />
<br />
When the end of the war revealed that the Nazis had been carrying out similar experiments--23 German doctors were convicted at Nuremberg--the Western intelligence community suddenly became very interested in Cameron's work. This interest grew to an obsession after the Stalin show trials with the robotic, apparently artificially-induced confessions made by the accused. Then the behaviour of American POWs held in Chinese camps during the Korean War and their subsequent denunciation of the American way of life, futher convinced the CIA that the communists were already well advanced in mind control techniques. In intelligence circles there were rumours of a Soviet plot to place brain-washed zombies in the White House and other citadels of Western power.<br />
<br />
The American response was MK-ULTRA. Its director, Dr. Gottleib, sought help from his Scottish hero, Cameron, and set him up with cover organisations to distance the CIA from some of the more abbhorent aspects of MK-ULTRA's work. So Cameron founded the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, ran a proprietary company called Psychological Assessment Associates, and contributed papers to learned journals on "Psychic Driving", "The Restructuring of the Personality" and "Suggestion and Extra-Sensory Perception."<br />
<br />
The short term goals were to counter any communist plot to insert brain-washed assassins into the West. However, according to authors Gerald Colby and Charlotte Dennett, biographers of Nelson Rockefeller--one-time chairman of a committee overseeing the MK-ULTRA operation--the scientists also wanted to find drugs or techniques by which "a man could be surreptitiously drugged through the medium of an alcoholic cocktail at a social party...and the subject induced to perform the act of attempted assassination of an official in a government in which he was well-established socially and politically."<br />
<br />
A far-fetched ides, perhaps, but one whose currency was not limited to the CIA. A few years later, the surreptitious administration of a mind-altering drug in a drink at a party was suggested as a possible solution to a strange double death in Sidney, Australia. On the morning of January 1, 1963, Dr. Gilbert Bogel, and his lover, Mrs. Margaret Chandler, were found dead on a river bank after a riotous party given by staff of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. Bogle, a brilliant scientist, had told friends that he was about to go to the US to work on scientific research of great military importance. The deaths were never solved, but Sydney detectives became convinced that Bogle and his colleagues had been experimenting with LSD and the effect it produced on their thought-processes--the invitation to the New Year's party required each guest to bring a painting done under the influenced of the drug--and either by accident or by design someone had slipped the couple what turned out to be an overdose.<br />
<br />
Repeated requests to the BBI under the Freedom of Information Act asking for details of the work that Bogle would have been doing in the US have met with refusal on the grounds of national security. But the speculation is irresistible that it might have involved experiments in mind control similar to those that Olson had worked on.<br />
<br />
The long-term aim of these experiments with mind-altering drugs is thought by those who have studied the MK-ULTRA programme to have been to ensure the dominance of Anglo-American civilisation in the "war of all against all-the key to evolutionary success." Brain-washing would be used not only to defeat the enemy but to ensure compliance and loyalty of one's own population.<br />
<br />
Where did Dr. Olson fit into all this? A Harley Street psychiatrist, Dr. William Sargant, now dead, was sent by the British goverment in the early 1950s to evaluate MK-ULTRA. On his return he told a colleague and friend, former BBC television producer, Gordon Thomas, that what Cameron and Gottlieb were up to was as bad as anything going on in the Soviet gulags.<br />
<br />
Thomas, whose books include a 1988 study of the CIA's forays into mind-control, <i>Journey into Madness: Medical Torture and the Mind Controllers</i>, says "Sargant told me that he had urged the British government to distance this country from it. He said it was blacker than black." According to Thomas, Sargant told him that Frank Olson had come to Britain between 1950-53 to work on attachment at Porton Down and had also made frequent visits to "an intelligence facility" in Sussex. This is confirmed by entries in the special passport that Olson used.<br />
<br />
The stamps on the passport, which declare that the bearer was on "official business for the Department of the Army" indicate a pattern of travel that took Olson between various British military airfields, France, Occupied Germany, Scandanavia and the United States between May 1950 and August 1953. Prosecuting attorney Saracco believes that something happened on one of these trips that holds the key to Olson's death. Since the matter is still before a grand jury Saracco cannot talk about it but Gordon Thomas has his own idea of what it was. "The CIA was using German SS prisoners and Norwegian Quislings [collaborators] taken from jails and detention centres as guinea pigs to test Cameron's theories about mind control. The agency preferred to conduct such clinical trials outside the United States because sometimes they were terminal--the human guinea pig ended up dead. Olson was accustomed to seeing lethal experiments done on animals but when human beings were used in this way it was too much for him. I believe that he wanted out."<br />
<br />
Mike Miniccino, an American businessman and historical researcher who has spent 25 years studying the MK-ULTRA programme and developing a database on its activities says that if Olson expressed doubts about MK-ULTRA and its work then he would have done so to William Sargant, the Harley Street psychiatrist, who had evaluated MK-ULTRA's work and who had been a close colleague of Olson's.<br />
<br />
And although--as we already know--Sargant wanted the British government to distance itself from the CIA's work with MK-ULTRA, Miniccino says he nevertheless was committed to the principle of mind control and became the link between the British Secret Intelligence Service and MK-ULTRA. Miniccino adds, "So if Frank Olson expressed serious doubts about the MK-ULTRA project to Sargant, then he signed his own death warrant."<br />
<br />
What Miniccino is implying and what public prosecutor Saracco wants to prove is that the MK-ULTRA mind control project-with its clinical trials on unsuspecting human beings-was such a sensitive issue with the western intelligence community that it would go to any lengths to prevent an insider like Olson, from blowing the whistle.<br />
<br />
Is this, then, what happened? Did Olson tell the British psychiatrist/SIS agent Sargant that he wanted out of the mind-control project, and that his conscience might compel him to reveal publicly what the intelligence services had been doing? Did Sargant then pass this on to SIS, who in turn told the CIA? Was a decision then taken to make certain that Olson never talked by destroying his memory with drugs and, when this failed, by murdering him and making it look like a suicide?<br />
<br />
Apart from the evidence set out earlier, there is another compelling fact that supports this theory. Until Mrs Olson died in 1993, a regular visitor at her house was Olson's former boss in Special Operations, Vincent Ruwet. Ruwet would spent long-daytime hours with Mrs Olson. The two would drink together at her house (Mrs. Olson became an alcoholic) while Ruwet listened to the problems she faced in bringing up her three fatherless children. Everyone considered him to be a sympathetic family friend. But newly-discovered documents reveal that Vincent Ruwet had been assigned by the CIA to "keep track of the wife." If Olson was a threat because of what he knew, and knowledge can be passed on, then the CIA would have to spy on all those who had been close to him in case he had told them the truth about MK-ULTRA? THE CIA has always maintained as a matter of historical record that it has never murdered an American citizen on American soil. If, as a result of Eric Olson's persistence in trying to uncover what really happened to his father, and the investigating skills of public prosecutor Saracco, this turns out to be a lie, it could well be the beginning of the end of the agency.<br />
<br />
Eric Olson says, "The Cold War is over and there are now ongoing national debates about the future of the CIA and about unethical medical testing on humans. My father's case covers both. The use of hallucinogens, hypnosis, electroshock and other procedures in an attempt to control the way people behave was the CIA's equivalent of the Manhattan [atom bomb] Project. MK-ULTRA was secret, shocking and incredibly dangerous. They couldn't afford to take the risk of letting my father continue to be involved or, considering all he knew, allowing him to quit. So he was terminated instead. My father's murder crossed a line in the sand which the U.S. government has always publicly respected. The guilty ones will not be allowed to get away with it." Or as Fox Mulder would say, "The truth is out there."<br />
________________________________________________________________________<br />
<a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/LondonMail.html">Link</a><br />
<a href="http://www.rense.com/">MainPage</a><br />
<a href="http://www.rense.com/">http://www.rense.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.thehostpros.com/">This Site Served by TheHostPros</a>StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-53874407204227917162014-11-12T20:08:00.001-05:002014-11-12T20:08:15.139-05:00Dark Alliance June 12, 1986, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/12/world/panama-strongman-said-to-trade-in-drugs-arms-and-illicit-money.html">Panama Strongman Said to Trade in Drugs, Arms and Illicit Money</a>, by Seymour M. Hersh, Special to the New York Times, <a href="https://archive.today/1qQOq">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/s8uw">diigo</a>,<br />
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June 1987, FAIR, Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961106092516/http://www.igc.apc.org/fair/extra/8707/contra-secret.html">Washington's Worst Kept Secret: The Contra Drug Connection</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/o2tl3">Archived</a>, <br />
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October/November 1987, FAIR, Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961106092516/http://www.igc.apc.org/fair/extra/8710/nicaragua-lies.html">Nicaragua and the US Media--A History of Lies</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/rqwrN">Archived</a>,<br />
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February 18, 1988, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010810011822/http://wethepeople.la/bshdrug1.gif">Justice Department Memorandum, Cover Page; Allen Paul Rudd</a>, <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7oYMd7OOP_LalBjMHd0cXdNMGc/edit?usp=drivesdk">Archived</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010810012018/http://wethepeople.la/bshdrug2.gif">Page One</a>, <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7oYMd7OOP_LRGtmd2VBZnJZQUU/edit?usp=drives">Archived</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011107201903/http://wethepeople.la/bshdrug3.gif">Page Two</a>, <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7oYMd7OOP_LdVVYSk5FUC1iU3M/edit?usp=drivesdk">Archived</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011107205556/http://wethepeople.la/bshdrug4.gif">Page Three</a>, <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7oYMd7OOP_LRWhmdERIOF9NSVE/edit?usp=drivesdk">Archived</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011107212842/http://wethepeople.la/bshdrug5.gif">Page Four</a>, <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7oYMd7OOP_LTkl4QU9PYkFvNnc/edit?usp=drivesdk">Archived</a>,<br />
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July/August 1988, FAIR, Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961106092516/http://www.igc.apc.org/fair/extra/8807/nicaragua-drug.html">Nicaragua's Drug Connection Exposed as Hoax</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/UNh1W">Archived</a>, <br />
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March/April 1988, FAIR, Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961106092516/http://www.igc.apc.org/fair/extra/8803/cia-medellin.html">Media Censor CIA Ties With Medellin Drug Cartel</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/4be8b">Archived</a>,<br />
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December 1988, <a href="http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/contracoke.html">Selections from the Senate Committee Report on Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy chaired by Senator John F. Kerry</a>, [<a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB113/north06.pdf">pdf 90 pages</a>] <a href="https://archive.today/o2M95">Archived</a>, <br />
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May/June 1989, FAIR, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000417162653/http://www.fair.org/extra/index.html">Extra!</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000417162653/http://www.fair.org/extra/best-of-extra/newsweek-crime.html">So Sayeth Newsweek on Crime</a>, by Earl Ofari Hutchinson, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/m5y8">diigo</a>, <br />
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October/November 1989, FAIR, Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961106092516/http://www.igc.apc.org/fair/extra/8910/north-banned.html">Censored News: Oliver North & Co. Banned from Costa Rica</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/rh2Ea">Archived</a>, <br />
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November/December 1991, FAIR, Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961106092516/http://www.igc.apc.org/fair/extra/9111/time-contra.html">Time Suppresses Contra Drug Story</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/dJru9">Archived</a>, <br />
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March 8, 1992, The New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/books/the-persistence-of-inequality.html">The Persistence Of Inequality</a>, Two Nations; Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. By Andrew Hacker. 257 pp. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $24.95.<br />
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September 1992, FAIR Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990302042604/http://www.fair.org/extra/best-of-extra/drugs-hype.html">Don't Forget the Hype: Media, Drugs, and Public Opinion</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Gx55S">Archived</a>, <br />
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November 19, 1993, Reuters North American Wire, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040317161516/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/venezuela07.html">CIA Smuggled Cocaine Into U.S., Ex-DEA Head Says</a>, by Arthur Spiegelman, 536 words. <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/orye">diigo</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/moyMg">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 20, 1993, New York Times, page A1, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703063941/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/venezuela01.html">Anti-Drug Unit of C.I.A. Sent Tons of Cocaine to U.S. in 1990</a>, by Tim Weiner, 1,119 words, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/4p8r">diigo</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/xW8jb">Archived</a>, <br />
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February 26, 1995, Chicago Tribune, <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCcQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F1995-02-26%2Fentertainment%2F9502260044_1_white-students-andrew-hacker-black&ei=TWVNVILGGoTgsATqhYKwDQ&usg=AFQjCNGyWZ3CVv8t7kR4kUltfWkSCZGB_Q&sig2=_bgHCmtLnEN5nHB0jD0YmQ&bvm=bv.77880786,d.cWc">Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal by Andrew Hacker</a>, (Ballantine, $12) <br />
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1996, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/">Ives-Duffy investigation into the murders of Kevin Ives and Don Henry</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/9a5ML">Archived</a>, <br />
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May 1996, AJR, <a href="http://ajrarchive.org/Article.asp?id=3572">The CNN Effect; How much influence does the 24-hour news network really have on foreign policy?</a>, by Warren P. Strobel, <br />
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May 1, 1996, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961122193534/http://www.teenchallenge.com/main/news/cokeills.htm">Illnesses Linked To Cocaine Hit New Record</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/oqXJH">Archived</a>,<br />
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August 7, 1996, Washington Post, page A6, CIA Probed in Alleged Arms Shipments, by Susan Schmidt, <br />
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August 8, 1996, Associated Press - Star Ledger, page 11, CIA inspector probes claims of gun, drug smuggling,<br />
August 13, 1996, Knight-Ridder News Service - Denver Post, page 1A, Talk of CIA coke ring fuels anger, by Vanessa Gallman, <br />
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August 15, 1996, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010808040810/http://wethepeople.la/tatum1.gif">Affidavit of Gene Tatum</a>, <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7oYMd7OOP_LNzZNSkc3c1RlY2s/edit?usp=drivesdk">Archived</a>, <br />
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August 18, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111220127/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/day1main.htm">America's 'crack' plague has roots in Nicaragua war; Colombia-San Francisco Bay Area drug pipeline </a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111220127/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/day1main.htm">helped finance CIA-backed Contras</a>, by Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/hegGc">Archived</a>,<br />
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August 18, 1996 - March 7, 1997, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970405054839/http://cgi.sjmercury.com/drugs/talk/forum.htm">Dark Alliance Forum</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/nOK1D">Archived</a>,<br />
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August 19, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020811/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day2main.htm">Shadowy origins of 'crack' epidemic; Role of CIA-linked agents a well-protected secret until now</a>, by Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/ybOsy">Archived</a>,<br />
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August 19, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020811/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day2rock.htm">Drug expert: 'Crack' born in San Francisco Bay Area in '74; It was a failed attempt to copy something else</a>, by Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/QiJz8">Archived</a>,<br />
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August 19, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020811/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day2frog.htm">Drug agent thought she was onto something big; Meneses' trail was getting warm when her superiors took her off the case</a>, by Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/PRwH9">Archived</a>,<br />
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August 20, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020830/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day3crack.htm">Flawed sentencing the main reason for race disparity; In 1993, crack smokers got 3 years; coke snorters got 3 months</a>, by Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/dSvrc">Archived</a>,<br />
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August 20, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020830/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day3prof.htm">San Francisco Bay Area man tangled in drug web</a>; Tales to DEA of gun running, drug trafficking fall on deaf ears, by Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/DW2Ix">Archived</a>, <br />
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August 20, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961220020830/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/day3main.htm">War on drugs has unequal impact on black Americans; Contra case illustrates the discrepancy: Nicaraguan goes free; L.A. dealer faces life</a>, by Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/CV9aW">Archived</a>,<br />
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August 21, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript823.htm">Editorial: Another CIA disgrace: Helping the crack flow</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/f27RS">Archived</a>,<br />
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August 21, 1996, Associated Press, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/cia2.htm">Report links drug ring, CIA, Contras</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/03zT8">Archived</a>,<br />
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August 23, 1996, Los Angeles Times (Washington Edition), page B1, As Drug Debate Rages, Dealer to Be Sentenced, by Tony Perry and Jesse Katz, <br />
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August 23, 1996, Associated Press - Washington Post (On-line), L.A. Probes CIA-Cocaine Report, <br />
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August 24, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript829.htm">Black groups seek probe of CIA drug links</a>, by Pamela Kramer and Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writers, <a href="https://archive.today/HkzqD">Archived</a>, <br />
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August 29, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript903.htm">Boxer, citing MN series, calls for CIA probe</a>, by Pamela Kramer and Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writers, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript903.htm"></a><a href="https://archive.today/F9qCj">Archived</a>,<br />
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August 30, 1996, The Salt Lake Tribune, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/sltrib2.htm">Series On CIA-Run Drug Ring Sparks Call For Probe</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/6dl1p">Archived</a>,<br />
September 4, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript905.htm">Waters calls on Reno, CIA and Congress for investigation</a>, by Gary Webb and Pamela Kramer, Mercury News Staff Writers, <a href="https://archive.today/OEXYA">Archived</a>,<br />
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September 5, 1996, Associated Press - Washington Post (Online), Deutch Orders CIA Drug Probe, <br />
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September 6, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript907.htm">'Dark Alliance' series leads to CIA probe, Agency chief orders investigation</a>, by Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/WRMgv">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 8, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript911.htm">Jackson calls for investigation; Civil rights leader supports call for congressional hearings</a>, by Dan Stober, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/QL3s4">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 12, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript913.htm">Pair arrested while urging probe; Activist, talk show host called for congressional inquiry</a>, by Thomas Farragher, Mercury News Washington Bureau, <a href="https://archive.today/0VHYK">Archived</a>,<br />
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September 12-18, 1996, New Times (Los Angeles), Vol. 1, No. 4, The Crack Masters, by Gary Webb, <br />
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September 13, 1996, Washington Post, page A20, Black Caucus Urges Probe Of CIA-Contra Drug Charge, by Michael A. Fletcher, <br />
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September 13, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript915.htm">Congressional Black Caucus demands investigation; More than 1,500 blacks attend meeting</a>, by Vanessa Gallman and Lewis Kamb, Mercury News Washington Bureau, <a href="https://archive.today/FDgST">Archived</a>,<br />
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September 13-15, 1996, Netizen, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990117023116/http://www.netizen.com/netizen/96/37/special4a.html">Cocaine Import Agency, Special Report</a>, by Ben Cosgrove, <a href="https://archive.today/iCRTp">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 14, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript914.htm">Dealer's sentencing postponed; Lawyer gets time to seek documents on alleged CIA-crack link</a>, by Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/HSQa0">Archived</a>,<br />
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September 15, 1996, Revolutionary Worker #873, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981202192805/http://www.mcs.net/~rwor/rw_or/crack.htm">How the CIA Created the Crack Epidemic</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/u4m85">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 16, 1996, Washington Post, page A17, White House Aide Seeks Probe of CIA, by Michael A. Fletcher, <br />
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September 16, 1996, New York Times, page A13, Drug Director Urges Investigation of C.I.A., <br />
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September 18, 1996, Associated Press, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript918.htm">Waters may force vote to establish probe; Congresswoman to meet with Gingrich</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/9kw0u">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 20, 1996, Associated Press, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript920.htm">CIA promises independent investigation</a>, by John Diamond, <a href="https://archive.today/5j8er">Archived</a>,<br />
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September 20, 1996, Washington Post, page A4, Deutch Assures Caucus on Drug Charge, by Michael A. Fletcher,<br />
September 20, 1996, Salon.com, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000601161327/http://www.salon1999.com/news/news960920.html">The CIA-crack connection:The story nobody wants to hear</a>, by Laurie Leibovich, <a href="https://archive.today/UxIB6">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 21, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript921.htm">Two probes start into possible CIA-drug ring ties</a>, by Thomas Farragher, Mercury News Washington Bureau, <a href="https://archive.today/Ie6by">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 22, 1996, Associated Press, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript923.htm">North calls CIA-drug allegations "garbage"</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/nwlLj">Archived</a>,<br />
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September 23, 1996, CNN, <a href="http://cnn.com/US/9609/23/cia.drugs/index.html">Justice Department probes new report of Contra cocaine trade</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/0pBIY">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 24, 1996, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript928.htm">Civil rights leader calls possible CIA-drug link 'dastardly'; Ex-DEA agent supports allegations; protesters arrested</a>, by Thomas Farragher, Mercury News Washington Bureau, <a href="https://archive.today/eT54v">Archived</a>,<br />
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September 24, 1996, Los Angeles Times, page A23, Ex-DEA Agent Ties Contras to U.S. Drug Flights, by Robert L. Jackson, <br />
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September 24, 1996, Salon.com, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000829091157/http://www.salon.com/media/media2960924.html">Burden of Proof</a>, by Marc Herman, <a href="https://archive.today/qixhZ">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 27, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript927.htm">Activist vows to continue protests over alleged CIA-crack link</a>, by Jeordan Legon, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/pNGww">Archived</a>,<br />
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September 27, 1996, Congressional Record, House of Representatives, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/congrecord.htm">Allegations of CIA Providing Drugs to American Cities</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/qV6rE">Archived</a>,<br />
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September 27, 1996, NBC Nightly News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990225162128/http://www.idmedia.com/nbcnn.htm">Excerpts; Andrea Mitchell's interview with John Kerry</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/21uvh">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 29, 1996, Associated Press, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript928b.htm">South Central residents condemn CIA's reported role</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/wwCVL">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 29, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript929.htm">Gag order concealed possible CIA drug ties; But records were copied secretly</a>, by Pamela Kramer and Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writers, <a href="https://archive.today/wPlZ7">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 30, 1996, Associated Press, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1002.htm">Black leaders call for class-action lawsuit</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/tyTap">Archived</a>, <br />
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September 30, 1996, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack1.html">Contra-Crack: Blacks Angered by Contra-Crack</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/o61bZ">Archived</a>,<br />
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September 30, 1996, Time Magazine, <a href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985232,00.html">Dividing Line: Crack, Contras and Cyberspace; When It Comes To the CIA and Drugs, Are the Paranoids On the Right Track?</a>, by Jack E. White,<br />
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October 1996, FAIR, Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961106092516/http://www.igc.apc.org/fair/extra/9610/contra.html">Exposed: The Contra-Crack Connection</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/bWQx7">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 1, 1996, The Christian Science Monitor, Editorial, <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/1996/1001/100196.edit.edit.3.html">CIA, Contras, and Crack</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/2rev">diigo</a>, <br />
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October 3, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1003.htm">Affidavit: Cops knew of drug ring; Document sheds light on Contra-cocaine link</a>, by Gary Webb and Pamela Kramer, Mercury News Staff Writers, <a href="https://archive.today/6CkU9">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 3, 1996, APC.org, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020219071126/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961003.cia.html">Media War over CIA and Cocaine</a>, also by Norman Solomon. <a href="https://archive.today/2otKd">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 4, 1996, Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/clippings/cia.html">The CIA and Crack: Evidence is Lacking of Alleged Plot; Nicaraguans Had Limited Role In Bringing Drug to U.S. Cities</a>, by Roberto Suro and Walter Pincus, Washington Post Staff Writers, <a href="https://archive.today/9lBnS">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 4, 1996, LA Weekly, page 13, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020602173635/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961004.wekly2.html">The Smuggler's Trail; Federal Evidence of the CIA/Contra Cocaine Trade</a>, by Jim Crogan, 1,004 words, <a href="https://archive.today/PG74k">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 6, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111150025/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1005b.htm">MN series stirs national debate; Allegations supporting long-held suspicions seen as unifying issue for blacks</a>, by David E.Early, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/bfXi0">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 6, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1005.htm">Drug raid documents reveal allegations of CIA involvement; More hints of government involvement</a>, by Gary Webb and Pamela Kramer, Mercury News Staff Writers, <a href="https://archive.today/sQIHa">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 8, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1008.htm">No proof of CIA-drug link, sheriff says</a>, by Pamela Kramer and Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writers, <a href="https://archive.today/QRHqd">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 8, 1996, The Boston Globe, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970107185558/http://www.latinolink.com/news/1008ncia.htm">Tales of CIA-Drug Link Pulse Through L.A.</a>, [New York Times News Service] <a href="https://archive.today/FA0uQ">Archive</a>, <br />
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October 11, 1996, Washington Post, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1011.htm">CIA's chief wants longer drug probe</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/SF3Ql">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 11-13, 1996, Netizen, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990116235120/http://www.netizen.com/netizen/96/41/katz4a.html">Mercury Rising: Media Rant</a>, by Jon Katz, <a href="https://archive.today/BWHip">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/wb7g">diigo</a>,<br />
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October 12, 1996, Washington Post, page A6, Internal Investigator Extends His Probe Of CIA-Contra Crack Cocaine Allegations, by Walter Pincus, <br />
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October 13, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145809/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1013.htm">'Dark Alliance' series takes on a life of its own; Analyzing criticism of 'Dark Alliance' series</a>, by Pete Carey, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/SQEEV">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 13, 1996, CNN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000118105647/http://www.cnn.com/US/9610/13/farrakhan/index.html">Nation of Islam investigates possible CIA crack connection; Farrakhan may sue government on behalf of addicts, victims</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Wy4VY">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 18, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032017/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/library/46.htm">Mercury News Executive Editor Jerry Ceppos' Letter to the Washington Post</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/FYPNJ">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 19, 1996, CNN, <a href="http://www.cnn.com/US/9610/19/us.briefs/cia.drug.html">House panel hears drug allegations against CIA</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/i217P">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 19, 1996, Congressional Inquiry Into Alleged Central Intelligence Agency Involvement In the South Central Los Angeles Crack Cocaine Drug Trade, <a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/pktstmny.htm">Testimony of Peter Kornbluh, Senior Analyst, National Security Archive</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/2Qwo1">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 19, 1996, The Consortium, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990116230712/http://burn.ucsd.edu/~archive/ats-l/1996.Oct/0031.html">Editor's Introduction: The Empire Strikes Back</a>, by Tom Burghardt, Antifa Info-Bulletin, <a href="https://archive.today/ML8VZ">Archived</a>, <br />
October 19, 1996, The Consortium, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990116230712/http://burn.ucsd.edu/~archive/ats-l/1996.Oct/0031.html">Lost History: Contra-Crack Story Assailed</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/ML8VZ">Archived</a>, <br />
October 19, 1996, The Consortium, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990116230712/http://burn.ucsd.edu/~archive/ats-l/1996.Oct/0031.html">Washington Times' Pro-Contra Beat Goes On</a>, by Sam Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/ML8VZ">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 20, 1996, Associated Press, <a href="https://archive.today/o/zB7Fd/https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145858/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1020b.htm">Report: Crack arrived in L.A. before Contra-linked shipments</a>; Newspaper disputes Mercury News allegations, <a href="https://archive.today/Y1FRE">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 20, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1023.htm">Cheers, jeers at 'crack' inquiry</a>; 500 attend forum probing alleged CIA connection, by Pamela Kramer, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/G8bo8">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 20, 1996, New York Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032017/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/postscript1021.htm">Pivotal Figures of Newspaper Series May Be Only Bit Players</a>, by Tim Golden, <a href="https://archive.today/TbTLJ">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 20, 1996, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961225234136/http:/www.latimes.com/HOME/NEWS/STATE/REPORTS/COCAINE/pt1main.htm">Part 1, Tracking the Genesis of the Crack Trade</a>, by Jesse Katz, Times Staff Writer, [<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1APrg0RxlGnP6RULkUydZe0_6rSVREkyi_IwVNr9s474/edit?usp=sharing">Text</a>]<br />
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October 21, 1996, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961225234154/http:/www.latimes.com/HOME/NEWS/STATE/REPORTS/COCAINE/pt2main.htm">Part 2; Examining Charges of CIA Role in Crack Sales</a>, by Doyle McManus and Robin Wright, Times Staff Writers, [<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1APrg0RxlGnP6RULkUydZe0_6rSVREkyi_IwVNr9s474/edit?usp=sharing">Text</a>]<br />
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October 21, 1996, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/cia-thin.html">Though Evidence Is Thin, Tale of C.I.A. and Drugs Has a Life of Its Own</a>, by Tim Golden, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/oyq3">diigo</a>, <br />
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October 22, 1996, Los Angeles Times,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961225234204/http:/www.latimes.com/HOME/NEWS/STATE/REPORTS/COCAINE/pt3main.htm"> Part 3; History Fuels Outrage Over Crack Allegations</a>, by John L. Mitchell and Sam Fulwood III, Times Staff Writers, [<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1APrg0RxlGnP6RULkUydZe0_6rSVREkyi_IwVNr9s474/edit?usp=sharing">Text</a>]<br />
October 22, 1996, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961225234204/http:/www.latimes.com/HOME/NEWS/STATE/REPORTS/COCAINE/pt3side.htm">Cyberspace Contributes to Volatility of Allegations</a>, by Eleanor Randolph and John M. Broder, Times Staff Writers, [<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1APrg0RxlGnP6RULkUydZe0_6rSVREkyi_IwVNr9s474/edit?usp=sharing">Text</a>]<br />
October 22, 1996, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961225234204/http:/www.latimes.com/HOME/NEWS/STATE/REPORTS/COCAINE/pt3case.htm">A Case for Suspicion</a>, [<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1APrg0RxlGnP6RULkUydZe0_6rSVREkyi_IwVNr9s474/edit?usp=sharing">Text</a>]<br />
October 22, 1996, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961225234204/http:/www.latimes.com/HOME/NEWS/STATE/REPORTS/COCAINE/pt3chart.htm">Decade of Destruction</a>, [<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1APrg0RxlGnP6RULkUydZe0_6rSVREkyi_IwVNr9s474/edit?usp=sharing">Text</a>]<br />
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October 23, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://archive.today/o/blWN0/https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145809/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postarchiv.htm">Previously published postscript stories</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/on2FK">Archived</a>,<br />
October 23, 1996, Scripps-McClatchy Western Service, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145726/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1023.htm">Commentary: Former Senate counsel testifies at hearing</a>, by Jack Blum, <a href="https://archive.today/AVKha">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 23, 1996, CNN, <a href="http://cnn.com/US/9610/23/cia.crack/index.html">CIA disavows crack connection; many skeptical</a>, From Reporter Kathleen Koch, <a href="https://archive.today/XKA1Y">Archived</a>,<br />
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October, 23, 1996, Statement of Michael R. Bromwich, Inspector General Department of Justice,, Before the Senate Select Committee On Intelligence, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/bromwich.htm">Concerning Investigation Of Alleged Connections Between the CIA, The Nicaraguan</a> <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/bromwich.htm">Contras and Cocaine Trafficking In the 1980's</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Fy74s">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 23, 1996, PIR.org, <a href="http://www.namebase.org/ppost04.html">CIA, Crack, and Not-So-Crack Journalism</a>, by Daniel Brandt, <a href="https://archive.today/6F0ys">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 24, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript1024.htm">Capitol Hill probes of alleged CIA-crack link begin</a>, by Thomas Farragher, Mercury News Washington Bureau, <a href="https://archive.today/zB7Fd">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 24, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032017/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/library/44.htm">Washington Post response</a> to Mercury News Executive Editor Jerry Ceppos, <a href="https://archive.today/JfiDr">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 24, 1996, The Big Sky Patriot, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980111133015/http://www.imt.net/~mtpatriot/tatum01.htm">The President, Cocaine, and the CIA</a>; A Matter of Irrelevance by Chip Tatum, Codename: Pegasus U.S., <a href="https://archive.today/qF9J8">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/jmew">diigo</a>,<br />
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October 24, 1996, Washington Post, page A18, Ex-Prober: CIA Ignored Drug Issue, by Walter Pincus, <br />
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October 24, 1996, Associated Press - New York Times, page A17, C.I.A. Official Sees No Evidence of Crack Role,<br />
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October 24, 1996, Sirius.com, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020602173624/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961024.oconnell.html">An Exercise in Obfuscation</a>: Brief post discussing what's missing from the media coverage, <a href="https://archive.today/SgAHD">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 25, 1996, Washington Post, page A16, Lawmaker Using CIA Controversy to Marshall Forces, by Kevin Merida, <br />
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October 25, 1996, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032017/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/library/45.htm">Mercury News Executive Editor Jerry Ceppos' Letter to the Los Angeles Times</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/WCBSa">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 26, 1996, Associated Press, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript.htm">Lawyers group calls for independent probe</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/blWN0">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 27, 1996, Scripps-McClatchy Western Service, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1023.htm">Commentary: Jack Blum testifies at Senate investigation</a>, by Jack Blum, <a href="https://archive.today/WKGEi">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 27, 1996, Progressive Review, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020219073634/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961012.pr.html">Spooks Spooked</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/wG0TB">Archived</a>, <br />
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October, 28, 1996, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack2.html">The Washington Post rushes to the CIA's defense</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/xh30O">Archived</a>,<br />
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October 28, 1996, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack3.html">Washington Times' Pro-Contra Beat Goes On</a>, by Sam Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/Gxxjq">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 31, 1996, Associated Press, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1031.htm">Ex-Contras say CIA cleared planes, cash from narcotics suspect; Report raises more questions about CIA and Contras</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/uh6hd">Archived</a>, <br />
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October 31, 1996, New Times Los Angeles, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145357/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1031.htm">A barracuda tries to eat the messenger</a>, by Rick Barrs, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/8aho">diigo</a>,<br />
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November 1996, Free Press, American Journalism Review, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010418120527/http://ajr.newslink.org/ajrcocaine.html">A Furor Over the CIA and Drugs</a>, by Kelly Heyboer, <a href="https://archive.today/vvR5h">Archived</a>, <br />
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November 1, 1996, LA Weekly, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105182610/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961101.weekly.html">The Times Cracks Back</a>, by Charles Rappleye, <a href="https://archive.today/tbbuN">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 1, 1996, LA Weekly, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404221730/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961101.wkly2.html">The Inside Story: L.A. Times Staff Is Divided Over Paper's Reaction To Explosive Story</a>, by Howard Blume, <a href="https://archive.today/3Y3Xq">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 3, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032304/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1103.htm">Perspective: In the eye of the storm; Series prompts journalism debate</a>, by Jerry Ceppos, Mercury News Executive Editor, <a href="https://archive.today/enCw3">Archived</a>, <br />
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November 5, 1996, New York Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032017/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1104.htm">Editorial: The CIA and drugs</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/AjheI">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 6, 1996, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1105.htm">CIA says it finds no link to Nicaragua cocaine ring in its records</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/4O08A">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 6, 1996, Washington Post, page A14, No Links to Drug Dealers Turn Up in CIA Records, by Walter Pincus, <br />
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November 6, 1996, The Big Sky Patriot, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980111114822/http://www.imt.net/~mtpatriot/tatum02.htm">LA Times "Spins" CIA Drug Involvement</a>, by Gene "Chip" Tatum, <a href="https://archive.today/da5xj">Archived</a>, <br />
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November 9, 1996, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145649/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1105.htm">CIA says it finds no link to Nicaragua cocaine ring in its records</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/4O08A">Archived</a>, <br />
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November 9, 1996, Associated Press, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1109.htm">CIA chief to discuss drug stories in L.A.</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/SaBcD">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 11, 1996, Newsweek, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145357/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1111.htm">Cracks in the story</a>, by Richard Turner. <a href="https://archive.today/S8ETK">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 11, 1996, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack4.html">Contra-Crack: The Kerry-Weld Cocaine War</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/tRlUn">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 13, 1996, The Boston Globe, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145357/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1113.htm">The payoff in CIA-crack controversy</a>, by Mark Jurkowitz, <a href="https://archive.today/I0LRa">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 13, 1996, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145357/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/index.htm#controversy">Other stories on the controversy</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/xOskN">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 15, 1996, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/ciachall.htm">CIA's Challenge in South Central</a>, by Peter Kornbluh, <a href="https://archive.today/8u2kt">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 16, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1115.htm">CIA chief braves South-Central's anger</a>, by Pamela Kramer, Mercury News Los Angeles Bureau, <a href="https://archive.today/1INzB">Archived</a>,<br />
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November 16, 1996, Executive Intelligence Review, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010808183737/http://www.wethepeople.la/bush2.htm">The Bush Machine And The Drug Cartel</a>, Speech By Jeffrey Steinberg, Counterintelligence Editor, Executive Intelligence Review, <a href="https://archive.today/0JpaI">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
November 16, 1996, Los Angeles Times, page A1, CIA Head Speaks in L.A. to Counter Crack Claims, by John L. Mitchell and Nora Zamichow,<br />
<br />
November 16, 1996, Washington Post, page A6, CIA Chief Faces Angry Crowd at Los Angeles Meeting on Drug Allegations, by William Claiborne, <br />
<br />
November 17, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1116.htm">War on crack cocaine must start from within, speakers say at San Jose rally</a>, by Mike Cassidy, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/Me7FV">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
November 18, 1996, The Baltimore Sun, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145455/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1118.htm">Commentary: Documents show U.S. condoned drug smuggling in Contra operations</a>, by Peter Kornbluh, Special to The Baltimore Sun, <a href="https://archive.today/Q6wgH">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/7pd2">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
November 18, 1996, KQED-FM, Perspective, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032017/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1118kqed.htm">Perspective on the Media</a>, by Reese Erlich, Special to Mercury Center, <a href="https://archive.today/svyNP">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
November 18, 1996, The Nation, Editorial, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000303112408/http://www.thenation.com/issue/961118/1118corn.htm">Crack Reporting</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/AAFBi">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
November 19, 1996, The Guardian, page T4, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020219074357/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961119.guard.html">Inside Story; Dirty Hands and Fingers of Guilt</a>, by Christopher Reed, 3,227 words, <a href="https://archive.today/1btzl">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
November 20, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1119.htm">Legendary drug dealer gets life; 'Freeway' Rick in center of debate on CIA</a>, by Gary Webb and Pamela Kramer, Mercury News Staff Writers, <a href="https://archive.today/Ruccu">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
November 20, 1996, New York Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1119nyt.htm">Less disparity urged in cocaine sentencing</a>, by Christopher S. Wren, <a href="https://archive.today/zhYFC">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
November 21, 1996, Washington Post, page A18, Dealer Alleging CIA Drug Link Gets Life Term, by Amanda Covarrubias, <br />
<br />
November 21, 1996, Chicago Tribune, page 10, Crack dealer who alleged CIA involvement gets life term,<br />
<br />
November 21, 1996, Tuscan Weekly, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111171547/http://www.desert.net/tw/11-21-96/cover.htm">Snowblind: The First of Two Parts On How The Contras Corrupted the U.S. Government</a>, by Richard Bernstein and Robert Knight, <a href="https://archive.today/8sla6">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
November 22, 1996, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705045019/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/venezuela03.html">Wall Street Journal</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030813122957/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/venezuela03.html">Editorial</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/kp6v">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
November 22, 1996, LA Weekly, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020602175638/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961122.weekly.html">The Specter of the Spook; Who Is Ron LIster and Whatever Happened To His Much-Maligned Testimony?</a>, by Nick Schou, <a href="https://archive.today/IOGXI">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
November 23, 1996, The Dallas Morning News, page 20A, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508151823/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/venezuela04.html">CIA drug program chief indicted; Cocaine ended up on U.S. streets, officials say</a>, NY Times News Service, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/v2ma">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
November 24, 1996, St. Petersburg Times, South Pinellas Edition, page 5A, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031220044111/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/venezuela05.html">U.S. reportedly indicts Venezuelan general</a>, Compiled from Times Wires, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/n3ut">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
November 25, 1996, [1st web capture] Surfaces, Vol. 4, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961125225034/http://elias.ens.fr/Surfaces/vol4/schaber.html">Close Encounters With the Folks; Book Review, by Bennet Schaber, I Heard It Through The Grapevine</a>, by Patricia A. Turner, (University of California Press, 1993) <a href="https://archive.today/Jg5Qm">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
November 26, 1996, Feed Magazine, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970225050507/http://www.feedmag.com/96.11beato/96.11beato.html">Beta Journalism; G. Beato on the Web's "dark alliance" with tabloid TV</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/OwvUM">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
November 26, 1996, The Dallas Morning News, page 6A, <a href="http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/venezuela02.html">Venezuelan general who led CIA program indicted Drugs in anti-dealer scheme ended up on streets</a>, [New York Times News Service] 478 words, <a href="https://archive.today/nxV7u">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/0eto">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
November 27, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145438/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1126.htm">Ex-Contras: We saw no CIA link to drugs</a>, by Gary Webb and Thomas Farragher, Mercury News Washington Bureau, <a href="https://archive.today/byi5G">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
November 28, 1996, Tuscan Weekly, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111171751/http://www.desert.net/tw/11-28-96/cover.htm">Anatomy of a Coverup: The Second Of Two Parts On The U.S. Intelligence Community's Drug-Dealing Treason</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/ZYzhV">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
November 30, 1996, Dallas Morning News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032248/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1130.htm">Claims linking Contras, drugs, El Salvador revived</a>, by David LaGesse and George Rodrigue, <a href="https://archive.today/jCDzY">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
December 5, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032248/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/archive.htm">Update archives</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/ebyjA">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 5, 1996, CovertAction Quarterly, <a href="http://www.skepticfiles.org/cia-drug/caq59.htm">Cracking the CIA-Contra Drug Connection</a>, by Clarence Lusane, <a href="https://archive.today/yvnjJ">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
December 7, 1996, National Black Caucus of State Legislators, Support for an Investigation of the Role of U.S. Government Agencies Regarding the Flow of Drugs into the United States, <br />
<br />
December 9, 1996, AP - San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032248/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/controversy/controversy1209.htm">MN series draws black community to the Web</a>, by Elizabeth Weise, <a href="https://archive.today/I7ubH">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 9, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032248/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/index.htm#controversy">Following the controversy</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/x6v3g">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 10, 1996, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, page 7B,<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020219072838/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961210.stl.html">Commentary; White Media Discount CIA Failure</a>, by Dick Gregory (Baltimore Sun) <a href="https://archive.today/HtvJp">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 11, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032026/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1210.htm">Results released from L.A. sheriff's investigation</a>, by Pamela Kramer and Pete Carey, Mercury News Staff Writers, <a href="https://archive.today/xPSf2">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 12, 1996, The Independent, page 12, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020602182432/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961212.ind.html">CIA 'was embroiled' in Contra drug fund</a>, by Christopher Bellamy, <a href="https://archive.today/lSlzc">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 15, 1996, The Boston Globe, City Edition, page A1, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020602183412/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961215.bg.html">True or false, rumors spread; Amid history of distrust, some in black community often don't need to hear proof</a>, by Wil Haygood, Globe Staff, 2,957 words, <a href="https://archive.today/1kzfd">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 18, 1996, FAIR (Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting) For Immediate Release; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020219070502/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961218.fair.html">New Report Blasts Media Coverage Of Contra-Crack Story</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/1GtHU">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 17, 1996, Capital Times, Editorial, Page 10A, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020421033533/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961217.ct.html">Outside U.S., CIA-Drug Link Is Big News</a>, by John Nichols, <a href="https://archive.today/WpDIf">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
December 20, 1996, The Washington Times, Final Edition, page A22, Commentary, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020219071058/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961220.aim.html">Wake up, Associated Press! The CIA did not introduce crack into L.A.</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/hguEr">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 20, 1996, LA Weekly, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020602184900/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961220.shou.html">New Dope on the CIA-Crack Connection: Mystery Man Lister Had Ties To U.S. Intelligence, As Did His Partners</a>, by Nick Schou, <a href="https://archive.today/MdDA3">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
December 22, 1996, Chattanooga Free Press, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020219072643/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961222.cnp.html">Paper Caught In Journalistic Hoax; CIA Drug-Link Stories Botched</a>, by Reed J. Irvine, <a href="https://archive.today/pWhhr">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 23, 1996, The Tampa Tribune, page 8, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020219072854/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961223.tt.html">Fantasy and fact in drug problem</a>, 425 words, <a href="https://archive.today/YDM47">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
December 23, 1996, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack5.html">Contra-Crack: CIA, Drugs & National Press</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/iPhEJ">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 24, 1996, The Palm Beach Post, Final Edition, page 7A, Letter, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021017151530/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961224.dumbass.html">Bogus CIA-Crack Story Gets Exposed</a>, by Dawn L. Coleman, <a href="https://archive.today/lBnXW">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
December 31, 1996, San Jose Mercury News, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032218/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1231.htm">U.S. gave visa to Nicaraguan drug trafficker</a>, by Gary Webb, Mercury News Staff Writer, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/vwsk">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
1997, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020225184549/http://www.wethepeople.la/montal1.htm">Investigative Report: Politics and Covert Operation Policy In the Drug War</a>, by Michael L. Montalvo, A Drug War POW, <a href="https://archive.today/rsVwX">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
January/February 1997, American Journalism Review, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032017/http://www.newslink.org/ajrciacrack.html">The Web That Gary Spun</a>, by Alicia C. Shepard, <a href="https://archive.today/S98iD">Part 1, Archived</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Vybon">Part 2, Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
January/February 1997, Columbia Journalism Review, <a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/storm.htm">Anatomy of a Story; Crack, the Contras, and the CIA, The Storm over "Dark Alliance"</a>, by Peter Kornbluh, <a href="https://archive.today/U4udL">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
January 1, 1997, F.A.I.R., <a href="http://fair.org/extra-online-articles/snow-job/">Snow Job; The establishment's papers do damage control for the CIA</a>, by Norman Solomon, <a href="https://archive.today/9mFLg">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
January 1, 1997, FAIR, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990222122740/http://www.fair.org/extra/9701/side1.html">Sidebar: That Delusional Mindset</a>, by Jim Naureckas, <a href="https://archive.today/f2xJs">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
January 6, 1997, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack6.html">Contra-Crack: Contra Crack Controversy Continues</a>, by Sam Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/fozyi">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
January 26, 1997, St. Petersburg Times, South Pinellas Edition, page 1A, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040815085504/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/venezuela06.html">Anti-drug mission turns sour</a>, by David Adams, 1,085 words, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/2gc6">diigo</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/S3yFd">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
January 29, 1997, The Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA) page E1, <a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/970129.va.html">Coverage of Events Casts Shadow of Journalistic Ethics</a>, by Larry Maddry, <a href="https://archive.today/H3xWS">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
February 3, 1997, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack7.html">Contra-Crack: Investigators vs. Brickwall</a>, by Sam Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/qgoxd">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
February 3, 1997 [1st web capture] Electric News, Commentary, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970203164825/http://www.enewsmag.com/ciamajor.htm">CIA - Major Media - under attack!</a>, by Ken Collins, <a href="https://archive.today/BPIDu">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
February 5, 1997 [1st web capture] Final Call, The Voice of the Nation of Islam, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970209004409/http://www.noi.org/finalcall//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////features/exposed.html">The CIA Drug </a><br />
<br />
February 5, 1997, FCN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970209004409/http://www.noi.org/finalcall//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////features/exposed.html">Pipeline: How the US Government Spread Crack Cocaine in the Black Ghettos</a>.<br />
<br />
February 5, 1997, FCN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970209003527/http://www.noi.org/finalcall/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////features/cia-dope.html">Secret ties between CIA, drugs revealed; For nearly a decade the CIA, helped spread crack cocaine in Black ghettos</a>, by Rosalind Muhammad, West Coast Bureau Chief, <a href="https://archive.today/J5rZm">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
February 5, 1997, FCN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970209004409/http://www.noi.org/finalcall//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////features/cia-pawn.html">A pawn in the CIA drug game</a>, by Rosalind Muhammad, West Coast Bureau Chief, <a href="https://archive.today/x0II1">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
February 5, 1997, FCN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970209004409/http://www.noi.org/finalcall//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////features/cia-probe.html">Lawmakers demand CIA drug probe</a>, by Rosalind Muhammad, <a href="https://archive.today/uz0CA">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
February 5, 1997, FCN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970209004409/http://www.noi.org/finalcall//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////features/bush-cia.html">Bush oversaw covert CIA operations?</a>, by Rosalind Muhammad, <a href="https://archive.today/xpgAj">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
September 24 1996, FCN, Vol 15 No 35, Editorial, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970209004409/http://www.noi.org/finalcall//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////features/edt924.html">Where is Mr. Clinton?</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/k1OfC">Archive</a>, <br />
<br />
February 5, 1997 [1st web capture] FCN, Vol 15 No 32, Editorial, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970209004409/http://www.noi.org/finalcall//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////features/cia-dope2.html">The CIA drug lords</a>,<br />
<br />
February 5, 1997 [1st web capture] FCN, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970209004409/http://www.noi.org/finalcall//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////features/betrayal.html">Betrayal of the Highest Order; U.S. Government Financing of Inner City Drug/Gang Wars</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/VPGIf">Archived</a>,<br />
February 6, 1997, The Union Leader (Manchester, NH) Editorial, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020602174409/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/970206.oj.html">A Kind of Justice</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/7NAGL">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
February 16, 1997, cia-drugs list, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020219072942/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/970216.blum.html">Some observations about Blum's testimony</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Oi6Zx">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
February 18, 1997, The Washington Post, Final Edition, page 5, Post's Coverage Of Contra Cocaine Allegations Attacked, 265 words, <a href="https://archive.today/JBoS2">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/xk4j">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
March 3, 1997 [1st web capture] Phoenix New Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970303112037/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/extra/crack/crackstewart.html">Just Another Big Embarrassment Under Shelby</a>; Getting beaten on big stories is nothing new for the L.A. Times, but Shelby Coffey's paper was not alone in ignoring a major crack-cocaine exposé, by Jill Stewart, <a href="https://archive.today/OR4PC">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
March 3, 1997, Phoenix New Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970303105633/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/extra/crack/index.html">The Real Story About How the Use of Crack Cocaine Exploded in South-Central L.A.</a>, by Rick Barrs, New Times Los Angeles Editor, <a href="https://archive.today/jGWPl">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
March 3, 1997, Phoenix New Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970303105633/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/extra/crack/crackcooper.html">Conspiracy Theories Aside: Guilt for South Central's crack epidemic goes way beyond CIA and Contra thugs</a>, by Marc Cooper, <a href="https://archive.today/m5TsG">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
March 3, 1997, Phoenix New Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970303105633/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/extra/crack/crackaubrey.html">The Black Plague</a>: Crack has ravaged countless lives in South-Central L.A.--but what can be done now to remedy the problem?, by Erin J. Aubrey, <a href="https://archive.today/ZY5WH">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
March 17, 1997, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/story23.html">CIA & Cocaine: Agency Assets Cross the Line</a>, by Jerry Meldon, <a href="https://archive.today/Xcl1q">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
April 16, 1997, U.S. Special Operations Command, <a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB63/doc2.pdf">10th Anniversary History</a>, pdf, 63 pages,<br />
<br />
May 9, 1997, Chicago Tribune, <a href="http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/peru02.html">Peru President's Closest Adviser Linked to Torture, Murder, Drugs</a>, by Laurie Goering, <a href="https://archive.today/7WwZx">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 12, 1997, Associated Press - Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970512.lat.html">Editor Admits Deficiencies</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/QlmzS">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 13, 1997, Los Angeles Times, page B1, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970513.lat.html">CIA Continues Probe</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/LJvE7">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 13, 1997, Newsday, page A8, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970513.nd.html">Paper Admits to Flaws</a>, by Rita Ciolli, <a href="https://archive.today/Zh6N8">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 13, 1997, Washington Post, page A1, CIA series 'fell short,' editor says, by Howard Kurtz,<br />
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May 13, 1997, Sun-Sentinel - The Washington Post, <a href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-05-13/news/9705120433_1_webb-s-series-gary-webb-top-cia-officials">Editor Admits Problems With Series On CIA, Drug Link</a>, by Howard Kurtz, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/vudb">diigo</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/sReFX">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 13, 1997, New York Times, page A1, Expose on Crack was flawed, paper says, by Todd Purdum,<br />
<br />
May 14, 1997, Boston Herald, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970514.bh.html">Editor's Apology Clouds Truth</a>, by Leonard Greene, <a href="https://archive.today/fq7kz">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
May 14, 1997, Boston Herald, Editorial, page 26, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970514.bhcour.html">Courage at the Merc</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/GOVF0">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 14, 1997, International Herald Tribune, Editorial, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970514.iht.html">Editor Criticizes Series</a>, by Howard Kurtz, <a href="https://archive.today/GGrSn">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 14, 1997, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970514.lat.html">Waters Wants Probe to Continue</a>, by Sam Fulwood III, <a href="https://archive.today/6KY9I">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 14, 1997, Chicago Tribune, Editorial, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970514.ct.html">A Newspaper Says 'Mea Culpa'</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/GOVF0">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 14, 1997, Memphis Commercial Appeal, Editorial, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970514.ca.html">A Destructive Newspaper Series</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/zuw73">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
May 15, 1997, New York Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970515.nyt.html">Accusations Renewed</a>, by Steven A. Holmes, <a href="https://archive.today/ELm7I">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 15, 1997, St. Petersburg Times Editorial, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970515.spt.html">An Editor Comes Clean</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/crgyg">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 15, 1997, Rocky Mountain News, Editorial, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970515.rmn.html">An Editor's Timely Retreat</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/hlQxn">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
May 18, 1997, Los Angeles Times, Opinion; Part M; Page 4; Letters, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970518.lat.html">Crack and Cocaine in LA</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/iTfmf">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
May 18, 1997, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970518.mjs.html">Belief May Persist</a>, by Joseph R. Daughen, <a href="https://archive.today/E36b4">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
May 22, 1997, LA/OC Weekly!, <a href="https://archive.today/o/M84iq/https://web.archive.org/web/20020421033557/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970522.law.html">Tracks in the Snow</a>, by Nick Schou, <a href="https://archive.today/Ncjap">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
May 23, 1997, The Christian Science Monitor, <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/1997/0523/052397.opin.column.1.html">When Controversy Roils One Paper, How Others React</a>, by Daniel Schorr, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/t0yr">diigo</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/CS9Xm">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
June 1997, Crack the CIA! Coalition; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://www.radio4all.org/crackcia/sjmn.html">What the Webb Corrections Mean</a>, <br />
<br />
June 2, 1997, The Nation, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://www.thenation.com/issue/970602/0602edt1.htm">C.I.A., Crack, the Media</a>, <a href="http://archive.today/qBSuN">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
June 2, 1997, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack8.html">CIA, Contras & Cocaine: Big Media Rejoices</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/idPv1">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
June 6, 1997, The Arkansas Times, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/spooks-with-erasers.htm">Spooks with erasers</a>, by Mara Leveritt, <a href="https://archive.today/tprWG">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
June 30, 1997, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack9.html">Hung Out to Dry: 'Dark Alliance' Series Dies</a>, by Georg Hodel, <a href="https://archive.today/upg6T">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
August 1997, Chicago Media Watch Newsletter, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010926205427/http://www.wethepeople.la/webb2.htm">The Chicago Media Watch Interview, Gary Webb Speaks Out</a>, Conducted by David Peterson, <a href="https://archive.today/ba5E2">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
August 1997, The Progressive, <a href="http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v97.n243.a01.html">Drugs, CIA, Media</a>, by Jerry Sutliff, <a href="https://archive.today/Z5xWQ">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
August 18, 1997, The Washington Weekly, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021004051314/http://www.wethepeople.la/seal2.htm">CIA Linked To Seal's Assassination; George Bush's Personal Phone Number Found in Seals' Trunk</a>, by Daniel Hopsicker, <a href="https://archive.today/7FMe1">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
August 18, 1997, The Washington Weekly, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010613223850/http://www.wethepeople.la/dalton1.gif">George Bush's Phone Number Found in Drug Smuggler's Trunk - Affidavit of Sam Dalton</a>, <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7oYMd7OOP_LLUZmeFg5OXdDQW8/edit?usp=drivesdk">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
November 5, 1997, Orange County Weekly, <a href="https://archive.today/o/M84iq/https://web.archive.org/web/20020421033557/http://www.ocweekly.com/ink/archives/97/lede-11.5.97-1.shtml">Secret Agent Men; What's with the relationship between U.S. spy organizations and OC-based companies?</a>, by Nick Schou, <a href="https://archive.today/CBrMK">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/pnmi">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
December 1997, USDOJ/OIG Special Report, <a href="http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/9712/">The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigation and Prosecutions</a>, pp. Chapter X., <br />
<br />
December 14, 1997, Associated Press - Los Angeles Times, CIA-Crack Series Reporter Quits Newspaper,<br />
<br />
December 19, 1997, Los Angeles Times (Washington Edition), page A6, Delays Hamper Credibility of Drug Probes, Waters Says, by John L. Mitchell, <br />
<br />
December 19, 1997, Los Angeles Times, page A5, CIA Clears Itself of Involvement with Crack Cocaine, by John Diamond,<br />
<br />
December 19, 1997, New York Times, page A23, C.I.A. Says It Has Found No Link Between Itself and Crack Trade, by Tim Weiner, <br />
<br />
December 19, 1997, Washington Post, page A2, Inspectors General Find No Ties Between CIA, L.A. Drug Dealers, by Walter Pincus, <br />
<br />
January 5, 1998, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack10.html">Contra-Crack Guide: Reading Between the Lines</a>, by Jerry Meldon, <a href="https://archive.today/k1j0E">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
January 13, 1998 [1st web capture] Rachel's Weekly, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980113022033/http://www.infoasis.com/people/stevetwt/CIA/secret_war.html">America's Secret War</a>, by Peter Montague, <a href="https://archive.today/0HqQS">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
January 24, 1998, Washington Post, page A13, Reno Orders IG to Withhold Report on CIA-Crack Probe, by Walter Pincus,<br />
<br />
January 24, 1998, Associated Press - Minneapolis Star Tribune, page A5, Reno's orders: File on crack, CIA probe will not be released to the public, <br />
<br />
January 29, 1998, Office of Inspector General, Investigations Staff, Report of Investigation, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040207122628/http://www.odci.gov/cia/reports/cocaine/report/">Allegations of Connections Between CIA and The Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG) Volume I: The California Story</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/aH7jX">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
January 29, 1998, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040210083340/http://www.odci.gov/cia/reports/cocaine/report/findings1.html#1">Findings: Volume I: The California Story, Was CIA involved in the California-based drug trafficking of Ricky Donnell Ross, Danilo Blandon or Juan Norwin Meneses Cantarero? Did CIA have any relationship or dealings with Ross, Blandon or Meneses?</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/UTWSP">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
January 29, 1998, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040210083612/http://www.odci.gov/cia/reports/cocaine/report/findings2.html#6">Findings: Northern California Story: Did any of the individuals who were arrested in "The Frogman Case" have any relationship with CIA? Were the drug trafficking activities of any of those individuals linked to the Contras?</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/hxL3J">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
January 30, 1998, New York Times, page A11, C.I.A. Report Concludes Agency Knew Nothing of Drug Dealers' Ties to Rebels, by Tim Weiner, <br />
<br />
January 30, 1998, Philadelphia Inquirer, page A14, Report finds no CIA link to cocaine, by John Diamond,<br />
<br />
January 30, 1998, Houston Chronicle, page 9A, CIA clears itself,<br />
<br />
February 12, 1998 [1st web capture] Parascope, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000502171543/http://www.parascope.com/articles/1196/media.htm">Media Reacts to Contra/Cocaine Allegations</a>, by Ashley Overbeck, <a href="https://archive.today/ZYPCj">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
February 16, 1998, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack11.html">Contra Cocaine: Bad to Worse</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/puG7M">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
March-April 1998, IF Magazine, page 11, CIA Admits Contra-Cocaine Cover-ups, by Robert Parry,<br />
<br />
March 1, 1998, F.A.I.R., <a href="http://fair.org/extra-online-articles/are-you-sure-you-want-to-ruin-your-career/">Extra! 'Are You Sure You Want to Ruin Your Career?'; Gary Webb's fate a warning to gutsy reporters</a>, by Barbara Bliss Osborn, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/n9rb">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
March 16, 1998, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020116001915/http://www.wethepeople.la/waters2.htm">Testimony of Rep. Maxine Waters Before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence</a>, On the CIA OIG Report of Investigation Allegations of Connections Between CIA and Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the US" "Volume I: The California Story", <a href="https://archive.today/us9AW">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
March 16, 1998, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980614150300/http://www.odci.gov/cia/public_affairs/press_release/ps031698.html">Statement of Frederick P. Hitz, Regarding investigation of allegations of connections between CIA and The Contras in drug trafficking to the United States Volume I: The California Story</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/4gvNE">Archived</a>, <br />
November 15, 1996, Arkansas Times, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/artcia.htm">The CIA's Shadow in Arkansas</a>, by Mara Leveritt, <a href="https://archive.today/A3Zue">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
March 16, 1998, Federal News Service, <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/CIA_Inspector_General_Frederick_P._Hitz">Prepared Statement of Frederick P. Hitz inspector General</a>, Central Intelligence Agency, Before The House Committee On Intelligence; Subject - Investigation Of Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras In Drug Trafficking to the United States, <br />
<br />
March 17, 1998, The Washington Post, page A12, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000311095708/http://anomalous-images.com/news/news181.html">Inspector: CIA Kept Ties With Alleged Traffickers</a>, by Walter Pincus, Washington Post Staff Writer, <a href="https://archive.today/5STdM">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/6e0j">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
March 17, 1998, Orange County Register, page 9, CIA Official Defends Paper's Allegations, <br />
<br />
March 24, 1998, The Expert Witness Radio Show, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010901180116/http://www.wethepeople.la/levine1.htm">CIA Admits To Deal With Justice Department To Obstruct Justice</a>, by Michael Levine & Laura Kavanau-Levine, <a href="https://archive.today/cT9FS">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
April 27, 1998, From the Wilderness, <a href="http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ciadrugs/contra1.html">Written Statement of Celerino Castillo III (D.E.A., Retired) to the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence</a>,<br />
<br />
March 1, 1998, F.A.I.R., <a href="http://fair.org/extra-online-articles/are-you-sure-you-want-to-ruin-your-career/">Extra! 'Are You Sure You Want to Ruin Your Career?'; Gary Webb's fate a warning to gutsy reporters</a>, by Barbara Bliss Osborn, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/n9rb">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
May 7, 1998, Congressional Record, [Page: H2970] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020119104751/http://www.wethepeople.la/waters3.htm">"1995 memorandum of understanding"</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/6tWkZ">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
May 17, 1998, In These Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020219070812/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/980517.honey.html">Don't Ask Don't Tell</a>, by Martha Honey, <a href="https://archive.today/bIvWB">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
June 2, 1998, Washington Post Foreign Service, page A1, <a href="http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/drugs/">Mexican Heroin on Rise in U.S.</a>, by Molly Moore and Douglas Farah, <a href="https://archive.today/H4e2A">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
June 3, 1998, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack12.html">Contra-Coke: Evidence of Premeditation</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/4kJPy">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
June 12, 1998, Orange County Weekly, <a href="https://archive.today/o/M84iq/https://web.archive.org/web/20020421033557/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/980612.shou.html">Rage Against the Webb</a>, by Nick Shou, <a href="https://archive.today/oPpYF">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
June 14, 1998, Baltimore Sun, 'Dark Alliance' reinforces Gary Webb's crack expose, by Steve Weinberg, <br />
<br />
June 16, 1998, New York Daily News, <a href="https://archive.today/o/M84iq/https://web.archive.org/web/20020421033557/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/980616.webb.html">Crack-Contra Story Won't Die</a>, by Juan Gonzalez, <a href="https://archive.today/i5BDV">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
June 16, 1998, Mother Jones, <a href="http://www.motherjones.com/politics/1998/06/history-101-cia-drugs">History 101: The CIA & Drugs; The CIA has a long and sordid history with drug traffickers. And it's all in the Congressional Record</a>, by Eric Umansky, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/6bir">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
June 21, 1998, L.A. Times, <a href="https://archive.today/o/M84iq/https://web.archive.org/web/20020421033557/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/980621.cockburn.html">South Africa's Dirty Secrets Have Echoes</a>, by Alexander Cockburn, <br />
<br />
July 9, 1998, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/1990s/consort9.html">Reality Bites Back: Contra-Coke Proof</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/ugNjg">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
July 9, 1998, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/1990s/consort8.html">Two New Contra-Coke Books</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Kdrx1">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
July 23 - 30, 1998, The Boston Phoenix, <a href="http://bostonphoenix.com/archive/features/98/07/23/DON_T_QUOTE_ME.html">Truth and consequences; The current outcry over sleazy media ethics makes it all too easy to discredit investigative reporting, Don't Quote Me</a> by Dan Kennedy, <a href="https://archive.today/QRI92">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
August 2, 1998, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/1990s/consor15.html">John Hull's Great Escape</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/ZPBfk">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
August 20, 1998, AltWeeklies.com, <a href="http://www.altweeklies.com/aan/gary-webbs-dark-alliance-ignored-by-dailies/Article?oid=889">Gary Webb's "Dark Alliance" Ignored by Dailies; Alternatives Sole Source For Continued Investigation of the CIA/Contra/Crack Connection</a>, by Cory Zurowski, <a href="https://archive.today/zFc96">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
September 13, 1998, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980524091105/http://www.larouchepub.com/pubinfo.html#EIR">Executive Intelligence Review</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980524091105/http://www.larouchepub.com/bush_drug_ops.html">George Bush: Crack Kingpin of the 1980s</a>, by Jefferey Steinberg, <a href="https://archive.today/6vtdw">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
September 27, 1998, The New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/reviews/980927.27adamst.html">Moonlighting? Two books revisit charges that the C.I.A. condoned the sale of crack</a>, by James Adams,<br />
<br />
September 27, 1998, The New York Times, Whiteout The CIA, Drugs and the Press, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/c/cockburn-white.html">Chapter One: </a><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/c/cockburn-white.html">Webb's Big Story</a>,<br />
<br />
September 28, 1998, New York Times, <a href="https://archive.today/o/M84iq/https://web.archive.org/web/20020421033557/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/reviews/980927.27adamst.html">Moonlighting</a>, by <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" />James Adams, <a href="https://archive.today/crXDY">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
October 1, 1998, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/1990s/consor26.html">The NYT’s New Contra Lies</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/wLyJx">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
October 8, 1998, Central Intelligence Agency, <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/cocaine/contra-story/contents.html">Inspector General Report of Investigation Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States</a>, (96-0143-IG) Volume II: The Contra Story"<br />
<a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/cocaine/contra-story/contents.html">https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/cocaine/contra-story/contents.html</a><br />
<br />
October 15, 1998, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/1990s/consor30.html">The Contras’ Narco-Terrorists</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/dfIAI">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
October 27, 1998, WorldNetDaily, <a href="http://www.wnd.com/1998/10/6919/">CIA admits drug trafficking, cover-up</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/ieTTp">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 2, 1998 [1st web capture] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000521134710/http://www.parascope.com/ds/articles/ciaFOIAdoc.htm">FOIA Correspondence; The CIA Meets the American Public</a>, by Lee S. Strickland, Report from Studies in Intelligence,<br />
<br />
December 5, 1998 [1st web capture] Parascope, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000304073530/http://www.parascope.com/ds/documentslibrary/MKULTRAappendixA.htm">Covert Testing on Human Subjects By Military Intelligence Groups</a>; Excerpt from Appendix A of the Select Committee on Intelligence report on "Project MKULTRA, The CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification," issued in 1977. <a href="https://archive.today/7aRjV">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
December 7, 1998 [1st web capture] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981201091717/http://www.copvcia.com/Clinto~1.htm">Maxine Waters, Bill Clinton, CIA and Drugs - What to Do? Another Word For Speculation Is 'Thought"</a>, by Mike Ruppert, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/k04m">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
December 29, 1998, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/1990s/c122898b.html">L.A.'s Other Coke Pipeline</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/F0119">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
January 16, 1999 [1st web capture] Creators Syndicate, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990101000000*/http://www.igc.apc.org/csn/solomon.txt">Media's focus on CIA's cocaine links overdue</a>, by Norman Solomon, <a href="https://archive.today/QEkeN">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
January 16, 1999, Parascope, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504035659/http://www.parascope.com/mx/articles/garywebb/garyWebbSpeaks.htm">Transcript: Gary Webb Speaks on CIA Connections to Contra Drug Trafficking</a>, (and Related Topics) <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/vt4e">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
January 17, 1999, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990117021326/http://www.accessone.com/~rivero/POLITICS/ARTICLES/CHILDREN.html">The Threat to Our Children</a>, by Michael Rivero, <a href="https://archive.today/EmkKk">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
March 15, 1999 [Filed] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010615070932/http://www.wethepeople.la/lawsuit1.htm">Class Action Lawsuit Filed Against CIA/DOJ On Behalf Of Crack Cocaine Victims</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/oNdKf">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
April 21, 1999 [1st web capture] Defrauding America, <a href="http://www.defraudingamerica.com/index.html">40 Years of Recorded Corruption in Government Positions, Endemic Cover-Ups, and Great Tragedies</a>. <a href="https://archive.today/t2Fyu">Archived</a>,<br />
June 18, 1999, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/1999/061899a.html">Contra-Cocaine: Falling Between the 'Crack'</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/Omj7H">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
April 20, 1999 [1st web capture] Parascope, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000303143417/http://www.parascope.com/ds/documentslibrary/documents/mkultrahearing/index.htm">Project MK-Ultra, The CIA's Program of Research In Behavioral Modification, Index</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/wvsEV">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
December 14, 1999, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/1999/121499b.html">Hyde's Blind Eye: Contras & Cocaine</a>, by Dennis Bernstein & Leslie Kean, <a href="https://archive.today/TQAMq">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
March 2, 2000 [web capture] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000302123015/http://www.dcia.com/">De-Central Intelligence Agency</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Zb15F">Archived</a>,<br />
April 25, 2000, AlterNet, <a href="http://www.alternet.org/story/7136/solomon%3A_cia">Solomon: CIA's Cocaine Links</a>, by Norman Solomon, <a href="https://archive.today/SqVbP">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
April 30, 2000, From The Wilderness, Vol. III, No. 2, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000818024546/http://copvcia.com/demo_party_prez.htm">Democratic Party Prez. Drug Money Pipeline" Did this April FTW story, reprinted in Mexico cause Coelho to resign?</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/pMnyz">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
May 6, 2000, FAIR Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010922063330/http://www.fair.org/extra/0005/colombia.html">Colombia's Cocaine Shell Game; Media are leading the U.S. into a civil war in the name of the "war on drugs"</a>, by Peter Hart, <a href="https://archive.today/JlAAv">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
May 12, 2000, From The Wilderness, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001216183600/http://www.copvcia.com/house_closes.htm">House Sneaks Close-Out of CIA Drug Investigation</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/uGXxG">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
June 6, 2000, From The Wilderness, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815061211/http://www.copvcia.com/john_millis.htm">John Millis - Staff Director of House Intelligence Committee Commits Suicide In Virginia Motel</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/2mQYe">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
June 8, 2000, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/2000/060800a.html">CIA Admits Tolerating Contra-Cocaine Trafficking</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/83i4Q">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
July 1999, Alternative Insight, <a href="http://www.alternativeinsight.com/Foreign_Policy_Failures.html">Failures of U.S. Foreign Policy - 1946 to 2014</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/ov414">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
July 27, 2000, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000818024546/http://copvcia.com/ninth_circuit.htm">9th Circuit Backs Contra Leader Renato Pena Appeals Claim of CIA Drug Involvement</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/ba7oR">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
July 27, 2000, San Francisco Examiner, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815061157/http://www.copvcia.com/ninth_circuit.htm">Former contra wins review of U.S. drug ties</a>, by Bob Egelko, <a href="https://archive.today/ba7oR">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
October, 24, 2000, From The Wilderness, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010119102800/http://www.copvcia.com/bush-cheney-drugs.htm">Halliburton Corporation's Brown and Root is one of the major components of The Bush-Cheney Drug Empire</a>, by Michael C. Ruppert, <a href="https://archive.today/TtZd1">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
November 12, 2000, FAIR Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020913183143/http://www.fair.org/extra/0011/teen-drug.html">Raving Junk; Few outlets dissent from the latest teen-drug hysterias</a>, by Mike Males, <a href="https://archive.today/87oNu">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
February 27, 2001, The Guardian [London] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030220144734/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/0227-02.htm">Colombian Farmers Count Cost of Airborne Assault on Drug Fields</a>, by Martin Hodgson in La Concordia, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/nok4">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
April 29, 2001 [1st web capture] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010429075654/http://www.policestudies.eku.edu/POTTER/International/Snowblind.htm">Snowblind: The Major Media, the Contras and Crack</a>, by Gary W. Potter and Victor E. Kappeler, Professors, Criminal Justice and Police Studies, Eastern Kentucky University, <a href="https://archive.today/g3FRC">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
June 6, 2001, <a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB65/claimargument2b.pdf">Statement of Armis E. Hawkins</a>, PDF, 32 pages,<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
September 10, 2001, FAIR Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020913183143/http://www.fair.org/extra/0109/newcrack.html">The New Crack: Which will it be - pot or Ecstasy?</a>, By Jim Naureckas, <a href="https://archive.today/cZjLU">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
February 9, 2002 [1st web capture] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404221848/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961210.latdecom.html">The L.A. Times Deconstructed!</a>, by Mark Adkins, <a href="https://archive.today/2hpRP">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
June 21, 2002, WorldNetDaily, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030305052504/http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=28034">Uncle Sam bankrolls terrorism</a>, by Joel Miller, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/6wis">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
September 14, 2002, The Sacramento Bee, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030501183509/http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v02/n1722/a13.html?119">LAPD Links Ex-Deputiy Chief To Cocaine Ring</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/user/stevenwarran">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
October 3, 2002 [1st web capture] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070726045800/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/cia-golden-triangle.html">The Role of the CIA; The CIA and the Drug Industry</a>; An excerpt from: Drugs, the U.S., and Khun Sa, by Francis W. Belanger, <a href="https://archive.today/YBLhD">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
October 3, 2002 [1st web capture] <a href="http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/peru01.html">A Peruvian quagmire of drugs and death squads</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/N7XMm">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
October 3, 2002 [1st web capture] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703064042/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/peru03.html">Vladimiro Montesinos: The Betrayal of Peruvian Democracy; Fujimori's Svengali</a>, by Gustavo Gorriti, <a href="https://archive.today/j9J3v">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
October 3, 2002 [1st web capture] <a href="http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/peru04.html">Covert Briefs</a>, by Terry Allen, The Good Student, <a href="https://archive.today/EIfc1">Archived</a>, <br />
December 20, 2002 [1st web capture] High Times Magazine, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070726045517/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/guatemala_ht.html">Guatemalan Death-Squad Kingpin Linked to CIA, Drug Trade</a>, by John Veit, <a href="https://archive.today/uolqC">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
April 8, 2003, Narco News Bulletin, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030422001641/http://www.narconews.com/Issue29/article729.html">Doing the US's Dirty Work; The Colombian Paramilitaries and Israel</a>, by Jeremy Bigwood, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/9y8i">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
May 11, 2003, New York Times, F.Y.I., <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/nyregion/fyi-633992.html">The C.I.A.'s Bad Trip</a>, by Ed Boland Jr., <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/731s">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
September 5, 2003, The Arizona Republic, <a href="http://www.apfn.org/apfn/Brian_Quig.htm">Conspiracy theories a big part of man's life and death</a>, [Brian Downing Quig] by Dennis Wagner, <a href="https://archive.today/Yarsm">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
March 17, 2004, World Media, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/guatemala_gnp.html">Guatemala's Gross National Products: Coca-Dollars, Repression, and Disinformation</a>, by Frank Smyth, <a href="https://archive.today/l1hRY">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
November/December 2004, FAIR Extra!, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050601001951/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1977">Meet the Stenographers: Press shirks duty to scrutinize official claims</a>, by Steve Rendall, <a href="https://archive.today/vnx2B">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
December 5, 2004, New York Times Sunday Book Review, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/05/books/review/1205books-notable.html?pagewanted=all">100 Notable Books of the Year</a><br />
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin ... life for her first offense — selling cocaine to an undercover police officer.<br />
<br />
December 13, 2004, Reuters - New York Times, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6DC1F31F930A25751C1A9629C8B63">Gary Webb, 49, Wrote Disputed Articles - Obituary (Obit); Biography</a>,... crack cocaine in black neighborhoods and used the profits to finance the operations of the contras, the C.I.A.-supported guerrillas who were ...<br />
<br />
December 12, 2004, Los Angeles Times, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041214213322/http://www.latimes.com/news/custom/showcase/la-me-webb12dec12.story">Obituaries: Gary Webb, 49; Wrote Series Linking CIA, Drugs</a>, by Nita Lelyveld and Steve Hymon, Times Staff Writers, <a href="https://archive.today/SYs6F">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/752i">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
December 13, 2004, CommonDreams.org, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050525084435/http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1213-31.htm">R.I.P. Gary Webb -- Unembedded Reporter</a>, by Jeff Cohen, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/ndhx">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
December 17, 2004, CounterPunch, <a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2004/12/17/how-the-press-and-the-cia-killed-gary-webb-s-career/">How the Press and the CIA Killed Gary Webb's Career</a>, by Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, <a href="https://archive.today/3JViU">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 17, 2004, CounterSpin: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050810173702/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2026">Jeff Cohen on Gary Webb, Eileen Loh Harrist on Youngstown strike</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/aixBO">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
July 15, 2005, CounterSpin: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050810173702/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2576">Jim Naureckas on Rove-Wilson, Trudy Lieberman on Drug Industry</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/YXKhO">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
March 30, 2006, The Republican, <a href="http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post/show_single_post?pid=9563873&postcount=26">Puerto Rico files FBI lawsuits</a>, by Natalia Munoz, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/xytk">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
October 2, 2006, The Nation, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061111164430/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20061016/kornbluh">Test on Terrorism</a>, by Peter Kornbluh, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/3bm0">diigo</a>,</div>
<div>
<br />
November 2006, The Atlantic Monthly, <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/200611/cuba">Twilight of the Assassins</a>, by Ann Louise Bardach, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/93yx">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
August 19, 2007, Scoop News, <a href="http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0708/S00242.htm">The CIA, Narcotics & Underworld: Doug Valentine Interview</a>, by Suzan Mazur, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/b6ux">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
December 11, 2007, Consortium News, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/2007/121007.html">Gary Webb's Enduring Legacy (A Special Report)</a>, by Robert Parry, <a href="https://archive.today/sHYy9">Archived</a>,</div>
<div>
<br />
December 14, 2007, TruthNews, <a href="http://wwwthesixthestate.blogspot.com/2007/12/empty-rendition-airplane-is-terrible.html">An Empty CIA Rendition Airplane Is a Terrible Thing To Waste; Crashed Gitmo Torture Jet Did Double Duty as a Coke Mule</a>, by Kurt Nimmo, <a href="https://archive.today/jJ8dG">Archived</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/heky">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
January 25, 2010, <a href="http://deconstructingthemanifest.blogspot.com/2010/01/author-hp-albarelli-jr-on-connections.html">Deconstructing the Manifest, by H.P. Albarelli, Jr.</a> On "Connections" (Part 1 of 3) <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/e8at">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
March 14, 2010, New York Post, <a href="http://nypost.com/2010/03/14/did-the-cia-test-lsd-in-the-new-york-city-subway-system/">Did the CIA test LSD in the New York City subway system?</a>, by Philip Messing, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/db71">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
January 9, 2011, Contra Costa Times - Oakland Tribune, <a href="http://www.contracostatimes.com/ci_17113312?source=most_emailed">The return of "Freeway" Ricky Ross, the man behind a crack empire</a>, by Scott Johnson, Oakland Tribune, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/as3b">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
<div>
<br />
June 15, 2012, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/magazine/how-a-mexican-drug-cartel-makes-its-billions.html?pagewanted=all">The Snow Kings of Mexico; How a Mexican Drug Cartel Makes Its Billions</a>, by Patrick Radden Keefe, The Sinaloa cartel can buy a kilo of cocaine in the highlands of Colombia or .... was a senior officer at Cisen, Mexico's equivalent to the C.I.A..-</div>
<div>
<br />
June 29, 2012, New York Times Magazine, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/magazine/alex-white-professional-snitch.html?pagewanted=all">A Snitch's Dilemma, Alex White, Professional Snitch</a>, by Ted Conover, He admired a kingpin named Demetrius Flenory — Big Meech — who controlled cocaine distribution in the region from the 1990s until around ...<br />
<br />
June 30, 2012, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/business/octopus-looks-at-bayou-hedge-funds-collapse-review.html">A Trader Who Swerved, and Crashed</a>, by Bryan Burrough,</div>
<div>
... a cocaine-snorting crook who started his firm in the basement of his ... as a longtime C.I.A. operative linked to a shadow world government, ...</div>
<div>
<br />
September 7, 2012, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/08/world/americas/us-suspends-antidrug-radar-sharing-with-honduras-after-planes-are-downed.html">US Suspends Its Anti-Drug Radar-Sharing With Honduras</a>, by Damien Cave, Since then, American agents and the Honduran authorities have seized several tons of cocaine but have also been involved in controversial ...</div>
<br />
July 19, 2013, McClatchy - The Christian Science Monitor, <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2013/0719/Panama-arrests-former-CIA-station-chief-sought-by-Italy-in-rendition-case">Panama arrests former CIA station chief sought by Italy in rendition case</a>, by Tim Johnson, McClatchy, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/ihk5">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
September 5, 2014, Popular Resistance, <a href="http://www.popularresistance.org/l-a-times-reporter-cleared-stories-with-cia-before-publication/">L.A. Times Reporter Cleared Stories With CIA Before Publication</a>, by Ken Silverstein, <a href="https://archive.today/AHEgd">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
September 7, 2014, School of Authentic Journalism, <a href="http://www.narconews.com/nntv/video.php?vid=63">Gary Webb at the 2003 School of Authentic Journalism</a>, First in a series of videos featuring investigative journalist Gary Webb (1955-2004) in his own words.<br />
<br />
September 10, 2014, The Field, <a href="http://narcosphere.narconews.com/thefield/5047/hollywood-s-gary-webb-movie-and-message-big-media-couldn-t-kill">Hollywood's Gary Webb Movie and the Message that Big Media Couldn't Kill</a>, by Al Giordano, A Month Before Jeremy Renner Portrays Gary Webb (1955-2004) on the Silver Screen, a Reflection on Our Colleague and Friend.<br />
<br />
September 24, 2014, The Narco News Bulletin, <a href="http://www.narconews.com/Issue67/article4763.html">Gary Webb: Vindicated, by Bill Conroy</a>,<br />
<br />
September 29, 2014, Narco News TV, School of Authentic Journalism, <a href="http://www.narconews.com/nntv/video.php?vid=64">NNTV: Gary Webb - "It Was Outrageous, but It Was True"</a>, First in a series of videos featuring the real world messenger behind the movie "Kill the Messenger," Gary Webb, in his own words.<br />
<br />
October 2, 2014, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/movies/kill-the-messenger-recalls-a-reporter-wrongly-disgraced.html">Resurrecting a Disgraced Reporter; ‘Kill the Messenger’ Recalls a Reporter Wrongly Disgraced</a>, by David Carr, <a href="https://archive.today/KS4eZ">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
October 9, 2014, Los Angeles Times, <a href="http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-kill-the-messenger-review-20141010-column.html">Review 'Kill the Messenger' a cautionary tale for crusading reporters</a>, by Kenneth Turan, <br />
<br />
October 10, 2014, The Huffington Post, <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/10/kill-the-messenger_n_5962708.html">Kill The Messenger: How The Media Destroyed Gary Webb</a>, by Ryan Grim, <a href="https://archive.today/nN2b6">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
October 10, 2014, Narco News TV, School of Authentic Journalism, <a href="http://www.narconews.com/nntv/video.php?vid=65">NNTV: Gary Webb - "People Realized They'd Been Lied To"</a>, Second in a Series of Videos with Gary Webb in His Own Words from the 2003 School of Authentic Journalism,<br />
<br />
October 10, 2014, The Christian Science Monitor, <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Movies/2014/1010/Kill-the-Messenger-star-Jeremy-Renner-delivers-a-memorable-performance">'Kill the Messenger' star Jeremy Renner delivers a memorable performance</a>, by Peter Rainer, Film critic, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/yib3">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
October 13, 2014, Narco News TV, School of Authentic Journalism, <a href="http://www.narconews.com/nntv/video.php?vid=66">NNTV: Gary Webb - "You Could Read this Story Anywhere in the World"</a>, Third in a series of videos in which journalist Gary Webb (1955-2005) recalls that"one of the things I'm proudest of" is the Dark Alliance website<br />
<br />
October 13, 2014, WND, <a href="http://mobile.wnd.com/2014/10/washington-post-attacks-wnd-over-isis-cartel-link/">Washington Post hit-piece on WND over ISIS-border link; But experts point to years of collaboration between terrorists, drug cartels</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Q3JTR">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
October 14, 2014, NPR, <a href="http://www.npr.org/2014/10/14/354884196/kill-the-messenger-incompletely-unravels-a-complex-tale">Kill The Messenger' Incompletely Unravels A Complex Tale</a>, by Mark Jenkins, <a href="https://archive.today/GyaVu">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
October 25, 2014, Salon.com, <a href="http://www.salon.com/2014/10/25/from_gary_webb_to_james_risen_the_struggle_for_the_soul_of_journalism/">From Gary Webb to James Risen: The Struggle for the Soul of Journalism; Two courageous reporters dug up dark government secrets. Only one was betrayed by his peers. Why did it happen?</a>, by Andrew O'Hehir, <a href="https://archive.today/Hm5s5">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
_____________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Books:</span></b><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Search-Manchurian-Candidate-Behavioral/dp/0393307948">The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control: The Secret History of the Behavioral Sciences</a>, by <a href="http://www.amazon.com/John-D.-Marks/e/B001KHZ64M/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1">John D. Marks</a>, [W. W. Norton & Company; Reissue, August 17, 1991]<br />
The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, by John Marks, [New York: Times Books, 1979]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385495412/qid=994457260/sr=1-2/ref=sc_b_2/107-4342539-8138147">The Book of Honor: The Secret Lives and Deaths of CIA Operatives</a>, by Ted Gup, [1st Anchor Books edition, May 1, 2001]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Powderburns-Cocaine-Contras-Drug-War/dp/0889625786">Powderburns: Cocaine, Contras and the Drug War,</a> by Celerino Castillo and Dave Harmon [Mosaic Press, 1994]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=vgthWZ5KlskC&pg=PR8">Cocaine politics: drugs, armies, and the CIA in Central America</a>, by Peter Dale Scott, & Jonathan Marshall, [University of California Press, 1998]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=LwDSnMem3GIC&pg=PA108">The politics of cocaine: how U.S. policy has created a thriving drug industry in Central and South America</a>, by William L. Marcy [Chicago Review Press, 2010]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Whiteout-The-CIA-Drugs-Press/dp/1859842585">Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press</a>, by Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St Clair [Versos, 1999]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&lpg=PA43&ots=zenw0cZvy9&dq=Washington%20Post%20Ombudsman%3A%20%27The%20CIA%2C%20drugs%20and%20the%20press%27&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q=Washington%20Post%20Ombudsman:%20">Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press</a>, by Alexander Cockburn [Verso, 1998]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=k6XkaZpLXxsC&lpg=PA42&ots=HWqUPXNHr0&dq=new%20york%20times%20%22Terror%20and%20assassination%22&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q=new%20york%20times%20%22Terror%20and%20assassination%22&f=false">Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies</a>, by Noam Chomsky, [House of Anansi Press, 1989]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0xqrU5lnD7AC&lpg=PA492&ots=_PScOP_9j9&dq=new%20york%20times%20%22Terror%20and%20assassination%22&pg=PA492#v=onepage&q=new%20york%20times%20%22Terror%20and%20assassination%22&f=false">Robert Kennedy and His Times</a>, by Arthur Meier Schlesinger, [First Mariner Books, 1978, 2002]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Journey-Into-Madness-Control-Medical/dp/0553053574">Journey into Madness. The Secret Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse,</a> by G. Thomas, [New York: Bantam, 1989]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Psychiatry-CIA-Victims-Mind-Control/dp/0880483636">Psychiatry and the CIA: Victims of Mind Control,</a> by H. Weinstein, [Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Was-Jonestown-CIA-Medical-Experiment/dp/0889460132">Was Jonestown a CIA Medical Experiment?: A Review of the Evidence,</a> by M. Meier, [New York: Edwin Mellen 1989]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Long-Strange-Trip-History-Grateful/dp/0767911865">A Long Strange Trip: The Inside History of the Grateful Dead</a>, by Dennis McNally, [Broadway Books, 2002]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Conspiracy-Theories-American-History-Encyclopedia/dp/1576078124">Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia: Conspiracy Theories in American History [2 volumes]:</a> by Peter Knight, [2003] <br />
<br />
<a href="http://file.wikileaks.org/file/AT-june07-Price-PT1.pdf">Buying a Piece of Anthropology: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Research for the CIA</a>, by David Price, (PDF). June 2007, Anthropology Today 23 (3): 3–13.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Question-Torture-Interrogation-American-Project/dp/0805082484">A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation from the Cold War to the War on Terror</a>, by Alfred McCoy [New York: Metropolitan Books. 2006] <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Terrible-Mistake-Murder-Secret-Experiments/dp/0977795373">A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments,</a> by H. P. Albarelli [Trine Day, 2009]<br />
<br />
September 15, 1951, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Journal">British Medical Journal</a> 2(4732) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2069953">Ergot Poisoning at Pont St. Esprit</a>, by Lisbonne and Pourquier Gabbai, <br />
<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=_GMeW9E1IB4C&pg=PA221">Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function</a>, by Stanley Finger [Oxford University Press, 2001]. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zeyGOrJ7jjIC&pg=PA82">Economic </a><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zeyGOrJ7jjIC&pg=PA82">and biological interactions in pre-industrial Europe, from the 13th to the 18th century</a>. [Firenze University Press, 2010]. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=M39-oYlJce0C&pg=PA180">Poetic Madness and the Romantic Imagination</a>, by Frederick Burwick [Penn State Press, 2010] <br />
<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Uf_Hl3Exti8C&pg=PA734">Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems Edition</a>, by Jeffrey C. Pommerville; I. Edward Alcamo [Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2012]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=G_h0PSD2wiQC&pg=PA47">The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism</a>,, by Naomi Klein [New York: Picador, 2007]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Agency-Rise-Decline-Touchstone/dp/0671639943">The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA,</a> by John Ranelagh, [Sceptre, 1988]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zMOG0qERuksC&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273&dq=MKULTRA+hypnosis&source=bl&ots=dlLGgJWt_i&sig=yJRTDpj-kMZKFHxMCKdrdyMEHFE&hl=en&ei=OF7BTavuJYPEvgPdjeWkBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBoQ6AEwADg8#v=onepage&q=MKULTRA%20hypnosis&f=false">On the trail of the JFK assassins</a>, by Dick Russell, [Skyhorse Publishing, 2008]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/swear-Apollo-Cameron-CIA-brainwashing-experiments/dp/0920792723/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1414556666&sr=1-1">I Swear By Apollo. Dr. Ewen Cameron and the CIA-Brainwashing Experiments</a>, by D. Gillmor [Montreal: Eden Press, 1st Ed., 1987]<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Wikipedia's:</span></b><br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_experimentation_in_North_Korea">Human experimentation in North Korea</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_radiation_experiments">Human radiation experiments</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation">Nazi human experimentation</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_laboratory_of_the_Soviet_secret_services">Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States">Unethical human experimentation in the United States</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731">Unit 731</a> Operations<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Central_Intelligence_Agency_operations">Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MKCHICKWIT">Project MKCHICKWIT</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MKOFTEN">Project MKOFTEN</a> Other topics</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCcQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProject_MKUltra&ei=WFFQVMvJCKrPsQSNqoHgBQ&usg=AFQjCNFEMYLH2xrXoc8Uc-XIaBoUrRkskA&sig2=_HFXZtVyajr4JJljPbxSHA">Project MKUltra - Wikipedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Blome">Kurt Blome</a>, Nazi<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, his son believed he was a subject<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Midnight_Climax">Operation Midnight Climax</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_drug_trafficking">CIA drug trafficking</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Drug_War:_The_Last_White_Hope">American Drug War: The Last White Hope</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_and_Contras_cocaine_trafficking_in_the_US">CIA and Contras cocaine trafficking in the US</a><br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCIA_and_Contras_cocaine_trafficking_in_the_US&ei=apRQVOWQKe7_sASxuoG4Bw&usg=AFQjCNEqHcuuL3y_5YH9Xc8FMOxj1OgYxw&sig2=TXE6A6C-2PZSDTZ0jIY7kg&bvm=bv.78597519,d.cWc">CIA and Contras cocaine trafficking in the US</a>, </div>
<div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_transnational_anti-crime_and_anti-drug_activities">CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities</a>, </div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Nicaragua">CIA activities in Nicaragua - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.isnare.com/encyclopedia/Talk:Gary_Webb/DarkAllianceArchives">Talk:Gary Webb/DarkAllianceArchives</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/O7aol">Archived</a>,<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine">Scopolamine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="https://archive.today/o/tZaJY/http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der_gute_Hirte_(2006)">Der gute Hirte (2006)</a>, de.wikipedia.org<br />
<a href="https://archive.today/o/tZaJY/http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Olson">Frank Olson</a>, de.wikipedia.org<br />
<a href="https://archive.today/o/tZaJY/http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MKULTRA">MKULTRA</a>, de.wikipedia.org<br />
<a href="https://archive.today/o/tZaJY/http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Olson">Frank Olson</a>, es.wikipedia.org<br />
military.wikia.com » <a href="https://archive.today/o/5wY8W/http://military.wikia.com/index.php?title=Luis_de_Florez">Luis de Florez</a><br />
en.wikipedia.org » <a href="https://archive.today/o/5wY8W/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Florez">Luis de Florez</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Army">America's Army</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Contra_Affair">Iran-Contra Affair</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Danilo_Blandon">Oscar Danilo Blandon</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Casey">William J. Casey</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Casolaro">Danny Casolaro</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lombardi">Mark Lombardi</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hatfield">James Hatfield</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Ross_(drug_trafficker)">Ricky Ross (drug trafficker)</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_controversies">Video game controversies</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States">Unethical human experimentation in the United States</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Committee">Church Committee</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Dulles">Allen Dulles</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Menghetti">Linda Menghetti</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_D._Glassman">Jon D. Glassman</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:MUB-0Gxqm94J:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us"></a> <br />
<div>
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<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">WebSites </span></b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030414013853/http://www.drugpolicy.org/">The Drug Policy Alliance</a>. Working to promote new drug policies based on common sense, science, public health and human rights.<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030414013853/http://www.narconews.com/">Narco News</a>. A website that covers U.S. drug policy in Latin America.<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815102914/http://www.radio4all.org/expert/">The Expert Witness Show</a> (Radio) Website of former DEA agent Michael Levine<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030414013853/http://www.policestudies.eku.edu/POTTER/CRJ101Home.htm">Criminal Justice in a Democracy</a>: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030414013853/http://www.policestudies.eku.edu/POTTER/Lesson9.htm">Drug Crime</a>, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030414013853/http://www.policestudies.eku.edu/POTTER/Lesson10.htm">The War on Drugs</a>. <br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030414013853/http://www.mapinc.org/index.htm">Media Awareness Project.</a> A media source on drug related issues.<br />
<a href="http://www.xolton.com/lsd_videos.htm">Warning: There Be Monsters Here</a><br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970328213047/http://www.lbbs.org/">Z Magazine; A Political Monthly</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/8fkBn">Archived</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970328214408/http://www.lbbs.org/zmag/zarticles.htm">Z Articles by Author</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/HgB6Y">Archived</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.erowid.org/references/refs.php?A=SearchAdvanced&AndOr=OR&Title=Smith&Author=Smith&Abstract=Smith&OldSort=DPubA&NewSort=&Start=0&S=Smith&SField=all&Max=100&Sort=DPubA">The Vaults of Erowid</a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/">The Black Vault Documents</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/n6GqQ">Archived</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1990/eirv17n16-19900413/eirv17n16-19900413.pdf">View Full Issue - Executive Intelligence Review</a><br />
<a href="http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1990/eirv17n14-19900330/eirv17n14-19900330.php">Download Full Issue - Executive Intelligence Review</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html#intro">The CIA & Drugs, Intro</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/BNtZg">Archived</a>, <br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html">The CIA & Drugs</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/MA7l5">Archived</a>, <br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html#DEAagents">The CIA & Drugs, DEA Agents</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/ycwB6">Archived</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html#Iran-Contra">The CIA & Drugs</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html#Iran-Contra">Contras</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/J60BI">Archived</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html#analysis">The CIA & Drugs</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html#analysis">Analysis</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html#patterns">The CIA & Drugs</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html#patterns">Patterns</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html#Links">The CIA & Drugs, Links</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html#books">The CIA & Drugs</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/outline.html#books">Books</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705044751/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/index.html">The CIA & Drugs</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705043802/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/index.html">Home</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/aVtPo">Archived</a>,<br />
<div>
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<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">San Jose Mercury News</span></b><br />
<br />
May 17, 1997, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970517.webb.html">Webb Responds</a> to Ceppos in a Usenet posting,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://www.enewsmag.com/News/probe.htm">Dark Alliance "Shortcomings"</a>: Ceppos apology exposed by Ken Collins.<br />
<br />
May 23, 1997, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://speech.csun.edu/ben/news/cia/ceppos/970523.mail.html">Email Jerry Ceppos</a>!<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1997-05/13/038R-051397-idx.html">Crack Series Fell Short</a><br />
Recent article in the Washington Post (13 May 1997) which pretends to offer new evidence refuting the Webb series. Again the claims are the same: Webb never proved that CIA agents were paid to distribute crack in South Central LA. No shit. Problem is Webb never really claimed that, despite the sensationalism of the original series. The only new information presented in this piece (and 2 other articles like it in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://www.nytimes.com/yr/mo/day/news/national/sanjose-crack-media.html">New York Times</a> and the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://www.sfgate.com/motet-bin/dispatch%3F-u3dpay">San Francisco Gate</a> (note - both links require subscriptions) is that San Jose Mercury News editor Jerry Ceppos has now jumped on the denegation bandwagon, refusing even to publish more recent evidence unearthed by Gary Webb.<br />
<br />
The CIA, in their infinite wisdom, will continue their self-probe despite Ceppos' backtracking, according to the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://www.latimes.com/HOME/NEWS/STATE/t000042999.html">Los Angeles Times</a> (13 May 1997). We'll see what comes of that. See also<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020523084414/http://www.sjmercury.com/drugs/continued/followup051497.htm">Justice Department to Continue Inquiry</a>, from the Mercury News (14 May 1997)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
October 23, 1996, <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/19970417004722/http://www.thesite.com/1096w4/worl/worl207_102396.html">Dark Alliance: The Newspaper Reinvented</a>, by Sean Silverthorne, <a href="https://archive.today/eSYBk">Archived</a>, <br />
The San Jose Mercury News' online treatment of a startling story may cause us all to rethink how news is produced -- and perhaps even redefine what news is.<br />
<div>
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
February 12, 1998 [1st web capture] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000304073530/http://www.parascope.com/ds/articles/kookdoc.htm">Cranks, Nuts, and Screwballs</a>, by David R. McLean, [a.k.a. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000304073530/http://www.parascope.com/ds/articles/kookdoc.htm">The Kooks and the Spooks</a>] Meet the CIA's pen pals from the fringe in this declassified article written for the spy journal Studies in Intelligence. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://iknigi.net/avtor-aleksandr-shevyakin/83980-kto-gotovil-razval-sssr-aleksandr-shevyakin/read/page-35.html">Who prepared the collapse of the USSR</a>, by Alexander Shevyakin, <br />
<br />
August 26, 1989, The Independent, page 8, America has fought the wrong war': Did US policy in central America in the 1980s assist the growth of the Colombian cocaine cartels?, by John Lichfield and Tim Cornwell, <br />
<br />
December 20, 1985, Associated Press, Reports Link Nicaraguan Rebels to Cocaine Trafficking, by Brian Barger and Robert Parry, <br />
<br />
March 25, 1985, United Press International, Commander Zero blasts CIA, State Department, by John E. Newhagen, <br />
<br />
March 16, 1986, Associated Press, Report: Cocaine Ring Finances Contras, <br />
<br />
April 10, 1986, Associated Press, FBI Reportedly Probes Contras on Drugs, Guns, by Brian Bargar and Robert Parry, <br />
<br />
April 17, 1986, Associated Press, U.S. Concedes Contras Linked to Drugs, But Denies Leadership Involved, <br />
<br />
www.pinkznoiz.com, <a href="http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/contracoke.html">Narcotics traffickers and the Contras</a>, <br />
<br />
June 12, 2014, Mashpedia, <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=28&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDwQFjAHOBQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mashpedia.com%2FCIA_activities_in_Nicaragua&ei=fqFOVLGdHcGBsQTznoDIDQ&usg=AFQjCNGgW4zYPeWTiIvLbN0iLqSZziDA4g&sig2=5Srea3CZDN3mvvkpXJjTsA">CIA activities in Nicaragua - Top Videos</a>, <br />
<br />
June 12, 2014, Mashpedia, <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=27&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDYQFjAGOBQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mashpedia.com%2FCIA_and_Contras_cocaine_trafficking_in_the_US&ei=fqFOVLGdHcGBsQTznoDIDQ&usg=AFQjCNECXdI1zorOzCmwZm2oRw3wdsoiYA&sig2=_-TMb1O7uJGLSiZqYlg4mg">CIA and Contras cocaine trafficking in the US - Top Videos</a>, <br />
_________________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Consortium News</span></b><br />
<b>Site Index:</b><br />
<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/main.html#h1">Recent Revelations</a> on the Webb story<br />
<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/main.html#official">Official Denials</a><br />
<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/main.html#vol2">Volume II</a> of the CIA self-investigation released!<br />
<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/main.html#h2">The Scandal and the Mainstream Media</a><br />
<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/main.html#h3">Interviews and Radio Broadcasts</a><br />
<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/main.html#rec2">Other Recent Evidence</a> apart from Webb's revelations.<br />
<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/main.html#h4">What to Do?</a><br />
<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/main.html#h5">A History of Drug Dealing</a><br />
<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/main.html#h6">Intelligence Links</a><br />
(<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/main.html#budget">1998 CIA Budget</a> released!)<br />
<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/war.html">The Drug War: A Losing Battle</a><br />
<br />
at <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/">http://www.consortiumnews.com/</a> with a subscription. Parry points out glaring evidence in Inspector General Hitz's own report that the CIA obstructed major drug investigations, in one case returning tens of thousands of dollars in confiscated money to known drug traffickers.<br />
<br />
_____________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
June 14, 2014, <a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/gottlieb-mindcontrol.htm">Mind Control</a><br />
INTERNET RESOURCES:<a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/gottlieb.html"><br />
About Dr. Gottlieb</a><a href="http://home.nas.net/~cirrus/"><br />
MK is really happening</a><br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010627090943/http://www.trufax.org/welcomenet.html">Mind control techniques</a><br />
<a href="http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~alb/misc/moreMindLinks.html">More Mind control links</a><br />
<a href="http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor">MegaLinks in Criminal Justice</a><br />
<br />
<br />
January 30, 2009, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6st_aTtff4g">MBOAF 16 - White's Den - YouTube</a><br />
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6st_aTtff4g<br />
A CIA safe house fronting as the hipster pad of MORGAN HALL,a.k.a. GEORGE WHITE. A party<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Frank Olson Legacy Project</span></b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS604US604&oq=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.546j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=0&ie=UTF-8#"></a> <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/George-White.html">George White: CIA Operative - Frank Olson Legacy Project</a><br />
www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/George-White.html<br />
George H. White, Alias Morgan Hall, a colorful federal narcotics agent and CIA "consultant" who died two years ago. They reveal new details, including names ...<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS604US604&oq=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.546j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=0&ie=UTF-8#"></a><br />
<a href="http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/mkultra/MKULTRA2/DOC_0000190090/ASC_0000190090.TXT">MKULTRA Briefing Book Containing brief summaries of ...</a><br />
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<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS604US604&oq=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.546j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=0&ie=UTF-8#"></a><br />
<a href="http://911nwo.com/?p=2160">Part 6: History of Mind Control | - 911 New World Order</a><br />
911nwo.com/?p=2160<br />
by W Colby<br />
... “attach” evil entities (aka demons and spiritual abusers) to dissociated (unconscious) ...... In a letter to Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, head of MKULTRA, George White stated: ...George White (alias Morgan Hall), overseer of Operation Midnight Climax.<br />
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<a href="http://mikemcclaughry.wordpress.com/the-reading-library/world-government/british-security-coordination-compendium-ii/">British Security Coordination Compendium II | The ...</a><br />
mikemcclaughry.wordpress.com/.../british-security-coordination-compen...<br />
Hamilton had been recruited by George White, so we'll cover him a bit and then ...... In 1953, White rented a house at 81 Bedford St. in New York City's Greenwich Village under the name of Morgan Hall, the same .... John Coutts aka john willie.<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS604US604&oq=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.546j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=0&ie=UTF-8#"></a><br />
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February 4, 2010, <a href="http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=15405">Frank Olson's Murder - The Education Forum</a><br />
educationforum.ipbhost.com › ... › <a href="http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showforum=126">JFK Assassination Debate</a><br />
- 7 posts - 6 authors<br />
Albertine and George White enjoyed living in New York City. ... White's alias for conducting business with and for the CIA was “Morgan Hall.” Morgan Hall, named ...... Walter Carl Neuson, aka Walter Carl Neunson. I chanced ...<br />
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October 1, 2012, <a href="http://cc157.blogspot.com/2012/10/beyond-dutroux-ties-to-1950s-era-cia.html">Beyond Dutroux ties to 1950s-era CIA covert operation</a><br />
cc157.blogspot.com/2012/10/beyond-dutroux-ties-to-1950s-era-cia.html<br />
- "Dr. Green" aka Luther Wilson Greene .... They called him Captain George White - he was formerly a doctor. .... rented two adjacent Greenwich Village apartments, posing as the sometime artist and seaman "Morgan Hall.<br />
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<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS604US604&oq=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.546j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=0&ie=UTF-8#"></a> <a href="http://archive.org/stream/tiger196200stud/tiger196200stud_djvu.txt">Full text of "Tiger 1962" - Internet Archive</a><br />
archive.org/stream/.../tiger196200stud_djvu.txt<br />
Internet Archive<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS604US604&oq=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.546j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=0&ie=UTF-8#"></a><br />
... Catherine Holland and George White (below) display their theatrical talents. ..... Thus,Alpha Kappa Alpha had twenty members representative of its twenty ...<br />
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December 6, 2007, <a href="http://forums.anandtech.com/showthread.php?t=117258&page=2">A 911 tragedy comment - Page 2 - AnandTech Forums</a><br />
forums.anandtech.com › <a href="http://forums.anandtech.com/forumdisplay.php?f=29">Social</a> › <a href="http://forums.anandtech.com/forumdisplay.php?f=14">Off Topic</a><br />
AnandTech<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS604US604&oq=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.546j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=0&ie=UTF-8#"></a><br />
- PaulNEPats a.k.a. Reckoner; Super Bowl XLII ..... direction of Narcotics Bureau officer George White under the alias of Morgan Hall for the CIA ...<br />
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Jan 27, 2010, <a href="https://deeppoliticsforum.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-3024.html?s=984c061d304653e8db413aaf2cdbe772">"A Terrible Mistake" by H. P. Albarelli, Jr. - JFK Assassination ...</a><br />
https://deeppoliticsforum.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-3024.html?s...<br />
- 42 posts - 9 authors<br />
David Sanchez Morales, aka 'El Indio', got his start in assassinations in Korea ..... Albertine and George White enjoyed living in New York City. ... Morgan Hall, named after magnate J.P. Morgan, is a section of the American ...<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Obits - Suicides - Assassinations</span></b><br />
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February 19, 1969, New York Times Obit, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400EFD81230EF34BC4152DFB4668382679EDE">MRS. William Colby</a>,<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi6O5cSfJ3DYjyOShssGoUx86RYYUcCOXPkRSxFvdo6hy-263NnXuizxQ1iUVtxcYBbLWmhy-qGnA6EarUQIws1NgXGCx4dJsiSf6yQ-YmnsP9E-mpRUA3mME_3Urc-MWGwE9wJ79FXb4/s1600/February+19,+1969,+New+York+Times+Obit,+MRS.+William+Colby,+Colby,+William+(Mrs).jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi6O5cSfJ3DYjyOShssGoUx86RYYUcCOXPkRSxFvdo6hy-263NnXuizxQ1iUVtxcYBbLWmhy-qGnA6EarUQIws1NgXGCx4dJsiSf6yQ-YmnsP9E-mpRUA3mME_3Urc-MWGwE9wJ79FXb4/s1600/February+19,+1969,+New+York+Times+Obit,+MRS.+William+Colby,+Colby,+William+(Mrs).jpeg" height="200" width="171" /></a><br />
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June 3, 1981, The New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/03/obituaries/jeffrey-steinberg-34-innovative-publisher-founder-of-stonehill.html">Jeffrey Steinberg, 34, Innovative Publisher, Founder of Stonehill</a>, Larger publishers later brought out books by other former C.I.A. officials. ... ''White Women'' by Helmut Newton, ''Cocaine Papers'' by Freud, ...<br />
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April 14, 1989, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/14/obituaries/abbie-hoffman-60-s-icon-dies-yippie-movement-founder-was-52.html">Abbie Hoffman, 60's Icon, Dies; Yippie Movement Founder Was 52</a>, bu John T. McQuiston, ... from 1974 to 1980, under threat of a long sentence on cocaine charges. ... And I believe that we should not have a C.I.A. that goes around ...</div>
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March 6, 1995, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/06/obituaries/lyman-b-kirkpatrick-jr-77-longtime-cia-official-dies.html">Lyman B. Kirkpatrick Jr., 77, Longtime C.I.A. Official, Dies</a>, by Dennis Hevesi, In 1953, for example, he investigated the death of Frank R. Olson, an Army biochemist who died while using L.S.D. in an agency experiment.<br />
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August 10, 1995, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/10/obituaries/jerry-garcia-of-grateful-dead-icon-of-60-s-spirit-dies-at-53.html">Jerry Garcia of Grateful Dead, Icon of 60's Spirit, Dies at 53</a>, ny Jon Pareles, In the 1960's, he was known as Captain Trips, referring to his frequent use of LSD , and he struggled through the years with heroin addiction.<br />
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April 30, 1996, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/30/us/ex-director-of-cia-disappears-while-canoeing-on-choppy-river.html">Ex-Director of C.I.A. Disappears While Canoeing on Choppy River</a>, by Tim Weiner, ... using human guinea pigs for mind-control experiments involving LSD, and committing other offenses against its charter, the law and common ...<br />
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May 7, 1996, New York Times,<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/07/us/william-e-colby-76-head-of-cia-in-a-time-of-upheaval.html">William E. Colby, 76, Head of C.I.A. in a Time of Upheaval</a>, by Tim Weiner, It had conducted LSD experiments on unwitting human guinea pigs. The agency's clandestine officers called the list "the family jewels," or "the ...<br />
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June 1, 1996, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/01/us/timothy-leary-pied-piper-of-psychedelic-60-s-dies-at-75.html">Timothy Leary, Pied Piper Of Psychedelic 60's, Dies at 75</a>, by Laura Mansnerus, ... shortly afterward, in the shower, after Marshall McLuhan advised him to come up with "something snappy" to advertise the wonders of LSD.<br />
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December 12, 1996, AP - New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/12/us/2-killers-executed-by-injection-in-missouri-and-virginia-prisons.html">2 Killers Executed by Injection In Missouri and Virginia Prisons</a>, Mr. Zeitvogel's lawyer, Sean O'Brien, said Mr. Zeitvogel started drinking at about the age of 7 and quickly moved up to marijuana, LSD and ...<br />
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July 23, 1998, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/23/arts/robert-young-of-father-knows-best-dies-at-91.html">Robert Young of 'Father Knows Best' Dies at 91</a>, by Bernard Weintraub, Although the series itself, unlike ''Father Knows Best,'' dealt with serious problems like autism, blindness, LSD side effects, drug addiction and ...<br />
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March 10, 1999, New York Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/10/us/sidney-gottlieb-80-dies-took-lsd-to-cia.html">Sidney Gottlieb, 80, Dies; Took LSD to C.I.A.</a>, by Tim Weiner,<br />
Sidney Gottlieb, who presided over the Central Intelligence Agency's cold-war efforts to control the human mind and provided the agency ...<br />
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<a href="http://resources.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~guestbook/cgi-bin/public_guestbook.cgi?gb=7033&action=view">Potter Family and Friends - Resources at RootsWeb</a><br />
resources.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~guestbook/.../public_guestbook.cgi?gb...<br />
His home (the Potter Mansion) is now in Storrowton Village aka The Big E. I went to his home and there is a ...... Holbrook/Morgan/Hall/Craft ...... I CAN FIND OUT LITTLE ABOUT WHO GEORGE WHITE OR ANY OF THE WHITE SURNAMES.<br />
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July 18, 2013, <a href="http://jondalfopines.blogspot.com/2013/07/cia-mkultra-head-george-hunter-white.html">Letters To My Future Selves: The CIA's Col. George White ...</a><br />
jondalfopines.blogspot.com/.../cia-mkultra-head-george-hunter-white.ht...<br />
- George White Raped & Killed Dozens Of Women And Was Never ... officer George Hunter White under the alias of Morgan Hall for the CIA as a ...<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&rlz=1C1CHFX_enUS604US604&oq=George+White%2C+a.k.a.+Morgan+Hall%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.546j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=0&ie=UTF-8#"></a><br />
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October 1, 2012, <a href="http://www.got-blogger.com/cc157/C.I.A%20Documents/?c=-/">Veritas Aequitas | category: C.I.A Documents - Got Blogger?</a><br />
www.got-blogger.com/cc157/C.I.A%20Documents/?c=-/<br />
- "Dr. Green" aka Luther Wilson Greene .... They called him Captain George White - he was formerly a doctor. .... rented two adjacent Greenwich Village apartments, posing as the sometime artist and seaman "Morgan Hall.<br />
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<a href="http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.culture.discuss.cia-drugs/10122">http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.culture.discuss.cia-drugs/10122</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.flashpointmag.com/adiodi.htm">An Interview with Assassinated Press correspondent Yaso Adiodi</a>, Conducted by Carlo Parcelli<br />
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See also Peter Zirnite, <a href="http://www.ips-dc.org/ipsart.htm">CIA Admits Knowing About Contra Drug Trafficking</a>, March 18, 1998,<br />
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<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/980316.waters.html">Maxine Waters Responds</a>: Testimony of Rep. Maxine Waters Before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (16 March 1998). Waters takes apart the Inspector General's report piece by piece.<br />
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<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/970212.pasadena.html">Pasadena Police Chief Finds no Link to Crack</a> (12 February 1997).<br />
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Read the <a href="http://www.parascope.com/articles/1196/deutch.htm">Verbatim Transcript</a> of Deutch's visit.<br />
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<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961226.wp.html">Having Lifted CIA's Veil, Deutch Sums Up: I Told You So</a>:<br />
Promotional garbage for Deutch from the Washington Post (26 December 1996). Notable because it cites Deutch as pointing to his visit to Watts as something that "he believes greatly helped the agency." Is there a bucket nearby? I'm starting to heave....<br />
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The San Jose Mercury News also has a <a href="http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1115.htm">story</a> on Deutch's visit.<br />
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<a href="http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/postscript/update1105.htm">CIA Says it Finds No Link</a> after looking at evidence that provides one. (6 November 1996).<br />
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<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961223.topten.html">Top Ten Reasons</a> to Believe the CIA, satire from the Nation (23 December 1996).<br />
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"<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/980305.levine.html">CIA sabotage of book</a>?" Michael Levine, a former DEA agent who made evidence of CIA obstructions of justice in major drug cases public in the 1980s, provides evidence of media tampering at Barnes and Noble. When I first received this post, I checked the bookstore website and found that it was indeed accurate; upon rechecking it now I see that Barnes and Noble has deleted the "ghost ISBN" from their online database. I wonder if they have an official explanation for this.... In any case, Levine's books are excellent exposes of CIA interference with DEA operations.<br />
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"<a href="http://www.radio4all.org/expert/">Expert Witness</a>": Mike Levine's website and radio show. Ever since his experience in the DEA, Levine has dedicated himself to exposing the fallacies of the "War on Drugs."<br />
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<a href="http://idt.net/~dorisaw/MikeLevine/index.html">Mike Levine's Unofficial Webspace</a> which includes links to his books and you can listen to his shows.<br />
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<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/ceppos/index.html">San Jose Mercury News Editor Backpeddles!</a><br />
On Sunday, 11 May 1997, Editor Jerry Ceppos published an "apology" to readers of the Mercury News for what he now calls a "seriously flawed" series. Click the link above to read his open letter, contradictory statements by him, and responses from both mainstream and alternative news sources.<br />
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Jill Stewart, "<a href="http://www.newtimesla.com/archives/1997/060597/stewart1.html">Bah Bah Bah</a>: Sheeplike big-city papers still won't check out reporter Gary Webb's crack-Contra findings" New Times Los Angeles (05 June 1997), an excellent piece whose title says it all.<br />
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February 1997, Z Magazine, <a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/970414.herman.html">Fog Watch</a>, by Edward S. Herman,<br />
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<a href="http://www.blythe.org/NameBase/.news16.html">Pipe Dreams</a>: The CIA, Drugs, and the Media, by Daniel Brandt and Steve Badrich. Terrific piece deconstructing the mainstream media "coverage."(NameBase NewsLine, No. 16, January-March 1997).<br />
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<a href="http://www.newslink.org/ajrciacrack.html">The Web that Gary Spun</a>: Two-part story by Alicia C. Shepherd in the January/February 1997 issue ofAmerican Journalism Review. Gary Webb was presented the award for "Journalist of the Year" by Northern California chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists back in August (this is conveniently left out of the LA Times coverage of Webb's story, but some would argue the vehemence of their denunciation of Webb was due partially to this award). This link is a discussion of the controversy in the journalism community surrounding Webb's article; it raises some issues on all sides but largely seems to accept the establishment media's definition of terms. Features a great quote from Webb responding to the early media blackout: "a lot of newspapers--and TV particularly--they're just chickenshit."<br />
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San Jose Mercury News Editor Backpeddles!<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020219073440/http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/ceppos/index.html">San Jose Mercury News Phony Epilogue</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/S3ikP">Archive</a>,<br />
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June 22, 1997, Revolutionary Worker, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903044746/http://www.radio4all.org/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi">Radio Interview with Gary Webb</a>, [Dead Link]<br />
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November 22, 1996, Wall Street Journal, <a href="http://www.angelfire.com/id/ciadrugs/venezuela03.html">Editorial</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/boe1">diigo</a>,<br />
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<a href="http://www.csun.edu/CommunicationStudies/ben/news/cia/961004.weekly.html">Contras Crop Up in L.A. Courts</a>, by Kevin Uhrich for the LA Weekly. (04 October 1996). Uhrich digs through LA court documents and uncovers more evidence (none of which has been addressed specifically by any of the major papers).<br />
<a href="http://www.wbaifree.org/earthwatch/crackwatch.html">Crackwatch</a>, by Robert Knight. New URL! This site explaions the case of the disappearing graphic. Includes links to the following stories by Robert Knight and Dennis Bernstein, who have been following the CIA-Contra-Cocaine story for over ten years:<br />
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<a href="http://www.wbaifree.org/earthwatch/newsday.html">Why is the Contra-Cocaine Connection Being Ignored</a>? Newsday (31 March 1987)<br />
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<a href="http://www.wbaifree.org/earthwatch/baltolex.html">Why is the Contra-Cocaine Connection StillBeing Ignored</a>? Baltimore Sun and LexingtonHerald Leader (September 1996)<br />
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DEA Agent's <a href="http://www.wbaifree.org/earthwatch/ciapns.html">Decade-Long Battle</a> to expose the Contra-Cocaine Story PhiladelphiaTribune (04 October 1996)<br />
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<a href="http://www.wbaifree.org/earthwatch/invaded.html">How the Contras Invaded the United States</a><br />
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November 1996, Z Magazine, <a href="http://www.lbbs.org/zmag/articles/nov96bernstein.htm">Closing the Loop</a> on the Contra-CIA-Drug Connection, from<br />
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Leading Edge Research Projects' <a href="http://www.trufax.org/research/ciadrug.html">CIA-Cocaine site</a><br />
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<span style="color: #0000ee; text-decoration: underline;">http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Contents.html</span><br />
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July 2, 2007, Consortium News<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703004058/http://consortiumnews.com/">https://web.archive.org/web/20070703004058/http://consortiumnews.com/</a><br />
<br />
August 14, 2000<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/20000815055240/http://www.consortiumnews.com/<br />
June 8, 2000<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/20000706225611/http://www.consortiumnews.com/<br />
March 30, 2000<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/20000510012848/http://www.consortiumnews.com/<br />
February 21, 2000<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/20000302222716/http://www.consortiumnews.com/<br />
October 5, 1999<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/19991012230949/http://consortiumnews.com/<br />
April 19, 1999<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/19990424052141/http://consortiumnews.com/<br />
February 10, 1999<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/19990219113503/http://www.consortiumnews.com/<br />
January 27, 1999<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/19990208012348/http://www.consortiumnews.com/<br />
December 5, 1998<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/19981212013332/http://consortiumnews.com/<br />
November 6, 1998<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/19981111184838/http://www.consortiumnews.com/<br />
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http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post?id=163286&goto=nextoldest<br />
<br />
<a href="http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post/feds-informants-finger-u-s-government-as-drug-trafficker-163286?&trail=175">http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post/feds-informants-finger-u-s-government-as-drug-trafficker-163286?&trail=175</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.whosarat.com/">Who's A Rat</a> > <a href="http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/">Forums</a> > FEDS, INFORMANTS FINGER U.S. GOVERNMENT AS DRUG TRAFFICKER<br />
<br />
We The People Website:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010805155118/http://www.wethepeople.la/ciadrugs.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20010805155118/http://www.wethepeople.la/ciadrugs.htm</a><br />
<br />
The CIA, the CONTRAS and the Crack Cocaine Epidemic America's "Crack" Plague has roots in Nicaraguan War By Gary Webb<br />
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For the better part of a decade, a San Francisco Area drug ring sold tons of cocaine to the Crips and Bloods street gangs of Los Angeles and funneled millions in drug profits to a Latin American guerrilla army run by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, a Mercury News investigation has found...<br />
<br />
<b>WE THE PEOPLE</b><br />
<br />
The WeThePeople CIA-drugs web site is dedicated to furthering debate on one of the most critical issues of our time: apparent U.S. government complicity in the crack cocaine epidemic that has decimated so many of our inner cities and destroyed countless lives.<br />
<br />
To read the series that started it all, click on <a href="http://www.mega.nu:8080/ampp/webb.html">Dark Alliance</a>. <br />
<br />
Kevin Warren <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/index.htm">WeThePeople Home Page</a> <a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/diforum2.htm">Diana Forum</a> <a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/financial.htm">New Financial Page</a><br />
<br />
THE PEOPLE vs. GEORGE BUSH<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020819004606/http://www.wethepeople.la/xgraph.htm">George Bush's Drugging Of America: How It Was Accomplished</a>, Graph courtesy Executive Intelligence Review, <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7oYMd7OOP_Ld0taV194RVdXSzg/edit?usp=drivesdk">Archived</a>, <br />
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010824000018/http://www.wethepeople.la/indict.htm">KingPin Indictment Of George Bush</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/dvXmr">Archived</a>, <br />
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011226032829/http://www.wethepeople.la/conclude.htm">Conclusion</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/9MwbE">Archived</a>,<br />
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<br />
<a href="http://intelligent-designs.biz/wbai/Earthwatch/www/crackwatch.html">Crackwatch: A Secret History of the clandestine establishment of Narcocracy in the Americas</a>. The CIA-contra-crack-cocaine connection, by Robert Knight. Discusses the case of the "disappearing graphic" (which appears above). NOTE: This site has been removed temporarily (at least I hope it's temporary). <a href="https://archive.today/EhnST">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/plweb-cgi/idoc.pl?146065+unix+_free_user_+www.csmonitor.com..80+paper+paper+archives+archives++Webb%26CIA">CIA under Pressure</a>, from the <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/">Christian Science Monitor</a>. Report on the SJMercury story.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980223230939/http://beta.disinfo.razorfish.com/prop/narco/prop_narco_crack.html">Propaganda/Narco-Politics</a>: collection of links on the Webb revelations, <a href="https://archive.today/s5Lse">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010615064928/http://www.wethepeople.la/drugs2.htm">The Story Behind the Photos: Al Gore and Hillary Clinton Pose with Drug Trafficker Jorge Cabrera</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/zykoD">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/cocaine/contra-story">Volume II: The Contra Story</a>, Office of Inspector General Investigations Staff, Allegations of Connections Between CIA and The Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States,<br />
<br />
Oliver North Diary Entry: $14 Million To Finance Came From Drugs; Documentation<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030407201817/http://www.wethepeople.la/ayers.htm">Southern Air Transport vs. WPLG-TV (ABC-Miami) Case No. 87-23989</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/SqWVE">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010808181449/http://www.wethepeople.la/ayers2.htm">Affidavit of Bradley Earl Ayers</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/74R53">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
February 14, 1987, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010810011510/http://wethepeople.la/ayers1.gif">Original Document</a>, <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7oYMd7OOP_LcUsySjZRUlVYRVk/edit?usp=drivesdk">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
Since WeThePeople originally published the results of Bradley Earl Ayers investigation of CIA proprietary Southern Air Transport, the CIA itself has confirmed the results of his investigation in Volume II of its Inspector General's report. Yet more proof, if any were needed, that what the small army of former DEA, CIA, and FBI agents and whistleblowers has been saying is true: The CIA has been up to its neck in the drug trade for decades.<br />
<br />
Verbatim from Volume II of the CIA's IG Report:<br />
<br />
800. Background. Southern Air Transport (SAT) carried a variety of equipment, supplies and humanitarian aid for the FDN during the 1980s.<br />
<br />
801. Allegations of Drug Trafficking. A January 21, 1987 memorandum from ADCI Robert Gates to Morton Abramowitz, Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research, stated that the U.S. Customs Service had advised CIA that the Customs office in New Orleans was investigating an allegation of drug trafficking by SAT crew members. The Gates memorandum noted that the source of the allegation was a senior FDN official. The memorandum indicated that the FDN official was concerned that "scandal emanating from Southern Air Transport could redound badly on FDN interests, including humanitarian aid from the United States."<br />
<br />
802. A February 23, 1991 DEA cable to CIA linked SAT to drug trafficking. The cable reported that SAT was "of record" in DEA's database from January 1985-September 1990 for alleged involvement in cocaine trafficking. An August 1990 entry in DEA's database reportedly alleged that $2 million was delivered to the firm's business sites, and several of the firm's pilots and executives were suspected of smuggling "narcotics currency."<br />
<br />
803. Information Sharing with Other U.S. Government Entities. As previously noted, a January 21, 1987 memorandum from ADCI Robert Gates to Morton Abramowitz, Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research, reported that U.S. Customs had informed CIA that the Customs office in New Orleans was investigating an allegation of drug trafficking by SAT crew members.<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/sa.htm">General Khun Sa Names U.S. Officials Involved</a> - <a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/sa1.gif">Original Document Page1</a> - <a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/sa2.gif">Page2</a>, <br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/sa.htm">In Drug Trafficking: Ted Shackley and Richard Armitage</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/drugs1.htm">Top Secret CIA Drug Smuggling Operations</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/brenneke.htm">Oral Deposition of Richard Brenneke</a> ,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/brenneke.htm">THE COMPLETE TESTIMONY!</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/kerry.htm">The Kerry Committee's Report</a> ,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/kerry.htm">On Contra Cocaine Trafficking</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/taus.htm">Affidavit of Richard M. Taus</a> -<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/taus1.gif">Original Document</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/stich.htm">Declaration of Rodney F. Stich</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/brief.htm">Amicus Curiae Brief - Rodney Stich</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/tatum1.gif">Affidavit of Gene Tatum</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/MENA/TATUM/tatum.html">The Chronicles of Gene Tatum</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/montal1.htm">Special Investigative Report</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/montal1.htm">By Michael Montalvo, A Drug War POW</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/stephen.htm">Affidavit Of Stephen Crittenden</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/castillo.htm">Interview With Celerino Castillo</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.copvcia.com/contra~1.htm">Testimony of Celerino Castillo - Link</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/duncan.htm">The Oral Deposition of William Duncan</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/morales.htm">The Testimony of George Morales</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/cutolo.htm">The Affidavit of Edward P. Cutolo</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/cockburn.htm">Richard Secord vs. Leslie Cockburn et.al.</a>,<br />
<b>OLIVER NORTH DIARY ENTRIES</b><br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/nrt1500.gif">"Want A/C To Pick Up 1500 Kilos"</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/north2.gif">"14M To Finance Came From Drugs"</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/north1.gif">"DC-6...Used For Drug Runs Into U.S."</a>,<br />
<b>Confidential, Top Secret, and Declassified Information</b><br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/dea1.gif">DEA Sensitive</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/seal.gif">Barry Seal - The Spy Who Smuggled</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/let2593.gif">Operation Whale Watch</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/cutolo.htm">Operation Watch Tower</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/pegasus1.htm">The Pegasus File - Part One</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/pegasus2.htm">The Pegasus File - Part Two</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/bush1.jpg">Assassination - By Order of the President</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/12333-e.htm">Executive Order 12333 - Excerpts</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/nsdd3.gif">National Security Decision Directive 3</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/cppg1.gif">Crisis Pre-Planning Group - Page 1</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/cppg2.gif">Crisis Pre-Planning Group - Page 2</a>,<br />
<b>The Drugs/Violence Nexus</b><br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/nexus.htm">The Drug/Violence Nexus</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/nexus.htm">By Prof. Paul Goldstein</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.winternet.com/~publish/crack2.htm">Cocaine, Its Forms, Methods Of Use, And Pharmacology</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/crime.htm">Cocaine And Crime</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/jonas1.htm">Why The Drug War Will Never End</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.wethepeople.la/jonas1.htm">By Steven Jonas, M.D., M.P.H.</a>,<br />
_________________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.idfiles.com/bromwich.htm">Inspector General</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/contracoke.html">The Contras and Cocaine</a>, This is a portion from the Kerry Cmte. document on Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/dc6notes.html">Ollie's Drug Plane</a>, In recent (September '96) days Oliver North has stated that claims of Nicaraguan contra drug running are 'absolute garbage'. A page from his own notebooks disproves this.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/tacayantoc.html">Psychological Operations in Guerilla Warfare</a>, One of the CIA's illegal training manuals for the contras. It advises the "Armed Propaganda Teams" on ways to justify the assassination of civilians, use blackmail and professional criminals to destabilize a country.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/icsummary.html">Summary</a>, of the Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/contra matters.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/walsh3.html">Interim Report to Congress</a>, Judge Walsh's 3rd report to Congress.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/weinberger.html">The Weinberger Indictment</a>, The first indictment of Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/irancontra.html">Documents related to the Iran/contra affair</a> <a href="http://www.pinknoiz.com/covert/stip.html">Government Stipulations</a>, In the trial of Oliver North, the U.S. government acknowledged that the attached 107 statements regarding Iran/contra were true. Details involvement of foreign countries and the various enticements offered to them to support the contras.<br />
<br />
Crack The CIA Coalition, <a href="http://www.radio4all.org/crackcia/">Dead Link</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.narconews.com/">Narco News</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/trdpM">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
December 3, 2000, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001203183300/http://www.madcowprod.com/welcome1.htm">Drug Money Times</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/ZDeXE">Archived</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001203183300/http://www.madcowprod.com/5/welcome1.htm">Fifth issue</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001203183300/http://www.madcowprod.com/4thissue/welcome1.htm">Fourth issue</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001203183300/http://www.madcowprod.com/3rdIssue/welcome.htm">Third issue</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001203183300/http://www.madcowprod.com/Big2ndIssue!/welcome.html">Second issue</a>,<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001203183300/http://www.madcowprod.com/1stissue/welcome.html">First issue</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000305223110/http://www.dcia.com/mission.html">De-Central Intelligence Journal</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000303014648/http://www.skolnicksreport.com/">Skolnick's Report</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.alternatives.com/libs/polintel.htm">Intelligence Services/Police (POLINTEL)</a>, [Robots.txt]<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010414073025/http://www.copi.com/articles/default.htm">DeepTimes News Service</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/uxpmF">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
January 7, 1998, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980118203348/http://www.copi.com/IF/C-Guide.html">Contra-Crack Guide: Reading Between the Lines</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/rxT8d">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
Mena Directory,<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/">National Security Archives</a>, <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/storm.htm">The Storm over "Dark Alliance"</a><br />
www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/storm.htm<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/nsaebb2.htm">The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations</a><br />
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 2<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/DOC_readers/icread/icread.html">The Iran-Contra Scandal: the Declassified History</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/RWVW0">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
Lisa Pease's Web Page, <br />
<br />
The Michael Levine Web Page,<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/">The Consortium</a>, <a href="http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/crack.html">Archive Contra Crack Series</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/qMTOu">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
January 19 2001 [web capture] <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010119102800/http://www.copvcia.com/">Michael Ruppert Web Page</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981201091717/http://www.copvcia.com/">https://web.archive.org/web/19981201091717/http://www.copvcia.com/</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981201091717/http://www.copvcia.com/Clinto~1.htm">COMMENT</a> .. Maxine Waters, Bill Clinton, CIA and Drugs - What to Do in the Current Crisis and Pending Impeachment? <a href="https://archive.today/lDuYT">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fromthewilderness.com/ssci.shtml">OPENING REMARKS OF MICHAEL C. RUPPERT for the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Eppbn">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
Written Testimony of Michael C. Ruppert for The Senate and House Select Committees On Intelligence<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981201091717/http://www.copvcia.com/oigres~1.htm">RESPONSE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE REPORT</a> .. Written response of Michael C. Ruppert to the Department of Justice Inspector General's report.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981201091717/http://www.copvcia.com/oigcel~1.htm">RESPONSE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE REPORT</a> .. Written response of Celerino Castillo to the Department of Justice Inspector General's report.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981201091717/http://www.copvcia.com/factsh~1.htm">FACT SHEET</a> .. CIA and DRUGS FACT SHEET - One Page Of Dynamite<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981201091717/http://www.copvcia.com/Rend~1.htm">BOOK REVIEW</a> .. Gary Webb's Dark Alliance is a monstrous achievment<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981201091717/http://www.copvcia.com/books~1.htm">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a> .. CIA and DRUGS BIBLIOGRAPHY<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powderburns.org/">http://www.powderburns.org/</a><br />
<br />
Michael Ruppert's <a href="https://archive.today/o/M84iq/https://web.archive.org/web/20020421033557/http://www.copvcia.com/">CASEFILE: The CIA and Drugs</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030202104527/http://www.cnn.com/US/9611/15/cia.crack/vivo.html">CIA Director John Deutch confronts allegations that the CIA dealt crack cocaine in L.A. in the 1980's</a>, CNN's Jennifer Auther reports live from Los Angeles 8pm EST, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030202104527/http://www.cnn.com/US/9611/15/cia.crack/vivo.html">Reload the Vivo movie</a><br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
Roger Walls' Trial<br />
<br />
August 26, 1997, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/casey-dropps-walls-charges.htm">U.S. asks judge to dismiss money-laundering charges</a>,<br />
<br />
December 31, 1997, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/murphy-makes-deal.htm">Lawyer persuaded wife to lie</a>,<br />
<br />
January 9, 1998, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/walls-jury-selection.htm">Walls jury seated; trial begins</a>,<br />
<br />
January 10, 1998, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Convict: Drug chief sold chemicals; <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/walls-trial-day-2.htm">Meth 'cook' says he made deal with task force administrator in 1994</a>,<br />
<br />
January 13, 1998, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/wall-trial-day-3.htm">Paid $2,500 to avoid prison term, Texan testifies in ex-drug task force chief's trial</a>,<br />
<br />
January 14, 1998, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/walls-case-goes-to-jury.htm">Ex-task force chief’s drug, extortion case goes to jury</a>,<br />
<br />
January 15, 1998, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/walls-convicted.htm">Convicted of extortion, former drug chief weeps</a>,<br />
<br />
July 30, 1998, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, <a href="http://www.idfiles.com/walls-gets-28-months.htm">Harmon accomplice gets 28-month term</a>,<br />
_______________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101031141023/http://ciadrugs.homestead.com/files/index.html/">The C.I.A. & Drugs: Narco-colonialism in the 20th Century, Index</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/xvQdJ">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.serendipity.li/cia.html">Serendipity Web Page, The CIA: America's Premier International (and Domestic) Terrorist Organization</a> (But with strong competition from Pentagon Special Ops) <a href="https://archive.today/Yl4Uv">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
<b>IMPORTANT NEWS STORIES</b><br />
<br />
RAM Download, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990415000000*/http://www.anomalous-images.com/Dick_Gregory.ram">Joe Madison And Dick Gregory Press Conference - Real Audio</a>,<br />
<br />
Interview With Celerino Castillo - Wav File,<br />
<br />
Celebrating a Golden Anniversary: 50 Years of Drug Dealing by the CIA;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020419225614/http://wethepeople.la/cia2.htm"> Part I. The Hell Well Dynasty, or How Burma Got Its Start</a>; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020419225614/http://wethepeople.la/cia2.htm">Part II. The Drug Dealers Hmong Us</a>,Various News Sources, <a href="https://archive.today/fOmu2">Archived</a>,<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<a href="http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post/just-how-rotten-are-the-feds-765680?trail=50">http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post/just-how-rotten-are-the-feds-765680?trail=50</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/DpaZF">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
<b>Bibliography</b><br />
Celerino III Castillo & Dave Harmon (1995). Powderburns: Cocaine, Contras & the Drug War (3rd ed.). Borgo Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8095-4855-2">978-0-8095-4855-2</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.powderburns.org/">http://www.powderburns.org/</a><br />
<br />
Frederick P. Hitz (1999). "Obscuring Propriety: The CIA and Drugs". International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 12 (4): 448–462. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F088506099304990">10.1080/088506099304990</a>. Note: Hitz, then CIA Inspector General, was the person who first mentioned the secret agreement between CIA and the Department of Justice, in March 1988, when testifying before the House Intelligence Committee.<br />
<br />
Robert Parry (1999). Lost History: Contras, Cocaine, the Press & "Project Truth". Media Consortium. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893517-00-4">1-893517-00-4</a>.<br />
<br />
Peter Dale Scott & Jonathan Marshall (1991). Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America. University of California Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07312-8">978-0-520-07312-8</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Webb">Webb, Gary</a> (1998). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Alliance">Dark Alliance</a>: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion. Seven Stories Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888363-68-5">978-1-888363-68-5</a>.<br />
_____________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
Wikiquote has quotations related to: <a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Celerino_Castillo_III">Celerino Castillo III</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.thememoryhole.org/kerry/">"Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy" a/k/a the Kerry Report Transcripts</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/cocaine/report/index.html">Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States, Volume I: The California Story</a>, CIA<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/cocaine/index.html">Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States, Volume II: The Contra Story</a>, CIA<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB2/nsaebb2.htm">The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations: Documentation of Official U.S. Knowledge of Drug Trafficking and the Contras</a>, A collection of declassified documents at the National Security Archive<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB113/index.htm">Oliver North declassified documents</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Archive">National Security Archive</a>.<br />
<br />
Department of Justice: The CIA-Contra-Crack cocaine controversy: A review of the Justice Department's investigations and prosecutions (December, 1997)<br />
<a href="http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/9712/epilogue.htm">Epilogue</a> (July, 1998)<br />
<a href="http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/9712/exec.htm">Executive Summary</a><br />
<a href="http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/9712/index.htm">Table of contents</a><br />
<br />
Department of Justice: How corrupt have we become? (July, 2009)<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blacklistednews.com/news-4825-0-11-11--.html">Castillo ordered to report to federal prison</a>,<br />
<br />
Whale, <a href="http://www.whale.to/b/drug_war.html">Dope Inc</a>.,<br />
________________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
September 19, 2010, Global Research, <a href="http://www.globalresearch.ca/partners-in-crime-the-u-s-secret-state-and-mexico-s-war-on-drugs/21098">Partners in Crime: The U.S. Secret State and Mexico's "War on Drugs"</a>, by Tom Burghardt. <br />
[1999] Henry Hyde's Moral Universe; Where More than Time and Space are Warped, by Dennis Bernstein and Leslie Kean, <a href="http://www.psychedelic-library.org/hyde_on_drugs.htm">Chapter 5 — Henry Hyde on Drugs: In Defense of Treason</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/Dl4ON">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/exopolitica/esp_exopolitics_I_1c.htm">The Black Budget Report - 2</a>, Organized Crime, Drugs, and the CIA, <a href="https://archive.today/B0GJK">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
Tim Weiner, Blank Check: The Pentagon’s Black Budget (Warner Books, 1990)<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ratical.org/ratville/JFK/ST/STchp3ii.html">The Secret Team</a>, by Fletcher Prouty, Chapter 3: An Overview of the CIA <br />
SECTION II: Origins of the Agency and Seeds of Secret Operations <br />
<br />
The CIA's Secret Funding and the Constitution, 84 Yale Law Journal 613 (1975).<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.intelligence.gov/">Intelligence Community</a>, <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/foia/victory.html">Statement of the Director of Central Intelligence Regarding the Disclosure of the Aggregate Intelligence Budget for Fiscal Year 1997</a>,<br />
<br />
Marchetti and Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (Alfred Knopf, 1974)<br />
<br />
Wise, The American Police State (Random House, 1976)<br />
<br />
Nov 6, 2000, Insight on News, <a href="http://www.insightmag.com/main.cfm?include=detail&storyid=246245">Why Is $59 Billion Missing From HUD?</a>, by Kelly Patricia O'Meara, <br />
<br />
April 18, 2003, Insight On the News, <a href="http://www.insightmag.com/news/421370.html">HUD's Financial Woes Continue</a>,<br />
<br />
May 21, 2001, Insight on the News, <a href="http://www.insightmag.com/main.cfm/include/detail/storyid/210955.html">Thankless Task</a>, by Paul Rodriquez, <br />
<br />
London, 2001, SRA Quarterly: Third Quarter Commentary, <a href="http://www.solari.com/gideon/q301.pdf">The Myth of the Rule of Law or How Money Works: The Destruction of Hamilton Securities</a>, by Catherine Fitts, <br />
<br />
Dowbenky, <a href="http://www.conspiracydigest.com/bushwhacked.html">Bushwacked</a>, <br />
<br />
Stanley Sporkin, <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060109015547/www.whereisthemoney.org/hotseat/stanley/">UnAnswered Questions for Stanley Sporkin</a>, <a href="http://www.solari.com/media/SporkinBio.html">Bio & Selected CIA Iran Contra Background</a>, <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.senate.gov/~gov_affairs/vol1.pdf">Report of Senator Fred Thompson</a>, Chairman, Committee on Governmental Affairs, on Management Challenges Facing the New Administration (US Senate, 2002)<br />
<br />
For history of OSS, See Michael Warner, <a href="http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/oss/foreword.htm">Office of Strategic Services</a>, <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/intel/intro.html">State Department history of Intelligence Services</a>, <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fas.org/irp/commission/budget.htm">Statistics on the estimated budgets and personnel of the different intelligence agencies</a><br />
<br />
April 27, 1998, From the Wilderness, <a href="http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ciadrugs/contra1.html">Written Statement of Celerino Castillo III (D.E.A., Retired) to the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence</a>,<br />
<br />
December 22, 1993, The Philadelphia Inquirer, <a href="http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/MENA/suicide4.html">The suicide files: Death in the military----last of a four part series</a>, by David Zucchino, <a href="https://archive.today/JcfWd">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980122034108/http://www.garynull.com/Documents/sabow.htm">The Strange Death of Col Sabow</a>, by Gary Null, <a href="https://archive.today/v4RFb">Archived</a>, <br />
<br />
Lawrence E. Walsh, <a href="http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_21.htm">Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iraq/Contra Matters, Vol 1.</a> (United States Court of Appeal for the District of Columbia Circuit, 1993) ch. 21. Available on line at: <br />
<br />
October 21, 1998, From the Wilderness, <a href="http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ciadrugs/volii.html">A CIA Confession: Oliver North Exposed</a>, by Michael Ruppert,<br />
<br />
January 29, 1998, Office of Inspector General Investigations Staff, CIA, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031009143242/http://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/cocaine/report/index.html">The Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States, Vols 1-2</a>. <br />
<br />
April 29, 2002, Insight on the News, <a href="http://www.insightmag.com/news/246188.html">Government Fails Fiscal-Fitness Test,</a> by Kelly Patricia O'Meara, <br />
<br />
February 26, 2002, Agency Wide Financial Statements. <a href="http://www.dodig.osd.mil/Audit/reports/fy02/02-055.pdf">The Department of Defense Audit Opinion</a>, by David K. Steensma, <br />
<br />
August 10, 2001, Insight on the News, <a href="http://www.insightmag.com/main.cfm?include=detail&storyid=139530">Rumsfeld Inherits Financial Mess</a>, by Kelly Patricia O'Meara, <br />
<br />
May 18, 2003, San Francisco Chronicle, <a href="http://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/DODtrillions.html#p6">Military waste under fire $1 trillion missing – Bush plan targets Pentagon accounting</a>, by Tom Abate, <br />
<br />
July 4, 2002, Fitts, <a href="http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0207/S00031.htm#a">Real Deal, Saving Tennessee</a>, Scoop UQ Wire,<br />
<br />
Leslie R. Groves, Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project (Da Capo Press, 1983).<br />
<br />
September 23, 2002, Catherine Fitts, <a href="http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/HL0209/S00126.htm">The $64 Question: What's Up With the Black Budget?</a> – The Real Deal, Scoop: UQ Wire <br />
<br />
2002, Judy Chizek, <a href="http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL31425.pdf">Military Transformation: Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance</a>, (Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, May 2002)<br />
<br />
1997, <a href="http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/index.html">Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy:</a> <br />
<br />
1992, The Need to Know: The Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Covert Action and American Democracy (The Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1992).<br />
<br />
April 17, 1995, Office of the Press Secretary, White House Press Release: <a href="http://foia.state.gov/eo12958/part4.asp#rtt">Classified National Security Information, Executive Order #12958, Section 4.4.</a>, <br />
<br />
April 17, 1995, <a href="http://foia.state.gov/eo12958/part4.asp#rtt">Executive Order #12958</a>, <br />
<br />
June 1995, Director of Central Intelligence, <a href="http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/dcid3-29.html">Controlled Access Program Oversight Committee, Directive 3:29</a> <br />
<br />
November 1994, Deputy Secretary of Defense, <a href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/sapoc.html">Special Access Program Oversight Committee, Information Bulletin</a>, <br />
<br />
John Helgerson, <a href="http://www.cia.gov/csi/books/briefing/cia-8.htm">CIA Briefings with Presidential Candidates</a> (Central Intelligence Agency, 1996,) Chapter 5, <br />
<br />
April 23, 2007, <a href="http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/98-611.pdf">Presidential Directives: Background and Overview</a>, by Harold Relyea,<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
May 23, 2006 [1st web capture] Very Pissed Off Combat Veterans -- And Blueprints For Change, by John McCarthy,<br />
Index of posted articles sorted by issues, Part 1,<br />
<a href="https://archive.today/e5Za3">Articles</a>,<br />
<a href="https://archive.today/3idvY">Article List</a><br />
<a href="http://johnmccarthy90066.tripod.com/id564.html">C.I.A.- Mantra and Truth</a>,<br />
<a href="http://johnmccarthy90066.tripod.com/id562.html">The Other Side</a>,<br />
<a href="http://johnmccarthy90066.tripod.com/id564.html">CIA Drug Trafficking</a>, <br />
<a href="http://johnmccarthy90066.tripod.com/id564.html">Celerino Castillo - Very Pissed Off Combat Veterans</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/GWGD6">Archived</a>,<br />
<a href="http://johnmccarthy90066.tripod.com/id227.html">Deep Black - The Secret Drug Wars of the CIA</a>,<br />
<a href="http://johnmccarthy90066.tripod.com/id602.html">The Origins of the Overclass</a><br />
<a href="http://johnmccarthy90066.tripod.com/id496.html">CIA Publishes Its Own "Assassin's Manual," Proving It Condones Killing Those Who Oppose U.S. Policy</a><br />
<a href="http://johnmccarthy90066.tripod.com/id21.html">Covert Action Out Of Control Of The Constitution: The Church Committee Report</a>,<br />
_______________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.deepblacklies.co.uk/cia_drug_trafficking.htm">CIA Drug Trafficking - Deep Black Lies</a>, by David Guyatt, <a href="https://archive.today/lCt49">Archived</a>,<br />
<a href="http://www.sparkle.plus.com/">www.sparkle.plus.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.copvcia.com/">www.copvcia.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.lemetropolecafe.com/">www.lemetropolecafe.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.gata.org/">www.gata.org</a><br />
<a href="http://www.rumormillnews.com/">www.rumormillnews.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.drugwar.com/">www.drugwar.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.madcowprod.com/">www.madcowprod.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/">www.lobster-magazine.co.uk</a><br />
<a href="http://users.sisna.com/thairanch">http://users.sisna.com/thairanch</a><br />
_________________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032017/http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/drugs/ombud1110.htm">"Ombudsman: 'The CIA, drugs and the press'"</a> by the Washington Post,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032017/http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/drugs/front.htm">Continued coverage</a> by the Washington Post [Robots.txt]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.isnare.com/encyclopedia/Talk:Gary_Webb/DarkAllianceArchives">Talk:Gary Webb/DarkAllianceArchives</a>, <a href="https://archive.today/JCYze">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032017/http://www.kcrw.org/ra/update/ww61024.htm">Real Audio discussion of controversy</a>, on KCRW-FM's "Which Way, L.A.?",<br />
<br />
<a href="https://archive.today/o/SF3Ql/https://web.archive.org/web/19970111145942/http://fedbbs.access.gpo.gov/libs/iran_rpt.htm">Iran-Contra report by Independent Counsel</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815234319/http://www.webcom.com/pinknoiz/covert/contracoke.html">Selections from the Senate Committee Report on Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy</a>, chaired by Senator John F. Kerry<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111032036/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/library.htm#group">Dark Alliance Library</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970111220058/http://www1.sjmercury.com/drugs/who.htm#bermudez">Dark Alliance Who's Who</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/library/47.htm">http://www2.sjmercury.com/drugs/library/47.htm</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/9612/29/rs.01.html">Reliable Sources</a>: The Best and Worst of Journalism in 1996. Transcript from CNN Interactive, a group of lazy overpaid actors who play reporters on TV show their contempt for real journalism by putting Webb's series into their "worst of" category. Bozo prize goes to Washington Post reporter Howard Kurtz's comment: "Let me just briefly say, Bernie, that the lasting damage here may be from the San Jose 'Mercury' news series on CIA and cocaine because even -- it shows that it's hard for good journalism to catch up with flawed journalism."Note: Now that CNN is charging for the transcripts they used to provide for free and disguising this as a "sneak preview of a premium service," the document is no longer online. <a href="http://www.cnn.com/">Write them</a> and tell them how you feel!<br />
_________________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
March 30, 2006, The Republican, <a href="http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post/just-how-rotten-are-the-feds-765680?trail=50">Puerto Rico files FBI lawsuits</a>, by Natalia Munoz, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/wdab">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
March 31, 2006,From The Wilderness <a href="http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post/show_single_post?pid=9569975&postcount=27">Hey Charlie Sheen, Wake Up!; There Are Good Reasons Why 9/11 is Having Its 15 Minutes of Fame Now - Look at Who's In the Spotlight</a>, by Michael C. Ruppert, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/rs68"> diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
March 29, 2006, The Wire, <a href="http://www.wirenh.com/Features/Cover_Stories/system_breakdown_200603291183.html">System Breakdown</a>, by Larry Clow, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/qa2n">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
April 3, 2006, Associated Press, <a href="http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post/show_single_post?pid=9634342&postcount=28">Watchdog Warns About Gov't Squabbling</a>, by Mark Sherman, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/vg4j">diigo</a>, <br />
<br />
April 5, 2006, <a href="http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post/show_single_post?pid=9668728&postcount=29">Great Pentagon / 911 Website and Video Clip about the alleged B757 crash!</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/w8du">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
April 22, 2004, <a href="http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post/show_single_post?pid=9702589&postcount=30">Mandela CBW Briefing Document (Top Secret)</a>, by Stephen P. Dresch, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/v0tc">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
December 3, 2004, WND, <a href="http://whosarat.websitetoolbox.com/post/show_single_post?pid=9770325&postcount=31">Top FBI lawyer helped destroy TWA Flight 800</a>, <a href="https://www.diigo.com/item/note/27gb8/tx3i">diigo</a>,<br />
<br />
November 6, 1996, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961106074441/http://www.igc.apc.org/fair/">FAIR</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="http://wp1.washingtonpost.com/cgi-bin/displaySearch?WPlate+34872+%28CIA%26drug%29%3Aheadline%26and%2619961104%3Cevent%5Fdate">The CIA, Drugs, and the Press</a>: "Followup" from the Washington Post. More Gary Webb-bashing.<br />
<br />
September 23, 1996, CNN, Justice Department Investigation Begins,<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2 align="center" style="background-color: white;">
The MCF Archives</h2>
<h3 style="background-color: white;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="Collections"></a>Collections</h3>
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/radio/ckln-hm.htm" style="background-color: white;">CKLN-FM Canada Mind Control Series</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Letters" style="background-color: white;">Letters</a><span style="background-color: white;"> between victims, their supporters, and authorities</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/resrc-hm.htm#Vericomm" style="background-color: white;">MindNet Document Archive</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - (in the </span><a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/resrc-hm.htm" style="background-color: white;">Resources</a><span style="background-color: white;"> section)</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mkdoctable.htm" style="background-color: white;">MKULTRA: Declassified Documents</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Over 300 pages</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/p/patentsindex.htm" style="background-color: white;">US Patents:</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Interesting Information</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#im" style="background-color: white;">Pictures of Implant Areas on the body</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/svali_speaks.htm" style="background-color: white;">Svali Speaks</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Good Informational book from a survivor</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Babacek" style="background-color: white;">Mojmir Babacek</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - Psychoelectronic Threat to Democracy</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/dougfavs.htm" style="background-color: white;">Doug</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - Favorite Articles</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/skbi-lab.htm" style="background-color: white;">Steve Bratcher</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - SKBI Lab For Mind Control Victims</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/tc/tcasey.html" style="background-color: white;">T. Casey Brennan</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - MK-ULTRA fact/fiction</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Brian" style="background-color: white;">Brian</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - Usenet respones to MRI scans</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Clark" style="background-color: white;">Linda Clark</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - Remedies for radiation</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Alex" style="background-color: white;">Alex Constantine</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - Articles</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mockingbird.htm" style="background-color: white;">CIA's Operation Mockingbird</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Alex Constantine</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/donovan.htm" style="background-color: white;">Michael Donovan</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - court case</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/dorman.htm" style="background-color: white;">Thomas A. Dorman, M.D.</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - Medicine and mind control</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/news/man-mach.htm" style="background-color: white;">Rob Fixmer</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - Merging Man and Machine - British Telecom implants</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Fleming" style="background-color: white;">James Thomas Fleming</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - National Intelligence Service veteran's expose</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/frey.htm" style="background-color: white;">Alan Frey</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - Microwave Hearing Experiment</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Funk" style="background-color: white;">Harold Funk</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - CIA Torture Facilities</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Girard" style="background-color: white;">Harlan Girard</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - Research Subjects Bill S.193, Testimony, Lawsuit vs USA</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Martti" style="background-color: white;">Martti Koski</a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><i style="background-color: white;">My Life</i><span style="background-color: white;"> story</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Lammer" style="background-color: white;">Dr. Helmut Lammer</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Military Involvement in UFO Abductions</span><br />
<a href="http://www.donet.com/~moser/index.htm/PsychiatryKills.htm" style="background-color: white;">Samuel A. Moser</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Psychiatric drug and eugenics expose</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/pasteur.htm" style="background-color: white;">Pasteur</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Thoughts from a UK medical professional</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Petersen" style="background-color: white;">Jack Petersen</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Reports</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#NosMan" style="background-color: white;">Proyecto NosMan</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Implant research en Español and English</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Quinn" style="background-color: white;">John Quinn </a><span style="background-color: white;">The USAF Montauk Project, HAARP's Covert Agendas</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/rabincrt.htm" style="background-color: white;">Norman Rabin's Court Case</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Scherer" style="background-color: white;">Wolfgang W. Scherer</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Implants and Microwave Concerns</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mcpress.htm" style="background-color: white;">Harry Sweeney</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Mind Control Press Release</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Raven1" style="background-color: white;">Eleanor White</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Speech for educating MDs</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Wilson" style="background-color: white;">Katharina Wilson</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Abductee on Cloning</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/whitsitt.htm" style="background-color: white;">Larry Whitsitt</a><span style="background-color: white;"> letter to Edwin Meese III and his reply letter.</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#Alan" style="background-color: white;">Alan Yu</a><span style="background-color: white;"> personal story and psychotronics reports</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/the-democracy-charade.doc" style="background-color: white;">Democracy Charade</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Les Dove</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/udhr.doc" style="background-color: white;">Universal Declaration Of Human Rights</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Les Dove (And how the British government abuses them.)</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/the-torture-trail.doc" style="background-color: white;">The Torture Trail</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Les Dove</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/us-government-contacts.htm" style="background-color: white;">Email Listings for Various Contacts</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Government, Newspapers, Civil Rights Attorneys</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/sysbio.htm" style="background-color: white;">XIV International Symposium on Biotelemetry</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/biotelemetry-report.htm" style="background-color: white;">XIV International Symposium on Biotelemetry</a><span style="background-color: white;"> (report)</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/434mid.htm" style="background-color: white;">The 434th Millitary Intelligence Detatchment</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/1994-rockefeller-report.htm" style="background-color: white;">The 1994 Rockefeller Report</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/2020nci.htm" style="background-color: white;">2020 Neural Chip Implant</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Letter to The End of the Line</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/active-denial-technology.htm" style="background-color: white;">Active Denial Technology</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Directed Energy Non-Lethal Demonstration US Air Force </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/meet12.htm" style="background-color: white;">Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/directed-energy-directorate.htm" style="background-color: white;">AFRL's Directed Energy</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/directed-energy-directorate.htm" style="background-color: white;">AFRL's Directed Energy Directorate</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/america1stpresident.htm" style="background-color: white;">America's 1st President</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Harry Caul </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/america-secretpolice.htm" style="background-color: white;">America's Secret Police</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Jim Hobson</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/battleforyourbrain.htm" style="background-color: white;">Battle For your Brain</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/battle-for-your-mind.htm" style="background-color: white;">Battle for your Mind</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Dick Sutphen </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/blueprint-prison-planet.htm" style="background-color: white;">Blue Print for a Prison Planet</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/brainimplants.htm" style="background-color: white;">Brain Implants</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/bw-glossary.htm" style="background-color: white;">Brainwave Frequency Listing - Glossary</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/brain_washing.htm" style="background-color: white;">Brainwashing</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Thomas Dorman </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/brainwashing-forthe-cia.htm" style="background-color: white;">Brainwashing for the CIA</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/rhfhfreq.htm" style="background-color: white;">Brainwave Frequency Listing</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mkultra.htm" style="background-color: white;">British Psychiatry & Eugenics/Assassination</a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/brussell.htm" style="background-color: white;">Mae Brussell</a><span style="background-color: white;"> grandest conspiracy theorist</span><br />
<a href="http://www.tarpley.net/bushb.htm" style="background-color: white;">George Bush</a><span style="background-color: white;">: The Unauthorized Biography by Webster Griffin Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/bush-nazi-link-confirmed.htm" style="background-color: white;">Bush-Nazi Link Confirmed</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/camps-locations.htm" style="background-color: white;">Camp Locations</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/bases.htm" style="background-color: white;">Bases</a><span style="background-color: white;">Supplied by an Anonymous person</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/uni-massachusetts.htm" style="background-color: white;">The Case Against the CIA </a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/matthew-meselson.htm" style="background-color: white;">Chemical and Biological Warfare Issues</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Bibliography: Matthew Meselson</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/church-committee-drugtesting-report.htm" style="background-color: white;">Church Committee Drug Testing Report</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/history-cia-atrocities.htm" style="background-color: white;">CIA History of Atrocities</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/history-of-electromagnetic-technology.htm" style="background-color: white;">CIA: History of Electromagnetic Technology and Mind Control</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/history-of-human-experimentation.htm" style="background-color: white;">CIA: A History of Secret Human Experimentations</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/ciabwash.htm" style="background-color: white;">CIA and Brainwashing</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Documents in text form </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/conditions-mindcontrol.htm" style="background-color: white;">Conditions for Mind Control</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Dr Margaret Singer </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/prayer-for-america.htm" style="background-color: white;">Congressman Kucinich's Prayer For America </a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/a121296e.html" style="background-color: white;">Constitution Systematically Dismantled</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/aleister-crowley.htm" style="background-color: white;">Aleister Crowley</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/aleister-crowley.htm" style="background-color: white;">Aleister Crowley: The Midnight Messenger</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/protection-torture-punishment.htm" style="background-color: white;">Declaration on the Protection</a><span style="background-color: white;"> of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/declassified-official-reports.htm" style="background-color: white;">Declassified Official Reports</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/dvsr.htm" style="background-color: white;">Democrats VS. Republicans</a><span style="background-color: white;"> By: Marvin Gardner </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/freund.htm" style="background-color: white;">Design for Living Inc,</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Dr. Freund Information Sought</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/delgado.htm" style="background-color: white;">Dr. Jose M.R. Delgado</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Physical Control of the Mind, Toward a Psychocivilized Society</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/consult.htm" style="background-color: white;">Dulles Papers Reveal CIA Consulting Network</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by John Cavanagh </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/electromagnetic-spectrum.htm" style="background-color: white;">Electromagnetic Spectrum</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/definitions-electromagnetic.htm" style="background-color: white;">Electronics Definitions</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/elf-magneticfields-eeg-entrainmentsum.htm" style="background-color: white;">ELF Magnetic Fields and EEG Entrainment</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Preliminary Research Report</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/girard3.htm" style="background-color: white;">Effects of GHz radiation on the human nervous system</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Harian E. Girard</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/const.htm" style="background-color: white;">The End of the Constitution</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/magnetic-fields-EHC-69-1987.htm" style="background-color: white;">Enviromental Health Criteria for Magnetic Field</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/experimentation-conservatees-ca.htm" style="background-color: white;">Experimentation on Conservatees in LA County</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/carnivorediagnostictool.htm" style="background-color: white;">FBI Programs and Initiatives Carnivore Diagnostic Tool</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/fema-secret-government.htm" style="background-color: white;">FEMA - The Secret Government</a><span style="background-color: white;"> By Harry V. Martin with research assistance from David Caul </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/session1.htm" style="background-color: white;">FM Modulated Low Power</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Low Voltage Trasmitters for Implants</span><br />
<a href="http://www.usdoj.gov/oip/foiapost/2002foiapost38.htm" style="background-color: white;">FOIA Amended by Intelligence Authorization Act</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/final-warning.htm" style="background-color: white;">Final Warning</a><span style="background-color: white;">: A History of the New World Order by David Allen Rivera </span><br />
<a href="http://www.villagevoice.com/issues/0213/black.php" style="background-color: white;">Final Solutions:</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/greenbaum.htm" style="background-color: white;">"The Greenbaum Speech" -Ritual Abuse D. C. Hammond Ph.D.</a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/gwen.htm" style="background-color: white;">GWEN</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Ground-Wave Emergency Network (GWEN) System</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/gwen-haarp-satellite-gps-emf-control-grid.htm" style="background-color: white;">GWEN Towers, HAARP & Satellite GPS_EMF Control Grid</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/harassment-technologies.htm" style="background-color: white;">Harassment Technologies</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/high-power-microwaves.htm" style="background-color: white;">High-Power Microwaves</a><span style="background-color: white;"> US Air Force </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/huang.htm" style="background-color: white;">Hong Kong Professor Sues US for Mind Control</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/opalfile.htm" style="background-color: white;">History of Australia and New Zealand</a><span style="background-color: white;"> references to CIA operations</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/history-of-directed-energy-weapons.htm" style="background-color: white;">History of Directed Energy Weapons </a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/hitlers-ladder-power.htm" style="background-color: white;">Hitlers Ladder to Power</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/howarepeople-controlled.htm" style="background-color: white;">How Are People Controlled</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/how-government-mindcontrol.htm" style="background-color: white;">How the United States Finds, Chooses and Creates "Sleepers"</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Gunther Russbacher </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/HumanPerceptionFINAL.pdf" style="background-color: white;">Human Auditory Perception Of Pulsed Radiofrequency Energy</a><br />
<a href="http://historynewsnetwork.org/articles/article.html?id=655" style="background-color: white;">IBM: And How the Train Ran On Time"</a><br />
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20021008224217/http://www.edwinblack.com/index.html" style="background-color: white;">IBM and the Holocaust</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Edwin Black</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/valeriebwolf.htm" style="background-color: white;">Information about Valerie Wolf</a><span style="background-color: white;"> She died 2-6-2002</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/antonlavey-interview.htm" style="background-color: white;">Interview with Anton Lavey</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/jakes.htm" style="background-color: white;">Illuminati Anoints Jakes as New Billy Graham</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/fagan1.htm" style="background-color: white;">The Illuminati</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Myron Fagan</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/fagan.htm" style="background-color: white;">The Illuminati and The Council on Foreign Relations</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Myron Fagan</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/intrinsic-data-fields-idf.htm" style="background-color: white;">Intrinsic Data Fields - IDF</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/ban.htm" style="background-color: white;">International Movement For the Ban of Radio frequency Weapons Controlling Human Psyche</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/jfk.htm" style="background-color: white;">The Investigaton of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Final Report</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/manipulate-humanbrain-distance.htm" style="background-color: white;">Is That Feasible to Manipulate Human Brain at Distance?</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/chip-mark-ofthe-beast.htm" style="background-color: white;">Is the biochip the Mark of the Beast?</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/jct.htm" style="background-color: white;">Jim Turner's page</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/subliminal-posthypnotic-scripts-nsa.htm" style="background-color: white;">NSA's Subliminal Posthypnotic Scripts</a><br />
<a href="http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/research/nbac/meetings.html" style="background-color: white;">National Bioethics Advisory Commission</a><br />
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20011217191002/http://members.aol.com/poloboy02/nazi1.htm" style="background-color: white;">The Nazi Doctors"</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mindcontrol-crisis.htm" style="background-color: white;">New Millenmiun and the Mind-Control Crisis</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/nih-physician-statement.htm" style="background-color: white;">NIH Physician's Statement About Mind Control</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/eldon-byrd-letter.htm" style="background-color: white;">Dr. Eldon Byrd 2002 Letter of Corroboration of NIH Md. Statement About Mind Control</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/north-oscura-peak.htm" style="background-color: white;">North Oscura Peak</a><span style="background-color: white;"> is an Air Force Research Laboratory </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/krillpapers.htm" style="background-color: white;">Krill Papers</a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/legalizedchildabuse.htm" style="background-color: white;">Legalized Child Abuse</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Butler Shaffer </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/list-internment-detention-camps.htm" style="background-color: white;">List of Detention Camps</a><span style="background-color: white;">, Temporary Detention Centers, and Department of Justice Internment Camps </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/session1.htm" style="background-color: white;">Low-Power Telemetry System</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Using SC Voltage-to-Frequency Converter</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/cnstmasa.htm" style="background-color: white;">MASA Child Abuse Legislation</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - Action Call May 8, 1996</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/prison-planet.htm" style="background-color: white;">Mass Media Mind Manipulation and the World of Illusion</a><span style="background-color: white;"> By Randy Lavello</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/brain6.htm" style="background-color: white;">Mediaeko Investigative Reporting Group</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Robert Nauslen </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/excerpt-from-annex-d-jointvision.htm" style="background-color: white;">Meeting the Demand of Future Military Operations</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Study For Joint Non-Nethal Weapons Program </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/megabrain-report.htm" style="background-color: white;">Megabrain Report</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/jm-angelofdeath.htm" style="background-color: white;">Josef Mengele: The Angel of Death</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mck-clsc.htm" style="background-color: white;">McKinney classic on: Microwave Mind Control</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/gottlieb-mindcontrol.htm" style="background-color: white;">Mind-Control</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mindcontroldenial-abuse-of-psychiatry.htm" style="background-color: white;">Mind Control Denial and the Abuse of Psychiatry</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mind-has-no-firewall.htm" style="background-color: white;">The Mind had no Firewall</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#MicroVis" style="background-color: white;">Micro Vision Virtual Retinal Display</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mircohar.htm" style="background-color: white;">Microwave Harassment and Mind-control Experimentation</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/microwave-mindcontrol.htm" style="background-color: white;">Mircowave Mind Control:</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Dr. Rauni Leena Kilde, MD</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#MilHumExp" style="background-color: white;">Military Human Experimentation</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mind-control-mkultra.htm" style="background-color: white;">Mind Control & MK-ULTRA</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Richard Gall Scotland</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mistaken-schizophrenic.htm" style="background-color: white;">Mistaken for a Schizophrenic </a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/nucamern.htm" style="background-color: white;">Morning Star the Light Bearer</a><span style="background-color: white;"> James Cameron and MK-ULTRA</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/archv-hm.htm#mkzine" style="background-color: white;">MKzine Ron Pattons New Magazine</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/psychotronic-tyranny.htm" style="background-color: white;">New World Order & E.L.F. Psychotronic Tyranny </a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/nradbioeffects.html" style="background-color: white;">No Immediate Danger, Prognosis for a Radioactive Earth</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/patterns-global-terrorism.htm" style="background-color: white;">Patterns of Global Terrorism</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/faq21-1.htm" style="background-color: white;">The "Philadelphia Experiment"</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/police-state-on-the-march.htm" style="background-color: white;">Police State on the March</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/effective-investigation-documentation-torture.htm" style="background-color: white;">Principles on the Effective Investigation</a><span style="background-color: white;"> and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/project-camelot-chile.htm" style="background-color: white;">Project Camelot and Chile</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/monarch.htm" style="background-color: white;">Project Monarch by Ron Patton</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/project-paperclip4.htm" style="background-color: white;">Project Paperclip</a><span style="background-color: white;"> and the Nuremberg Trials Whitewash</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/paperclip.htm" style="background-color: white;">Project Paperclip</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Recruitment of Germans</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/psychkills.htm" style="background-color: white;">Psychiatry Kills</a><span style="background-color: white;"> (article by Samuel Antoine Moser)</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/psychological-guerrilla-warfare.htm" style="background-color: white;">Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare </a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/put-sound-whereyouwantit.htm" style="background-color: white;">Put Sound where you want it</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/faq21-2.htm" style="background-color: white;">Office of Naval Research (ONR)</a><span style="background-color: white;"> fact sheet </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/operation-mindcontrol.htm" style="background-color: white;">Operation Mind Control</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Walter Bowart (Excerpts from his book)</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/outting-bigbrother.htm" style="background-color: white;">Outting Big Brother</a><span style="background-color: white;"> An insider blows the whistle on global electronic surveillance</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/federalreserve.htm" style="background-color: white;">Ownership of the Federal Reserve</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/wavelength-frequency-energy.htm" style="background-color: white;">Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum </a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/remarks-before-nazi-war-criminals-interagency-working.htm" style="background-color: white;">Remarks before the Nazi War Criminals Interagency Working Group </a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/elesimofnerve.htm" style="background-color: white;">Remote Control Of Electrical Stimulation Of The Nervous System</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/WorldReports.htm" style="background-color: white;">“The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects” by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, </a><a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/rutgers-university.htm" style="background-color: white;">Rutgers University</a><span style="background-color: white;">: Intelligence Goes to College by Konrad Ege</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/hr-5262.htm" style="background-color: white;">Save Our Children</a><span style="background-color: white;">: Stop the Violent Predators Against Children DNA Act of 2002</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/secrecy-and-accountability1.htm" style="background-color: white;">Secrecy and Accountability in U.S. Intelligence</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/secretgovernment-origin-identity-purpose-MJ-12.htm" style="background-color: white;">The Secret Government Origin</a><span style="background-color: white;">, Identity & Purpose of MJ-12 by Milton William Cooper</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/murder-secret.htm" style="background-color: white;">The Secret Wars of the CIA</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/intelligenceactivities-american-history.htm" style="background-color: white;">Secrets of State: Intelligence Activities and American History</a><br />
<a href="http://news.com.com/2010-1078-876539.html" style="background-color: white;">Selling technology to the Nazis</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/swfqw.htm" style="background-color: white;">Silent Weapons for Quite Wars</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/anti-personal-electromagnet-weapons.htm" style="background-color: white;">Some Aspects of Anti-Personnel Eletromagnetic Weapons</a><br />
<a href="http://www.trufax.org/avoid/nazi.html" style="background-color: white;">The Scientific Background of the NAZI 'Race Purification Program' </a><br />
<a href="http://www.trufax.org/avoid/scieng.html" style="background-color: white;">Scientism in England- Materialism Scientism in England</a><br />
<a href="http://www.trufax.org/avoid/scienus.html" style="background-color: white;">Scientism in the U.S.</a><br />
<a href="http://www.trufax.org/avoid/scienrus.html" style="background-color: white;">Scientism in Russia</a><br />
<a href="http://www.trufax.org/avoid/scienger.html" style="background-color: white;">Scientism in Germany</a><br />
<a href="http://english.pravda.ru/main/2001/07/14/10131.html" style="background-color: white;">"The Shocking Menace of Satellite Surveillance"</a><span style="background-color: white;"> - John Fleming</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/spaceage-weapons.htm" style="background-color: white;">Space-Age Weapons</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Ultrasonics </span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/skull-bones.htm" style="background-color: white;">Skull & Bones</a><span style="background-color: white;"> Fostered Russian Communism</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/tavistock.htm" style="background-color: white;">Tavistock - The Best Kept Secret In America</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/telegram.doc" style="background-color: white;">Telegram And Foundations Of Mind Control</a><br />
<a href="http://www.trufax.org/general/corp1.html" style="background-color: white;">The Rise of Corporations:</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/overshadowed-planet.htm" style="background-color: white;">This Overshadowed Planet</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/thetruth.htm" style="background-color: white;">The Truth</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/faq29-1.htm" style="background-color: white;">UFO Research Guide</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/underground-bases.htm" style="background-color: white;">Underground Bases</a><span style="background-color: white;"> A Lecture By Phil Schneider</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/usafbiol.htm" style="background-color: white;">USAF: Biological Process Control</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/concentration.htm" style="background-color: white;">U.S. Concentration Camps</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/camp2.htm" style="background-color: white;">U.S. Dention Centers</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/camp3.htm" style="background-color: white;">U.S. Dention Centers</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/us-commitment-tofight-torture.htm" style="background-color: white;">The United States' Commitment To Fight Torture </a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/hr3162.htm" style="background-color: white;">Uniting and Strengthening America</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT)</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/foia.htm" style="background-color: white;">Using the Freedom of Information Act</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/brat-cnf.htm" style="background-color: white;">Virginia Mind Control Panel/Conference 10-97</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/wave-your-brain-goodbye.htm" style="background-color: white;">Wave Your Brain Goodbye</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/cia-declassify.htm" style="background-color: white;">What the CIA won't declassify.</a><span style="background-color: white;">Old Secrets and New</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mind-control.htm" style="background-color: white;">What is Mind Control?</a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/wisconsin-HMIS-Implementation.htm" style="background-color: white;">Wisconsin HMIS Implementation</a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">It's very informative to see what victims write when seeking help and the revealing responses that they get.</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/rabinltr.htm" style="background-color: white;">US Congressman Gary L. Ackerman to Norman Rabin</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/berc-gln.htm" style="background-color: white;">Roy Bercaw to US Senator John Glenn</a><span style="background-color: white;"> re Human Subjects Protection Act</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/tbraziel.htm#FCCLtr" style="background-color: white;">Tannie Braziel to the FCC</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mougdod.htm" style="background-color: white;">DOD to Pat Mougey</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/glen-rsp.htm" style="background-color: white;">US Senator John Glenn to Pat Mougey</a><span style="background-color: white;"> re Human Subjects Protection Act</span><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/kast1296.htm" style="background-color: white;">Kathy Kasten to Dr. Ellis at OPRR, National Institute of Health</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/light.htm#Hazel" style="background-color: white;">Ed Light to Hazel O'Leary, US Dept. of Energy</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/mckinney.htm" style="background-color: white;">Julianne McKinney to and from US President Clinton</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/priceltr.htm" style="background-color: white;">Lawyer Ryan Krebs, M.D., J.D. to Carol Price</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/rav-csis.htm" style="background-color: white;">Raven1 to the Canadian CSIS</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/shea.htm#Letter" style="background-color: white;">Sharon Shea to U.N. Secretary General Boutros Ghali</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/v/snitker.htm#Letter" style="background-color: white;">Jason Snitker to the FBI</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/syer.htm" style="background-color: white;">Professor John C. Syer in support of Cheryl Welsh</a><br />
<a href="http://www.randomcollection.info/mcf/dod-ltr.htm" style="background-color: white;">US Department of Defense to Sharon Shea</a><br />
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StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-27291304636341745352014-10-29T00:07:00.002-04:002014-12-20T07:08:03.842-05:00Atomic Danger & Germ Warfare<br />
December 14, 1947, New York Times, Review of the Week, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9506EEDA103CE13BBC4C52DFB467838C659EDE">Notes On Science;Bacterial War</a>,<br />
December 14, 1947, New York Times, Review of the Week, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C1FFB3B58147B93C6A81789D95F438485F9">New AEC Aid for Scientific Research</a>,<br />
November 3, 1956, The New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B10FC3C5A177B93C1A9178AD95F428585F9">Stevenson Sees Cover-Up On Bomb; Says Administration Kept Secret Contamination of U.S. Milk by Strontium</a>; Tells How to Find Out, Text of Statement<br />
October 27, 1956, St. Louis, Mo., Attachment; Letter From Dr. Evarts A Graham,<br />
May 8, 1959, The New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20F15FB3A58137B93CAA9178ED85F4D8585F9">Study Minimizes Fall-Out Danger Advisers of AEC Report Radiation Is 5% of That From Natural Sources</a>, by John W. Finney,<br />
February 11, 1970, The New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C12F9345B157493C3A81789D85F448785F9">Colorado Atom Plant Is Called Radiation Hazard</a>, by Anthony Ripl<br />
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November 3, 1956, The New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B10FC3C5A177B93C1A9178AD95F428585F9">Stevenson Sees Cover-Up On Bomb; Says Administration Kept Secret Contamination of U.S. Milk by Strontium</a>; Tells How to Find Out, Text of Statement Attachment; Letter From Dr. Evarts A Graham, October 27, 1956, St. Louis, Mo., <br />
<a href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=F40B10FC3C5A177B93C1A9178AD95F428585F9">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidUAbVSXguny_65EFykQlKNMnTsXmQcnBam8v1N7EHfOQG63eFeTobpBILmQ-cL4L2r4qHp3jzYaVYbufIGEyD48boANqOJuiQ__nbHCROzUVgov2Q64bZJRXE3XVFnlRGizofvAVt9KQ/s1600/November+3,+1956,+The+New+York+Times,+Stevenson+Sees+Cover-Up+On+Bomb;+1.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidUAbVSXguny_65EFykQlKNMnTsXmQcnBam8v1N7EHfOQG63eFeTobpBILmQ-cL4L2r4qHp3jzYaVYbufIGEyD48boANqOJuiQ__nbHCROzUVgov2Q64bZJRXE3XVFnlRGizofvAVt9KQ/s1600/November+3,+1956,+The+New+York+Times,+Stevenson+Sees+Cover-Up+On+Bomb;+1.jpeg" height="640" width="214" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt_rP_Q9QztxVW1W13_HxMN8nfLz4YjL3VzBiul5_0Wh0Th7mhodlTWSPUY5bmiiybBM3d9rV-kTIR0x_jc1k-wjbtbj-UCU_LAFj511luu4B-TpJOz1qX_s20gArAFDNYpBqBiBFnSkI/s1600/November+3,+1956,+The+New+York+Times,+Stevenson+Sees+Cover-Up+On+Bomb;+2.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt_rP_Q9QztxVW1W13_HxMN8nfLz4YjL3VzBiul5_0Wh0Th7mhodlTWSPUY5bmiiybBM3d9rV-kTIR0x_jc1k-wjbtbj-UCU_LAFj511luu4B-TpJOz1qX_s20gArAFDNYpBqBiBFnSkI/s1600/November+3,+1956,+The+New+York+Times,+Stevenson+Sees+Cover-Up+On+Bomb;+2.jpeg" height="640" width="112" /></a><br />
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May 8, 1959, The New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20F15FB3A58137B93CAA9178ED85F4D8585F9">Study Minimizes Fall-Out Danger Advisers of AEC Report Radiation Is 5% of That From Natural Sources</a>, by John W. Finney, <a href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=F20F15FB3A58137B93CAA9178ED85F4D8585F9">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjshyphenhyphenppTyeb6GAkclS21ZPXIEIR8nmPCVzU_7ypmRVnOimpXogJK9M5_1UDejwZgAo5Uwg_rGwlF67oLEvOyeta87okABLcx0yJU5cyl1D60Lors37giYhPl9yVYAkAfa_QzdJQr_RtvMA/s1600/May+8,+1959,+The+New+York+Times,+Study+Minimizes+Fall-Out+Danger+2.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjshyphenhyphenppTyeb6GAkclS21ZPXIEIR8nmPCVzU_7ypmRVnOimpXogJK9M5_1UDejwZgAo5Uwg_rGwlF67oLEvOyeta87okABLcx0yJU5cyl1D60Lors37giYhPl9yVYAkAfa_QzdJQr_RtvMA/s1600/May+8,+1959,+The+New+York+Times,+Study+Minimizes+Fall-Out+Danger+2.jpeg" height="640" width="100" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNmXPE1jZBRquOxsFHKTWdgE_KlLRiAmVWI62P46N0kVcPrrN6WNImjchasrJkKLkwHJESH1i2I5qpDepmU6kGb0lsVyLdDNY1o9wKn7yczEgXfpngmw7HR7hdnvmx-UgWXGCoclwRFXQ/s1600/May+8,+1959,+The+New+York+Times,+Study+Minimizes+Fall-Out+Danger+3.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNmXPE1jZBRquOxsFHKTWdgE_KlLRiAmVWI62P46N0kVcPrrN6WNImjchasrJkKLkwHJESH1i2I5qpDepmU6kGb0lsVyLdDNY1o9wKn7yczEgXfpngmw7HR7hdnvmx-UgWXGCoclwRFXQ/s1600/May+8,+1959,+The+New+York+Times,+Study+Minimizes+Fall-Out+Danger+3.jpeg" height="640" width="243" /></a><br />
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February 11, 1970, The New York Times, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C12F9345B157493C3A81789D85F448785F9">Colorado Atom Plant Is Called Radiation Hazard</a>, by Anthony Ripley,<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4y1C2yIX0zKNTt9ja3b4AMSA_rkgtHOMp9QCFrdlDVXendiu728clxD-3HLqyerpXjAtsH_yJPlYF0-nhZSGxSphGLKZzmCPV4NcnDULooMfGcKdU6i1f0TaPqVF8qCbSWLIbPt7SI2A/s1600/February+11,+1970,+The+New+York+Times,+Colorado+Atom+Plant+Is+Called+Radiation+Hazard,+by+Anthony+Ripley,1.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4y1C2yIX0zKNTt9ja3b4AMSA_rkgtHOMp9QCFrdlDVXendiu728clxD-3HLqyerpXjAtsH_yJPlYF0-nhZSGxSphGLKZzmCPV4NcnDULooMfGcKdU6i1f0TaPqVF8qCbSWLIbPt7SI2A/s1600/February+11,+1970,+The+New+York+Times,+Colorado+Atom+Plant+Is+Called+Radiation+Hazard,+by+Anthony+Ripley,1.jpeg" height="541" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRrxKo7kzhT-CN5ftLB-i4aVzaagY1sC-IaAWDEeq84Ywtbuj8b_yDesHtoc4oQOk2b-CFc7eSlYHjTF9eLfp2enf8XlxTTh8NwgLQE9bRsnW0al-IQjuqe9-Kjf1JQNIAy6nA56_hm1U/s1600/February+11,+1970,+The+New+York+Times,+Colorado+Atom+Plant+Is+Called+Radiation+Hazard,+by+Anthony+Ripley,2.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRrxKo7kzhT-CN5ftLB-i4aVzaagY1sC-IaAWDEeq84Ywtbuj8b_yDesHtoc4oQOk2b-CFc7eSlYHjTF9eLfp2enf8XlxTTh8NwgLQE9bRsnW0al-IQjuqe9-Kjf1JQNIAy6nA56_hm1U/s1600/February+11,+1970,+The+New+York+Times,+Colorado+Atom+Plant+Is+Called+Radiation+Hazard,+by+Anthony+Ripley,2.jpeg" height="640" width="375" /></a><br />
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December 14, 1947, New York Times, Review of the Week, <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9506EEDA103CE13BBC4C52DFB467838C659EDE">Notes On Science; Bacterial War</a>,<br />
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December 14, 1947, New York Times, Review of the Week, <a href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C1FFB3B58147B93C6A81789D95F438485F9">New AEC Aid for Scientific Research</a>, <a href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=FA0C1FFB3B58147B93C6A81789D95F438485F9">View original in TimesMachine</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCYQa4t-Gnc8hIAyYa94Gp7zT8653S7gpCAzX6Gfp2vDgpB0AAURa_qjv1cSss1HU-M2qQI9LYfxwGdl4xHugWV3e-ULSRfgWN5bBlevOZ40XDyC-7Oo1W8N1i7IwBrJC8aMcoM7Sgwq0/s1600/December+14,+1947,+New+York+Times,+Review+of+the+Week,+New+AEC+Aid+for+Scientific+Research,+1.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCYQa4t-Gnc8hIAyYa94Gp7zT8653S7gpCAzX6Gfp2vDgpB0AAURa_qjv1cSss1HU-M2qQI9LYfxwGdl4xHugWV3e-ULSRfgWN5bBlevOZ40XDyC-7Oo1W8N1i7IwBrJC8aMcoM7Sgwq0/s1600/December+14,+1947,+New+York+Times,+Review+of+the+Week,+New+AEC+Aid+for+Scientific+Research,+1.jpeg" height="640" width="170" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmVosYhDVABKkcXLYL_S2G6URFr3eZhJyvMBWkae6LezFDp7BJWdv0ffJWFo0K4MMeJDMXx4F9tvHmoUdcuLyBBfNA-jmZzxpEQQ51U02bZqjGn732rV1Y1MNyBRUOtgaP6noxFj-BaXA/s1600/December+14,+1947,+New+York+Times,+Review+of+the+Week,+New+AEC+Aid+for+Scientific+Research,+2.jpeg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmVosYhDVABKkcXLYL_S2G6URFr3eZhJyvMBWkae6LezFDp7BJWdv0ffJWFo0K4MMeJDMXx4F9tvHmoUdcuLyBBfNA-jmZzxpEQQ51U02bZqjGn732rV1Y1MNyBRUOtgaP6noxFj-BaXA/s1600/December+14,+1947,+New+York+Times,+Review+of+the+Week,+New+AEC+Aid+for+Scientific+Research,+2.jpeg" height="640" width="307" /></a><br />
<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2884118333157229138.post-28223183248133802602014-10-28T18:20:00.000-04:002014-10-28T18:20:15.215-04:00<br />
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September 5, 1977, Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/George-White.html">The Diaries Of a CIA Operative</a>, by John Jacobs, Staff Writer,<br />
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March 1994, Spin Magazine, <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/Spin.html">Altered States of America</a>, by Richard Stratton<br />
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March 23, 2008, San Francisco Sentinel, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131107032716/http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p=11209">Operating Midnight Climax – Weird and twisted tale from San Francisco Telegraph Hill</a>,<br />
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September 5, 1977, Washington Post, page A1, <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/George-White.html">The Diaries Of a CIA Operative</a>, by John Jacobs, Staff Writer,<br />
<br />Free-Lance reporter Paul Avery contributed to this article.<br /><br />SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 4, 1977 -- He was a "rock-em, sock-em cop not overly carried away with playing spook," according to a friend who knew him at the time. But the diaries and personal papers of the Central Intelligence Agency operative who ran "safe houses" in San Francisco and New York in which drug-addicted prostitutes gave LSD and other drugs to unsuspecting visitors tell a different story.<br />
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The diaries were kept by Col. George H. White, Alias Morgan Hall, a colorful federal narcotics agent and CIA "consultant" who died two years ago. They reveal new details, including names and dates, about the safe house project, dubbed "Operation Midnight Climax," which was part of the CIA's MK-ULTRA program in the 1950s and 1960s to manipulate human behavior. Curiously, White's widow donated his papers to the Electronics Museum at Foothill Junior College, a two-year school set amidst the rolling Los Altes hills 40 miles south of San Francisco. The papers are a rare find for anyone interested in the espionage business and show White dashing about the world, busting up narcotics rings in South America, Texas and San Francisco's Chinatown.<br />
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They also provide documentary evidence that White met to discuss drugs and safe houses with such CIA luminaries as Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, head of the Chemical Division of the Technical Services Division and the man who ran MK-ULTRA, and Dr. Robert V. Lashbrook, a CIA chemist who worked with LSD. Other high-ranking CIA officials mentioned prominently include Jame Angleton, C. P. Cabell and Stanley Lovell. Gottlieb and Lashbrook have been subpoenaed to testify Sept. 20 before a Senate subcommittee investigating the MK-ULTRA project.<br />
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"Gottlieb proposes I be CIA consultant and I agree." White wrote in his diary June 9, 1952. A year later it was confirmed: "CIA - got final clearance and sign contract as 'consultant' - met Gottlieb . . . lunch Napoleon's - met Anslinger."<br />
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<span style="color: red;">Harry C. Anslinger</span> was White's boss and the No. 1 man in the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. It could not be learned from the diaries whether Anslinger knew that one of his top narcotics agents also was working for the CIA, in fact, was tape-recording and observing men to whom prostitutes gave drugs after picking them up in bars. But a July 20, 1953, entry by White strongly suggests Anslinger knew: "Arrive Wash. - confer Anslinger and Gottlieb re CIA reimbursement for 3 men's services."<br />
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These entries fit in with a 1963 internal report by then-<span style="color: red;">CIA Inspector General Lyman B. Kirkpatrick </span>about the MK-ULTRA project. That report, made public in 1975, discussed the safe house operations and the connection to the Bureau of Narcotics:<br />
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"TSD (Technical Services Division) entered into an informal arrangement with certain cleared and witting individuals in the Bureau of Narcotics in 1955 which provided for the release of MK-ULTRA materials for such testing as those individuals deemed desirable and feasible."<br />
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The report added that while "covert testing" was being transferred to the bureau, its chief would disclaim any knowledge of it.<br />
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"The effectiveness of the substances on individuals at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign," Kirkpatrick wrote, "is of great significance, and testing has been performed on a variety of individuals within these categories."<br />
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In 1953, White rented a house at 81 Bedford St. in New York City's Greenwich Village under the name of Morgan Hall, the same one he used several years later to set up the Telegraph Hill apartment at 225 Chestnut St. in San Francisco.<br />
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His diaries show that Gottlieb and Lashbrook met him at the Bedford Street apartment. A June 8, 1953, entry said: "Gottlieb brings $4,123.27 for 'Hall' - Deposit $3,400." A Sept. 16 entry added: "Lashbrook at 81 Bedford - Owen Winkle and LSD surprise - can wash."<br />
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In 1955, White moved the safe house to San Francisco, and he took over as regional head of tha Bueau of Narcotics. Apparently, the Chestnut Street duplex also was used by the bureau to lure narcotics dealers and then arrest them. In 1956, White and narcotics agent Ira C. Feldman, who posed as an East Cost mobster, arrested seven San. Franciscans as part of a heroin ring.<br />
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Leo Jones, a friend of White, owned the company that installed the bugging equipment at the apartment. The equipment included four DD4 microphones disguised as wall outlets. These were hooked up to two model F-301 tape recorders monitored by agents in a "listening post" adjacent to the apartment. Jones also sold White a "portable toilet for observation post."<br />
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It was an L-shaped apartment with a beautiful view of San Francisco Bay, and White, who kept pitchers of chilled martinis in the refrigerator, also had photos of manacled women being tortured and whipped.<br />
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"We were contacted by George White," Jones said in an interview. "It was a combined project of the CIA and Bureau of Narcotics . . . It was always referred to as the pad, never the apartment, and was modeled after Playboy magazine, 1955 . . . I heard about prostitutes. Feldman had acquired three or four to set himself up with cover."<br />
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White's diaries indicate that Gottlieb continued to visit, flying out from Washington several times a year at least until 1961. Another visitor was John Gittinger, a CIA psychologist who testified last month before Senate investigative committees that he met with "Morgan Hall" on numerous occasions to interview prostitutes about their drug and sex habits.<br />
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White retired from the bureau in 1965 and became the fire marshal at Stinson Beach, a resort area in Marin County, north of San Francisco. Among his papers is a Sept. 30, 1970, letter to Dr. Harvey Powelson, then chief of the department of psychiatry at the University of California at Berkeley. He told Powelson that he had worked for a "rather obscure department of the government (that would like to remain obscure)."<br />
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That obscure department. White wrote, "was then interested in obtaining some factual information and data on the use and effect of various hallucinogens, including marijuana tetrahydrocannabinol and the then brandnew LSD. Tests were made under both clinical and nonclinical conditions on both witting and unwitting subjects."<br />
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White said in the letter to Powelson he was interested enough to try the drugs himself. "So far as I was concerned, 'clear thinking' was nonexistent while under the influence of any of these drugs," he wrote. "I did feel at times that I was having a 'mind-expanding experience,' but this vanished like a dream immediately after the session." He said the tests were observed by psychiatrists, psychologists and pharmacologists.<br />
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Not all of White's diary entries involved clandestine meetings with narcoties or CIA agents - or addicts and prostitutes, for that matter. He duly recorded that Eisenhower and Nixon won in 1952 and that the Brooklyn Dodgers took the National League baseball pennant in 1955.<br />
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And when his pet bird died, it hurt, he wrote. "Poor little bastard just couldn't make it," a 1952 entry says. "Tried hard. I don't know if I'll ever get another bird or pet. It's tough on everyone when they die."<br />
<br />
White, born in 1906, started out as an itinerant journalist, working for newspapers in San Francisco and Los Angeles before becoming a narcotics agent in the early 1930s. During World War II he was in the Office of Strategic Services, the precursor of the CIA. where he acquired the rank of lieutenant colonel and made future contacts. After that, he went back to his narcotics work, interrupting it in the early 1950s to become an investigator for the Senate committee headed by Sen. Estes Kefauver that looked into organized crime.<br />
<br />
One interesting detail links White to the 1953 case of Dr. Frank Olson, an Army employee who was working with the CIA at Camp Detrick, Md. Olson had been given LSD without being told, and 10 days later jumped to his death from the 10th floor of a New York City hotel. At the time, Lashbrook was in the room with Olson, who had gone to New York to be treated by Dr. Harrold Abramson, a psychiatrist who had worked for the CIA.According to CIA documents, Lashbrook called Gottlieb, his supervisor at the time, and then went to the police station to identify the body. He was asked to "turn out his pockets."<br />
<br />
He had written on a piece of white paper the initials "G. W." and "M.H." Lashbrook was asked to identify whose initials they were, but expunged CIA documents said he could not for security reasons. However, knowledgeable sources who have seen the CIA documents said Lashbrook identified "G. W." as George White and "M. H." as Morgan Hall, White's undercover name. The piece of paper also contained the address 81 Bedford St. which White's diary shows to be the New York safe house.<br />
<br />
White apparently knew Abramson, because a Sept. 20, 1954, diary entry contained a reference to Gottlieb and Abramson. <br />
<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<br />
March 1994, Spin Magazine, <a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/Spin.html">Altered States of America</a>, by Richard Stratton<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
"You're all a bunch of thespians!" Olson shouted (while high on LSD)<br />
<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: center;">
"I was a very minor missionary, actually a heretic, but I toiled wholeheartedly in the vinyards because it was fun, fun, fun. Where else could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape, and pillage with the sanction and blessing of the All-Highest?"<br />
—George Hunter White</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
In the early 195O’s the US chased the world’s LSD supply as just the first step in a debauched CIA program code-named MK-ULTRA. In an exclusive interview, Ike Feldman, one of the operation's kingpins, talks to Richard Stratton about deadly viruses, spy hookers, and bad trips.<br />
<br />
The meeting was set for noon at a suitably anonymous bastion of corporate America, a sprawling Marriott Hotel and convention center on Long Island. Driving out of the city, I was tense and paranoid. For one thing, I was leaving Manhattan without permission from my parole officer, What was I going to tell him? "I want to travel to Long Island to interview a former narcotics agent who worked undercover for the CIA dosing people with LSD." My parole officer would have ordered a urine test on the spot.<br />
Then there was the fact that previous run-ins with drug cops had usually resulted in criminal prosecutions. I spent most of the '80s in prison for smuggling marijuana. How would this ex-agent of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (BBN), forerunner of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) take to a retired outlaw writing a story about M K-ULTRA, the CIA's highly secretive mind-control and drug-testing program?<br />
<br />
Ira "Ike" Feldman is the only person still alive who worked directly under the legendary George Hunter White in MK-ULTRA. The program began in 1953 amid growing fear of the Soviet Union's potential for developing alternative weaponry. The atomic bomb was a sinister threat, but more terrifying still were possible Soviet assaults on the mind and body from within — through drugs and disease. In an attempt to preempt foreign attacks and even wage its own assaults, the CIA funded a group of renegade agents to experiment with ways to derail a human being.<br />
<br />
For years, Feldman had ducked reporters. He agreed to meet with me only after a private detective, a former New York cop who also did time for drugs. put in a good word. There was no guarantee Feldman would talk. <br />
<br />
<img src="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Graphics/Spin3,Ike.jpg" height="441" width="640" /><br />
<br />
The LSD, that was just the tip of the iceberg. Write this down. Espionage. Assassinations. The study of prostitutes for clandestine use. That’s what I was doing when I worked for the CIA.”<br />
<br />
I recognized Feldman immediately when he waddled into the lobby of the Marriott. I had heard he was short, five three, and I’d read how George White used to dress him in a pinstriped zoot suit, blue suede shoes, a Bursalino hat with a turned-up brim, and a phony diamond ring, then send him onto the streets of San Francisco to pose as an East Coast heroin dealer. Now in his 70s, Feldman still looks and talks like Edward G. Robinson playing gangster Johnny Rocco in Key Largo.<br />
<br />
Feldman leveled a cold, lizard-like gaze on me when we sat down for lunch. He wielded a fat unlit cigar like a baton, pulled out a wad of bills that could have gagged a drug dealer, slipped a 20 to the waitress and told her to take good care of us.<br />
<br />
"What's this about?" Feldman demanded. "Who the fuck are you?"<br />
<br />
I explained I was a writer researching George White. White, a world-class drinker known to polish off a bottle of gin at a sitting and get up and walk away, died of liver disease in 1975, two years before MK-ULTRA was first made public.<br />
<br />
"Why do you want to write about White? I suppose it's this LSD shit."<br />
<br />
No, I said, not just the LSD. George White deserved to have his story told..<br />
<br />
"White was a son of a bitch," Feldman said. "But he was a great cop. He made that fruitcake Hoover look like Nancy Drew."<br />
<br />
Again he gazed stonily at me. "Lots of writers asked me to tell my story. Why should I talk to you?"<br />
<br />
I decided to come clean. "I used to be part of your world," I answered. "I did eight years for the Feds because I refused to rat when I got busted for pot."<br />
<br />
Feldman stared at me for a long time. "I know," he said. "I checked you out. That's why I'm here. Now get out your pencil." He waved for the waitress and palmed her a 50 to cover the tab.<br />
<br />
"The LSD," Feldman began, "that was just the tip of the iceberg. Write this down. Espionage. Assassinations. Dirty tricks. Drug experiments. Sexual encounters and the study of prostitutes for clandestine use. That's what I was doing when I worked for George White and the CIA."<br />
<br />
For my next Interview with Feldman, I rented a day room at the Marriott and brought along a tape recorder. Feldman tottered in, pulled a small footballshaped clear plastic ampule out of his pocket and plunked it on the table. It was filled with pure Sandoz LSD-25. He also showed me a gun disguised as a fountain pen which could shoot a cartridge of nerve gas. "Some of the stuff George White and I tested," he explained.<br />
<br />
"It all began because the CIA knew the Russians had this LSD shit and they were afraid the KGB was using it to brainwash agents," Feldman told me. "They were worried they might dump it in the water supply and drive everybody wacky. They wanted us to find out if we could actually use it as a truth serum."<br />
<br />
Actually, it all began with a mistake. In 1951, Allen Dulles, later appointed director of Central Intelligence, received a report from military sources that the Russians had bought 50 million doses of a new drug from Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basel, Switzerland. A follow-up memo stated that Sandoz had an additional ten kilos - about 100 million doses - of the drug, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), available for sale on the open market<br />
<br />
Dulles was alarmed. From the beginning, LSD was lauded by military and intelligence scientists working on chemical warfare compounds and mind-control experiments as the most potent mind-altering substance known to man. "Infinitesimally small amounts of LSD can completely destroy the sanity of a human being for considerable periods of time (or possibly permanently)," stated an October 1953 CIA memo. In the wrong hands, 100 million doses would be enough to sabotage a whole nation's mental equilibrium.<br />
<br />
Dulles convened a high-level committee of CIA and Pentagon officials who agreed the agency should buy the entire Sandoz LSD supply lest the KGB acquire it first. Two agents were dispatched to Switzerland with a black bag containing $240,000.<br />
<br />
In fact, Sandoz had produced only about 40 grams of LSD in the ten years since its psychoactive features were first discovered by Albert Hofmann. According to a 1975 CIA document, the U.S. Military attaché in Switzerland had miscalculated by a factor of one million in his CIA reports because he did not know the difference between a milligram (1 /1,000 of a gram) and a kilogram (1,000 grams).<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, a deal was struck. The CIA would purchase all of Sandoz's potential output of LSD. (Later, when the Eli Lilly Company of Indianapolis perfected a process to synthesize LSD, agency officials insisted on a similar agreement.) An internal CIA memo to Dulles declared the agency would have access to “tonnage quantities.” All that remained was for agency heads to figure out what to do with it.<br />
<br />
"The objectives were behavior control, behavior anomaly -production, and counter-measures for opposition application of similar substances," states a heavily redacted CIA document on MK-ULTRA released under a 1977 Freedom of Information Act request, The chill winds of the Cold War were howling across the land. Dulles was convinced that, as he told Princeton University's National Alumni Conference, Russian and Chinese Communists had secretly developed "brain perversion techniques ... so subtle and so abhorrent to our way of life that we have recoiled from facing up to them."<br />
<br />
Pentagon strategists began to envision a day when battles would be fought on psychic terrain in wars without conventional weaponry. The terrifying specter of a secret army of “Manchurian Candidates,” outwardly normal operatives programmed to carry out political assassinations, was paraded before a gullible and easily manipulated public.<br />
<br />
Ike Feldman remembers that time well. A Brooklyn boy, he was drafted into the Army in 1941. Army tests showed he had an unusual facility for language, so he was enrolled in a special school in Germany where he learned fluent Russian, By the end of the war, Feldman was a lieutenant colonel with a background in Military Intelligence. The Army sent him to another language school, this time in Monterey, California, where he added Mandarin Chinese:to his repertoire.<br />
<br />
While with Military Intelligence in Europe, Feldman first heard of George White. “White was with the OSS [Office of Strategic Services, forerunner of the CIA]. I heard stories about him. Donovan [William “Wild Bill” Donovan, founder of the OSS] loved White. White supposedly killed some Japanese spy with his bare hands while he was on assignment in Calcutta. He used to keep a picture of the bloody corpse on the wall in his office."<br />
<br />
In the early '50s, after a stint in Korea working for the CIA under Army auspices, Feldman decided he’d had enough of military life. He settled in California. "I always wanted chickens," Feldman recalled, "so I bought a chicken ranch. In the meantime, there wasn’t a hell of a lot to do with chickens.<br />
<br />
"Before long, I got a call—this time from White," Feldman continued. "We understand you're back in the States,” he says.“I want you to come in to the Bureau of Narcotics." This was '54 to '55, White was District Supervisor [of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics] in San Francisco. I went in. I go to room 144 of the Federal Building, and this is the first time I met George White. He was a big, powerful man with a completely bald head. Not tall, but big. Fat. He shaved his head and had the most beautiful blue eyes you've ever seen. "Ike," he says, "we want you as an agent. We know you've been a hell of an agent with Intelligence. The CIA knows it. You speak all these languages. We want you to work as an under cover agent in San Francisco."<br />
<br />
What Feldman didn't know at the time was that George White was still working for the CIA. White's particular area of expertise was the testing of drugs on unwitting human guinea pigs. During the war, one of White’s projects for the OSS was the quest for a "truth drug," a serum that could be administered to prisoners of war or captured spies during interrogations. After trying and rejecting several substances the OSS scientists settled on a highly concentrated liquid extract of cannabis indica, a particularly potent strain of marijuana. Never one to shrink from the call of duty, White first tried the drug on himself. He downed a full vial of the clear, viscous liquid and soon passed out without revealing any secrets.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, at the CIA's Technical Services Staff (TSS), the department specializing in unconventional weaponry such as poisons, biological warfare, psychoactive substances, and mind control, Dr. Sidney Gottlieb was searching for a candidate to head MK-ULTRA. Gottlieb, a club-footed scientist who overcame a pronounced stutter in his rise to head the TSS, had discovered White's name while perusing old OSS files on the Truth Drug Experiments. White's credentials were impeccable: A former crime reporter on the West Coast before he joined the narcotics bureau, White had soon become one of the top international undercover agents under Harry Anslinger, the grandfather of America's war on drugs.<br />
<br />
After meeting with Gottlieb, White noted his initiation into the world of psychedelics in his diary: "Gottlieb proposes I be CIA consultant and I agree."<br />
<br />
Moonlighting for the CIA, with funds disbursed by Gottlieb, White rented two adjoining apartment safe houses at 81 Bedford Street in Greenwich Village. Using the alias Morgan Hall, he constructed an elaborate alter-identity as a seaman and artist in the Jack London mode. By night, CIA spy Morgan Hall metamorphosed into a drug-eating denizen of the bohemian coffeehouse scene. With a head full of acid and gin, White prowled downtown clubs and bars. He struck up conversations with strangers, then lured them back to the pad where he served drinks spiked with Sandoz’s finest.<br />
<br />
"Gloria gets the horrors ... Janet sky high," White dutifully recorded in his diary. In another entry, he proudly noted, "Lashbrook at 81 Bedford Street—Owen Winkle and the LSD surprise—can wash." In recognition of the often bizarre behavior brought on by the drug, White assigned LSD the codename "Stormy."<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Articles/Spin.html#Photos">Photos of Allen Dulles, George White, and Harry Anslinger</a><br />
<br />
<img src="http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Graphics/Spin4,Dulles,White,Ansl.jpg" /><br />
<br />
Secret agent man: Allen Dulles (top), the former director of the CIA, who authorized the purchase of Sandoz LSD; George White (middle) examines opium pipes as he takes over as head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in Boston in 1951; Harry Anslinger (bottom), circa 1954, then head of FBN.<br />
<br />
According to an agency memo, the CIA feared KGB agents might employ psychedelics “to produce anxiety or terror in medically unsophisticated subjects unable to distinguish drug-induced psychosis from actual insanity.” In an effort to school “enlightened operatives” for that eventuality, Dulles and Gottlieb instructed high-ranking agency personnel, including Gottlieb’s entire staff at TSS, to take LSD themselves and administer it to their colleagues.<br />
<br />
"There was an extensive amount of self-experimentation for the reason that we felt that a firsthand knowledge of the subjective effects of these drugs [was] important to those of us who were involved in the program," Gottlieb explained at a Senate Subcommittee hearing years later. In truth, CIA spooks and scientists alike were tripping their brains out. "I didn't want to leave it," one CIA agent said of his first LSD trip "I felt I would be going back to a place where I wouldn't be able to hold on to this kind of beauty."<br />
<br />
But as covert LSD experiments proliferated, things down at CIA headquarters began to get out of hand. "LSD favors the prepared mind," wrote Dr. Oscar Janiger, a Los Angeles psychiatrist and early LSD devotee. Non-drug factors such as set and setting—a person's mental state going into the experience and the surroundings in which the drug is taken-—can make all the difference in reactions to a dose of LSD.<br />
<br />
Frank Olson was a civilian biochemist working for the Army Chemical Corps' Special Operations Division (SOD) at Fort Detrick in Frederick, Maryland. In another sub-project of MK-ULTRA code-named MK-NAOMI, the CIA had bankrolled SOD to produce and maintain vicious mutant germ strains capable of killing or incapacitating would-be victims. Olson's specialty at Fort Detrick was delivering deadly diseases in sprays and aerosol emulsions.<br />
<br />
Just before Thanksgiving in 1953, at a CIA retreat for a conference on biological warfare, Gottlieb slipped Olson a huge dose of LSD in an after-dinner liqueur. When Gottlieb revealed to the uproarious group that he'd laced the Cointreau, Olson suffered a psychotic snap. "You're all a bunch of thespians!" Olson shouted at his fellow acid trippers, then spent a long night wandering around babbling to himself.<br />
<br />
Back at Fort Detrick, Olson lapsed in and out of depression, began to have grave misgivings about his work, and believed the agency was out to get him Ten days later, he crashed through the tenth-floor window of the Statler Hotel in New York and plummeted to his death on the sidewalk below.<br />
<br />
"White had been testing the stuff in New York when that guy Olson went out the window and died," Feldman said. "I don't know if he jumped or he was pushed. They say he jumped. Anyway, that's when they shut down the New York operation and moved it to San Francisco." The Olson affair was successfully covered up by the CIA for over 20 years. White, who had been instrumental in the cover-up, was promoted to district supervisor.<br />
<br />
"I don't know if [Olson] jumped or he was pushed. They say he jumped..."<br />
<br />
Unfazed by the suicide of their colleague, the CIA's acid enthusiasts were, in fact, more convinced of the value of their experiments. They would now focus on LSD as a potent new agent for offensive unconven-tional warfare. The drug-testing program resumed in the Bay Area under the cryptonyrn Operation Mid-night Climax. It was then that White hired Feldman.<br />
<br />
Posing as Joe Capone, junk dealer and pimp, Feldman infiltrated the seamy North Beach criminal demimonde. "I always wanted to be a gangster," Feldman told me. "So I was good at it. Before long, I had half a dozen girls working for me. One day, White calls me into his office. 'Ike,' he says, 'you've been doing one hell of a job as an undercover man. Now I'm gonna give you another assignment. We want you to test these mind-bending drugs.' I said, 'Why the hell do you want to test mind-bending drugs?' He said, 'Have you ever heard of The Manchurian Candidate?' I know about The Manchurian Candidate. In fact, I read the book. 'Well,' White said, 'that's why we have to test these drugs, to find out if they can be used to brainwash people.' He says, 'If we can find out just how good this stuff works, you'll be doing a great deal for your country.'"<br />
<br />
These days, Feldman takes offense at how his work has been characterized by former cops who knew him. "I was no pimp," Feldman insisted. Yet he freely admitted that his role in Midnight Climax was to supply whores. "These cunts all thought I was a racketeer," Feldman explained. He paid girls $50 to $100 a night to lure johns to a safe house apartment that White had set up on Telegraph Hill with funds provided by the CIA. Unsuspecting clients were served cocktails laced with powerful doses of LSD and other concoctions the CIA sent out to be tested.<br />
<br />
"As George White once told me, 'Ike, your best information outside comes from the whores and the junkies. If you treat a whore nice, she'll treat you nice. If you treat a junkie nice, he'll treat you nice.' But sometimes, when people had information, there was only one way you could get it, If it was a girl, you put her tits in a drawer and slammed the drawer. If it was a guy, you took his cock and you hit it with a hammer. And they would talk to you. Now, with these drugs, you could get information without having to abuse people."<br />
<br />
The "pad," as White called the CIA safe house, resembled a playboy's lair, circa 1955. The walls were covered with Toulouse-Lautrec posters of French cancan dancers. In the cabinets were sex toys and photos of manacled women in black fishnet stockings and studded leather halters. White outfitted the place with elaborate bugging equipment, including four microphones disguised as electrical outlets that were connected to tape recorders hidden behind a false wall. While Feldman's hookers served mind-altering cocktails and frolicked with the johns, White sat on a portable toilet behind the two-way mirror, sipping martinis, watching the experiments, and scribbling notes for his reports to the CIA.<br />
<br />
"We tested this stuff they call the Sextender," Feldman went on. "There was this Russian ship in the harbor. I had a couple of my girls pick up these Russian sailors and bring 'em back to the pad. White wanted to know all kinds of crap, but they weren't talking. So we had the girls slip 'em this sex drug. It gets your dick up like a rat. Stays up for two hours. These guys went crazy. They fucked these poor girls until they couldn't walk straight. The girls were complaining they couldn't take any more screwing. But White found out what he wanted to know. Now this drug, what they call the Sextender, I understand it's being sold to guys who can't get a hard-on."<br />
<br />
One such drug, called papavarine, is injected directly into the penis with a half-inch needle containing about two raindrops’ worth of the medicine. "I tell [the men] to thrust it in like a bullfighter finishing off the bull," said a San Antonio urologist in a recent report on the new therapies used to treat male impotence. "Dangers include injecting too much drug, so that an erection can last dangerously long and kill penile tissue." The potions are not administered orally, as they were by the CIA, because the drug must affect only the penis and not the rest of the body. Drug companies are now working on a cream that can be rubbed directly into the penis before intercourse. Feldman claims we have the CIA to thank for these medical breakthroughs.<br />
<br />
“White always wanted to try everything himself,” Feldman remembered. “Whatever drugs they sent out, it didn't matter, he wanted to see how they worked on him before he tried them on anyone else. He always said he never felt a goddamn thing. He thought it was all bullshit. White drank so much booze, he couldn’t feel his fucking cock.<br />
<br />
“This thing” — Feldman held up the fountain pen gas gun — “the boys in Washington sent it out and told us to test the gas. White says to me,’C’mon, Ike. Let’s go outside. I’ll shoot you with it, then you shoot me.” ‘Fuck that,’I said.‘You ain’t gonna shoot me with that crap.’ So we went outside and I shot George White with the gas. He coughed, his face turned red, his eyes started watering. He was choking. Turned out, that stuffwas the prototype for Mace.”<br />
<br />
I asked Feldman if he’d ever met Sidney Gottlieb, the elusive scientist who was the brains behind MK-ULTRA. “Several times Sidney Gottlieb came out,” Feldman assured me. “I met Gottlieb at the pad, and at White's office. White used to send me to the air-port to pick up Sidney and this other wacko, John Gittinger, the psychologist. Sidney was a nice guy. He was a fuckin’ nut. They were all nuts. I says, ‘You’re a good Jewish boy from Brooklyn, like me. What are you doing with these crazy cocksuckers? He had this black bag with him. He says, ‘This is my bag of dirty tricks.’ He had all kinds of crap in that bag. We took a drive over to Muir Woods out by Stinson Beach. Sidney says, ‘Stop the car.’ He pulls out a dart gun and shoots this big eucalyptus tree with a dart. Then he tells me, Come back in two days and check this tree.’ So we go back in two days, the tree was completely dead. Not a leaf left on it. Now that was the forerunner of Agent Orange.<br />
<br />
“I went back and I saw White, and he says to me, ‘What do you think of Sidney?’ I said, ‘I think he's a fuckin’ nut.’ White says,'Well, he may be a nut, but this is the program. This is what we do.’ White thought they were all assholes. He said, ‘These guys are running our Intelligence?’ but they sent George $2,000 a month for the pad, and as long as they paid the bills, we went along with the program.” Gottlieb, who now lives in Virginia, refused to be interviewed for this article.<br />
<br />
“Another time, I come back to the pad and the whole joint is littered with these pipe cleaners,” Feldman went on. “I said, ‘Who’s smokin' a pipe?’ Gittinger, one of those CIA nuts, was there with two of my girls. He had ’am explaining all these different sex acts, the different positions they knew for humping. Now he has them making these little figurines out of the pipe cleaners-men and women screwing in all these different positions. He was taking pictures of the figurines and writing a history of each one. These pipe cleaner histories were sent back to Washington.”<br />
<br />
A stated goal of Project MK-ULTRA was to determine “if an individual can be trained to perform an act of attempted assassination involuntarily” while under the influence of various mind-control techniques, and then have no memory of the event later. Feldman told me that in the early ’60s, after the MK-ULTRA program had been around for over a decade, he was summoned to George White’s office. White and CIA director Allen Dulles were there.<br />
<br />
"They wanted George to arrange to hit Fidel Castro," Feldman said. "They were gonna soak his cigars with LSD and drive him crazy. George called me in because I had this whore, one of my whores was this Cuban girl and we were gonna send her down to see Castro with a box of LSD-soaked cigars."<br />
<br />
Dick Russell, author of a recent book on the Kennedy assassination titled The Man Who Knew Too Much,uncovers new evidence to support the theory that Lee Harvey Oswald was a product of MK-ULTRA. One of the CIA’s overseas locations for LSD and mindcontrol experiments was Atsugi Naval Air base in Japan where Oswald served as a Marine radar technician. Russell says that after his book was published, a former CIA counter-intelligence expert called him and said Oswald had been “viewed by the CIA as fitting the psychological profile of someone they were looking for in their MK-ULTRA program,” and that he had been mind-conditioned to defect to the USSR.<br />
<br />
Robert Kennedy’s assassin, Sirhan Sirhan, while working as a horse trainer at the Santa Anita race track near Los Angeles, was introduced to hypnosis and the occult by a fellow groom with shadowy connections. Sirhan has always maintained he has no memory of the night he shot Kennedy,<br />
<br />
One of the CIA’s mob contacts long suspected of involvement in John Kennedy's assassination was the Las Vegas capo mafioso John Roselli. Roselli had risen to prominence in the Mob by taking over the Annenberg-Ragen wire service at Santa Anita, where Oswald’s killer, Jack Ruby, sold a handicapper’s tip sheet. Ike Feldman told me Roselli was one of White’s many informants.<br />
<br />
"On more than one occasion, White sent me to the airport to pick up John Roselli and bring him to the office,” said Feldman. Roselli was originally from Chicago, where White had served as District Supervisor of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics from 1945 through 1947. Following a big opium smuggling bust in 1947, Jack Ruby was picked up and hauled in for interrogation, then later let off the hook by none other than White. Federal Bureau of Narcotics files indicate Jack Ruby was yet another of White’s legion stool pigeons.<br />
<br />
The connections between MK-mind-control experiments, the proliferation of the drug culture, Mob/CIA assassination plots, and the emergence of new, lethal viruses go on and on. Fort Detrick in Maryland, where Frank Olson worked experimenting with viral strains (such as the deadly microbes Sidney Gottlieb personally carried to Africa in an aborted attempt to assassinate Patrice Lumumba), was recently the locale of a near disaster involving an outbreak of a newly emerged virus. The event was chronicled in a lengthy article published in the New Yorker.<br />
<br />
Though the New Yorker writer did not make the connection between Fort Detrick, SOD, Frank Olson, and MK-NAOMI, he told of a number of monkeys who all died of a highly infectious virus known as Ebola that first appeared in 55 African villages in 1976, killing nine out of ten of its victims. Some epidemiologists believe AIDS originated in Africa. Feldman claimed the CIA used Africa as a staging ground to test germ warfare because “no one gave a goddamn about any of this crap over there.”<br />
<br />
The MK-ULTRA program, the largest domestic operation ever mounted by the CIA, continued well into the ’70s. According to Feldman and other CIA experts, it is still continuing today under an alphabet soup of different cryptonyms. Indeed, one ex-agent told me it would be foolish to think that a program as fruitful as MK-ULTRA would be discontinued. When the agency comes under scrutiny, it simply changes the name of the program and continues unabated.<br />
<br />
The public first learned of MK-ULTRA in 1977, with the disclosure of thousands of classified documents and CIA testimony before a Senate Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research chaired by Senator Edward Kennedy. Ike Feldman was subpoenaed and appeared on a panel of witnesses, but the senators failed to ask him a single question. Sidney Gottlieb, complaining of a heart condition, testified at a special semi-public session. He delivered a prepared statement and admitted to having destroyed perhaps one set of files. Another set was turned over to Senate investigators. The full extent of the CIA's activities under the rubric of MK-ULTRA may never be known.<br />
<br />
George White retired from the Narcotics Bureau in 1965. The last ten years of his life, he lived in Stinson Beach, California, where, known as Colonel White, he went on the wagon for a few years and became chief of the volunteer fire department. Local residents remember him once turning in four kids for smoking pot, and in another incident, spraying a preacher and his congregation with water at a beach picnic. He was also known to terrorize his wealthier neighbors by driving his jeep across their lawns. After White's death, his widow donated his papers, including diaries, to an electronic surveillance museum. As information on MK-ULTRA entered the public domain, people who had known White only in his official FBN capacity were stunned to learn of his undercover role as Morgan Hall.<br />
<br />
Ike Feldman, kept alive by a pacemaker, lives with his wife in a quiet suburban Long Island community where he tends his garden and oversees a number of business interests. According to George Belk, a former head of the Drug Enforcement Agency in New York, Feldman quit the drug agency following a probe by the internal security division. “Feldman was the sort of guy who didn’t have too many scruples,” said Dan Casey, a retired FBN agent who worked with Feldman in San Francisco. “For him, the ends justified the means.” A DEA flack confirmed Feldman “resigned under a cloud” at a time when a number of agents came under suspicion for a variety of offenses, none having to do with secret drug-testing programs. Feldman asserts he still works for the CIA on a contract basis, mostly in the Far East and Korea.<br />
<br />
On the day of our last interview, over lunch at a restaurant in Little Italy, Feldman told me the CIA had contacted him and asked him why he was talking to me.<br />
<br />
"Fuck them," Feldman said. “I do what I want. I never signed any goddamn secrecy agreement.”<br />
<br />
I asked him why he decided to talk with me. "There's too much bullshit in the world," Feldman said. "The world runs on bullshit.<br />
<br />
"To make a long story short,” he said, using one of his favorite verbal segues, “I want the truth of this to be known so that people understand that what we did was good for the country.”<br />
<br />
We ambled down the street to a Chinese grocer, where Feldman carried on a lengthy conversation with the owner in Chinese. A couple of young girls, tourists, wanted to have their picture taken with Feldman. “Are you a gangster?” they asked.<br />
<br />
"No," Feldman replied with a wave of his cigar, "I'm a goddamn CIA agent."<br />
<br />
As we walked on, I asked Feldman to explain how his work had been helpful to the country.<br />
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"I learned that most of this stuff was necessary for the United States,” he said, “and even though it may have hurt somebody in the beginning, in the long run it was important. As long as it did good for the country.”<br />
<br />
I pressed him. "How so?"<br />
<br />
"Well, look," Feldman gestured with his cigar, "We're goddamn free, aren't we?"<br />
<br />
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March 23, 2008, San Francisco Sentinel, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131107032716/http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p=11209">Operating Midnight Climax – Weird and twisted tale from San Francisco Telegraph Hill</a>,<br />
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Weird, twisted and bizarre tales about the San Francisco Bay Area are so numerous some merely make us yawn. But if any one story stands out for its sheer audacity, moral depravity and utter madness—this is it.<br />
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Years ago I came across a magazine article about something called Operation Midnight Climax. I knew it had to be a joke. The CIA, with the blessing and full cooperation of both the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and the SFPD sets up and runs an LSD brothel in San Francisco for ten solid years? Who do you think you’re kidding? Still, I dutifully dug for corroborative facts concerning this alleged operation.<br />
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Turns out Operation Midnight Climax was no joke.<br />
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Its story is particularly timely in light of revelations concerning secret Bush Administration memos green-lighting CIA and Army Intelligence torture techniques supposedly designed to obtain information from “detainees” and “enemy combatants”.<br />
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Back in the 1950’s and ’60’s CIA experiments aimed at obtaining information and controlling human behavior gravitated to covertly dispensing numerous powerful psychotropic drugs. The CIA’s original charter prohibited it from engaging in any domestic operations. Yet many of these drugs were given to U.S. citizens, on U.S. soil without their knowledge or consent. Anyone interested in this unseemly labyrinth can trot down to the the library or just google MK-ULTRA. If ever there was a reason to inform ourselves and hold political feet to the fire concerning our inalienable rights it’s MK-ULTRA. Its many programs had no external oversight and no accounting. For years fully 6% of the CIA’s entire budget went into MK-ULTRA programs that even Congress knew nothing about.<br />
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But I’m wandering from the story at hand, namely:<br />
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Operation Midnight Climax—a Bay Area baby born of MK-ULTRA.<br />
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He was a tough, fat, bald guy—a character right out of Hollywood central casting. Back in the early 1950’s an itinerant San Francisco journalist, former OSS operative and then Federal Bureau of Narcotics agent named George Hunter White, aka Morgan Hall, was assigned by his boss Harry Anslinger to team up with the CIA. Together they created Operation Midnight Climax. White’s assignment: explore and record how a new drug called LSD affects behavior when consumed by unsuspecting male johns in the company of drug addicted hookers. A great comedy scenario, if it weren’t so damn perverse.<br />
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By day George Hunter White continued to work the streets of San Francisco, ferreting out drug deals and drug dealers, setting them up and taking them down. By night he’d repair to the portable toilet his friend Leo Jones had provided him behind the two way mirror set into a wall of “the pad’s” Telegraph Hill bedroom. The L-shaped Chestnut Street duplex featured fantastic views of the San Francisco Bay. It was festooned with Toulouse-Lautrec posters, hidden microphones, tape recorders and a refrigerator stocked with pitchers of martinis. White was a notorious booze hound. He’d knock back a quart or more of gin nightly perched on the seat of his toilet scribbling notes on concurrent activities in the adjacent bedroom.<br />
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But dosing unwitting johns produced, well, wildly inconsistent results. White observed innumerable men behave in ways that suggested insanity. So White gave LSD the pet name “Stormy”. It fit. The “psychedelic revolution” was still years away. We can hardly imagine how the varied socio/ethnic/economic group of philanderers who wound up at “the pad” must have reacted when dosed. Most had never heard of, much less consumed any hallucinogenic substance before.<br />
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Richard Stratton interviewed George White’s last living Operation Midnight Climax associate for Spin Magazine in 1994. According White lieutenant Ira “Ike” Feldman:<br />
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“White was a son of a bitch, but he was a great cop. He made that fruitcake Hoover look like Nancy Drew. The LSD, that was just the tip of the iceberg. Write this down. Espionage. Assassinations. Dirty tricks. Drug experiments. Sexual encounters and the study of prostitutes for clandestine use. That’s what I was doing when I worked for George White and the CIA.”<br />
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George Hunter White continued operating his Telegraph Hill LSD brothel until 1965, when he retired from the service. He moved to Stinson Beach. Locals came to know him as Colonel White. He became the Stinson Beach Fire Marshall—and, after a few years on the wagon White died of cirrhosis of the liver in 1975.<br />
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Upon his death White’s widow gifted the Electronic Museum at Foothills Junior College, forty miles south of San Francisco, with his diaries. According to a Washington Post article dated September 5, 1977 these diaries:<br />
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“provide documentary evidence that White met to discuss drugs and safe houses with such CIA luminaries as Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, head of the Chemical Division of the Technical Services Division and the man who ran MK-ULTRA, and Dr. Robert V. Lashbrook, a CIA chemist who worked with LSD. Other high-ranking CIA officials mentioned prominently include James Angleton, C. P. Cabell and Stanley Lovell. Gottleib and Lashbrook have been subpoenaed to testify Sept. 20 (1977) before a Senate subcommittee investigating the MK-ULTRA project.”<br />
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Upon retirement George Hunter White wrote to Harry Anslinger, his old boss at the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, reflecting on White’s many years of service:<br />
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“I was a very minor missionary, actually a heretic, but I toiled wholeheartedly in the vineyards because it was fun, fun, fun. Where else could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape, and pillage with the sanction and blessing of the All-Highest?”<br />
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And so concludes yet another true San Francisco tale about your American taxpayer dollars working to protect you and yours.<br />
<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0